Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves by phytochemical bioprospecting, and investigate its safety against animal cells. Methods: The saline extract was prepared, with NaCl (0.15 M), by constant stirring of the dried and pulverized leaves, followed by volume reduction by lyophilization. The extract was phytochemical characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography, and total phenol and flavonoid analysis also was performed. The antioxidant capacity was determined through DPPH· radical, the antimicrobial property was evaluated against standard bacteria and fungi, and the viability assays were performed against mice splenocytes. Results: Fifteen compounds were identified belonging to two main classes terpenoids and phenolics. The extract showed 22.185 mg GAE/g of total phenolic compounds and 3.220 mg QE/g of flavonoid. Moreover, extract showed higher antioxidant ability similar to butylated hydroxytoluene a standard molecule [(3.042±0.019) mg AAE/g and (4.12±0.10) mg AAE/g to saline extract and butylated hydroxytoluene, respectively]. The antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the extract had a significant antifungal potential against Candida species and could be used with safety against mice splenocytes, in concentrations lower than 50 μg/mL, promoting higher proliferation in these cells. Conclusions: Saline extract from Tithonia diversifolia leaves presents potential antioxidant, antifungal properties and induces immunostimulation in mice splenocytes.

A positive life and future free from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is attainable. This poses a challenge to an obstetrician in preventing maternal to child transmission because every child deserves the right to be born free from HIV.

The transmission of HIV from an HIV·positive mother to her child during pregnancy, labor, delivery or breastfeeding is called mother-to-child transmission. In the absence of any interventions transmission, rates range from 15·45%. This rate can be reduced to levels below 5% with effective interventions. Hence, early identification and treatment of all pregnant women infected with HIV is the best way to prevent neonatal disease and improve women's health. We report a case of a 26·year·old G3P1 (1010), Pregnancy uterine, 37 weeks age of gestation by last menstrual period, diagnosed with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), WHO Stage 11·11wI ith recurrent respiratory tract infection, unexplained severe weight loss >10% since April 1,2011 and had been on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) since then. Patient delivered to a live, term, female, 38·39 weeks by pediatric aging, via emergency low segment cesarean section with bilateral tubal ligation. Infant antiretroviral prophylaxis was given for 6 weeks, and breastfeeding was discouraged. Polymerase Chain Reaction (HIV RNA detection) testing was done on the infant after 8 weeks of life with negative results. Infant remains well and uninfected with HIV 6 months postnatal.

Human ; Female ; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Breast Feeding ; Hiv Infections ; Sterilization, Tubal ; Weight Loss

