This literature review provides a comprehensive synthesis of empirical research on tuberculosis (TB) case detection mechanisms, transmission dynamics, and associated risk factors, examining diverse epidemiological contexts across the United States, the United Kingdom, India, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, and Mongolia.
Specifically, the selected literature evaluates the differential transmission potential between smear-positive and smear-negative cases, quantifies secondary infection risks among close contacts, and examines the clinical utility of advanced molecular diagnostics.
The analyzed data draw upon a substantial body of empirical evidence spanning six decades, focusing primarily on the timeline from 1960 to 2020. By integrating both international and national research findings, this review highlights the significance of early tuberculosis detection and clarifies patterns of disease transmission.

Background: In the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, in addition to mechanical plaque control, the use of chemical plaque control such as mouth rinses for a certain period has shown a positive effect on treatment outcomes and prognosis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic mouthwash in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed for a period of 2 weeks on 45 systemically healthy subjects between 20 and 25 years having plaque-induced gingivitis. The study population was divided into three groups. Group 1-15 subjects were advised experimental (probiotic) mouthwash. Group 2-15 subjects were advised positive control (chlorhexidine) mouthwash and Group 3-15 subjects into a negative control group. Oral prophylaxis was done for all groups at baseline. After the proper oral hygiene instructions, groups 1 and 2 were instructed to rinse their mouth with 15 ml of their respective mouthwashes, for 1 min twice daily, 30 min after brushing. Clinical parameters such as Full mouth plaque score (FMPS), Full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks respectively. Results: At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of FMBS and FMPS mean values (p=0.174, p=0.887). At day 14, the FMPS, FMBS mean values were significantly reduced by all treatment modalities ranking probiotic and chlorhexidine is greater than negative control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion The probiotic mouthwash was effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis.

Background: The skin barrier serves as the primary defense against environmental factors. Mongolia’s extreme climate conditions may contribute to skin barrier impairment, increased trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), and decreased skin moisture. Objective: To determine and compare skin moisture, TEWL, and skin pH levels in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2023 with 104 relatively healthy children selected through random sampling. Skin physiological parameters, including skin moisture, skin pH and TEWL were measured following the EEMCO (European Group on Efficacy Measurement of Cosmetics and Other Topical Products) guidelines using the Multi Skin Test MC750 device (Courage+Khazaka Electronics, Germany) at nine different sites. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and Stata-14 software. Results: Among the participants, 51.9% (n=54) reported having dry skin (p<0.0001). Additionally, 64.5% (n=67) used moisturizers, but their usage did not show a statistically significant difference in skin moisture (p=0.929), skin pH (p=0.378), or TEWL (p=0.332). 14.42% (n=15) had extremely dry skin, while 85.58% (n=89) had dry skin, with no participants falling within the normal skin moisture range. TEWL showed a moderate inverse correlation with age (r=-0.331, p=0.0006). When analyzed by age groups, skin moisture (p=0.023) and TEWL (p=0.038) differed significantly between groups. Conclusion Skin moisture and TEWL significantly differ across age groups. Given that all participants had dry skin, moisturization is crucial. Mongolia’s extreme climate is likely a key contributing factor to childhood skin dryness.

BACKGROUND: The prescriptions of multi-component have been the subject of chemical study fora long time. Therefore, when compounding the preparations of multi-component in traditionalmedicine, their taste is cautiously relied on, as the power of the medicine should not be subduedwith the power of another. Our research group has been carrying out tests on the raw materials,which are contained in multi-component prescriptions. However, research on multiple prescriptionsis relatively less being carried out.The traditional medicine naro-3 is used in traditionalmedical practicefor the treatment of inflammationand as a pain relieving remedy. Naro-3 is composed of 3 medicinal herbs including AconitumKuznezoffii Reichb, Terminalia chebula Retz, Piper longum L.GOAL: The aim of the study is to investigate some phytochemical compounds of traditional prescriptionNaro-3.OBJECTIVES:1. To reveal biological active substances of naro-3;2. The sum of the quantitative chemical study by spectrophotometry;3. To establish main criteria of standardMATERIALS AND METHODS: Traditional medicine narî-3 was produced from the Traditional Medicinefactoryof TMSTPC. In the phytochemical research, biological active substances were determinedby thin layer chromatography (TLC), on silica gel plats. The total contents of alkaloid and tannincompounds were determined by titrimetric method. TheMongolian pharmacopoeia was used fordetermination of quality parameters of traditional medicine Naro-3.RESULTS: TLC measurements of biological active substances of naro-3 showed that contains gallicacid and alkaloids respectively. The result of our research it was determined that the total tannin10.4 percent, total alkaloid 2.47 percent and organic acid 2.67 percent in drug Naro-3.CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that naro-3 contains a large amount of biologicalactive substances such as tannins, alkaloids and organic acids, which are connected with its painrelieving and anti-inflammatory effects.

Preparation of the water Extract from Antidiabet-31:10 was suspended in distilled water (100 mL) and allowed to stand at 4◦C. It was then filtered through several layers of muslin cloth and filtrate (water extract) was discarded Male Shinshila rabbits, weighing 1.5–2.7 kg, were rendered diabetic with an injection of 100 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate into a marginal ear vein. To reduce risk of nephrotoxicity from hyperuricemia, a 7 ml/kg body wt intravenous injection of 0.9% saline was given immediately after the injection ofalloxan. To counteract initial hypoglycemia, 3.5– 4.0 g glucose/kg body wt was given subcutaneously [27.5% (wt/vol) solution] 5– 6 h after the injection of alloxan. Diabetes was defined by a blood glucose concentration 16.9 mmol/l on 1 day. The total number of rabbits used was 28. Plasma was obtained by centrifugation of blood glucose, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol,triglycerides (TG), ‘’Humylazer 2000’’ chemistry analyzers automated (Human, Germany). As shown in Table 1, showed significant antihyperglycemic activity (p<0.05). Antidiabet-3 (AD3) and control failed to achieve euglycemia but caused a significant (p< 0.05) reduction in glucose levels compared to their initials values. The result of the experiment were confirmed that using by blood glucose in antidiabet-3 treatment groups taken for an observation at 3 dayfrom it was decreased to 22.20±2.5 (2.88%), post 7 day it was decreased 19.03±2.75 (14.3%), post 14 day it was 14.86±0.80 (33.06%), which it is showed may increase the blood glucose from diabetic rabbits.