Objective: To be able to determine whether prophylactic doxycycline at completion curettage or manual vacuum aspiration for incomplete, spontaneous, non-septic abortion decreases the rate of postoperative pelvic infection. Study Design: This is a prospective randomized controlled trial (no blinding, prophylaxis versus no prophylaxis), between March 1,2005 to June 15,2005. Patients presenting with nonseptic, spontaneous, incomplete abortion were recruited. Those who will fulfilled the following criteria were included in the study: pregnancy less than 12 weeks, no clinical signs of genital infection, hemodynamically stable, no antibiotic treatment during the three weeks before the abortion, and no suspected allergic reactions to tetracyclines. Participants were allocated randomly to two groups: 1) antibiotic or treatment group (4 tablets of 100mg doxycycline, 400mg, 30minsto1 hour before the procedure, 2) no treatment or control group. All patients received aseptic curettage and manual vacuum aspiration procedures. At follow-up, a diagnosis of infectious morbidity would be recorded if any two or more of the following signs or symptoms were found: 1) pelvic inflammatory disease, 2) uterine, adnexal or cervical tenderness, and 3) leukocytosis >15,000/cu mm. Statistical analysis usedttestand chi-square test to note for differences between the two groups. Results: Two hundred forty patients were randomized. The differences in age distribution, parity, gestational age, anaesthetic method and method of uterine evacuation were insignificant between the two groups. Forty six out of the 240 patients presented with signs and symptoms of pelvic inflammatory disease after the uterine evacuation, giving a postoperative pelvic inflammatory disease rate of 19.1 percent. Majority of the patients belonging to the control group (42/123=34.1 percent) developed more infectious morbidity (lower abdominal pain, fever, leucorrhea, adnexal mass, elevated ESR, and leukocytosis) as compared to the doxycycline group (4/117=3.4 percent). Disregarding treatment, an infection rate of 10.55 percent was recorded in the group with previous pelvic inflammatory disease, as compared with 8.18 percent in the group without previous infection (RR=1.29). Conclusion: In our population of patients with incomplete, nonseptic, spontaneous abortion, prophylactic doxycycline prior to curettage or manual vacuum aspiration decreased the rate of postoperative pelvic infection. Prophylactic antibiotics proved to be a protective factor, reducing the rate of complications, most especially noted amongst the group of patients who had previous history of pelvic inflammatory disease and those who had multiple sexual partners.
Doxycycline ; Dilatation And Curettage ; Spontaneous Abortion ; Incomplete Abortion ; Vacuum Curettage ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A total of 270 women, all except 1 undergoing episiotomy and episiorrhaphy during vaginal delivery from June 17, 2005 until July 27, 2005 at the Philippine General Hospital, were randomly assigned to use either Chlorhexidine Digluconate, Povidone-lodine or Lactic Acid as antiseptic genital wash during and after the surgical procedure. All participants were asked to come back 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after discharge. Assessment was done comparing the efficacy, acceptability and safety of the three antiseptic solutions in preventing surgical site infection. Details of the surgical procedure that might have affected outcomes were also investigated. The results showed that all three antiseptic solutions were rated moderately to extremely acceptable by most of the participants. All three antiseptic solutions were equally safe. Adverse events were rare, mild and self limited. The three serious adverse events in the study were related to the pregnancy of the participants and not to the antiseptic solutions. Details of the surgical procedure that are not comparable among the 3 groups and thus seem to influence outcomes are the level of expertise of the surgeon, breaks in asepsis and severity of the accidental lacerations in the operative site. However, data on the eight participants who developed SSI did not confirm this-all these 8 cases were operated on by residents, did not have break in asepsis, and only one had laceration and the depth was reported to be subcutaneous. The duration of the operation, the amount of estimated blood loss, the type and amount of sutures used and the specific place where the surgery was performed are similar in the three groups. It appeared that oral systemic antimicrobials traditionally and commonly used for patients undergoing episiotomy and episiorrhaphy were unnecessary, and that generally good outcomes in terms of preventing surgical site infections can be obtained with the use of topical antiseptic solutions alone. Finally, compared to Povidone Iodine, and more so with lactic acid, the number of surgical site infections was found to be least in participants who used Chlorhexidine digluconate as antiseptic genital wash during and after the surgical operation. (Author)

Chlorhexidine ; Episiotomy ; Povidone-iodine ; Lactic Acid ; Anti-infective Agents, Local ; Women

Background: von Willebrand Diseases (vWD) is the most commonly inherited bleeding disorder. It is defined as a deficiency or abnormality of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) causing impaired hemostasis. Studies in a predominantly pediatric population reveal that the prevalence of vWD is 0.8-1.3 percent. Objective: To determine the prevalence of von Willebrand Diseases and to establish its clinico-hematologic profile. Methods: Ninety-nine patients with bleeding manifestations referred to the National Hemophilia Center from all over the Philippines were studied. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of at least 2 symptoms consistent with vWD, underwent initial screening tests: a complete blood count with actual platelet, blood typing, bleeding time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Laboratory tests to diagnose vWD were done. Results: Thirty four patients (34.34 percent) with bleeding manifestations had vWD. Patients with vWD and those without were comparable as to age, sex distribution, family history of bleeding, blood type and bleeding manifestations. Among the patients with vWD, 11 (32.35 percent) had Type I vWD and 23 (67.65 percent) had Type 2 vWD. The mean FVIII, vWF: Ag and vWF: RCo were decreased. Conclusion: The study suggests that there is a high proportion of vWD among patients with bleeding tendency in the Philippines.
Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Child ; VON WILLEBRAND DISEASES ; HEMORRHAGE