Objective To investigate the organ protective role and the underlying mechanism of nafamostat mesylate(NM)in a renal ischemia-reperfusion injury(RIRI)model.Methods A total of 21 healthy male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups(n=7 in each group),including the sham operation group(Sham group),the RIRI group,and the NM intervention group(NM group).The RIRI and NM groups underwent ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI)modeling.The NM group was given an intraperitoneal injection of NM at 0.75 mg/kg before modeling.Venous blood and renal tissue samples were then collected from the rats 24 hours after modeling.The levels of serum creatinine,cystatin C,and serum inflammatory factors were determined using the serum samples.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and TUNEL stainings were performed on the renal tissues to evaluate the damage of the renal tissues.The localization and expression of HMGB1 were analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting,respectively.Single-cell RNA sequencing of the nuclei was performed to obtain the single-cell transcriptome of the kidneys from the rats in the RIRI and the NM groups and to acquire the RIRI cell profile.The cells were annotated according to the cell marker genes to explore the cell type composition in the disease model and the functional status of immune cells between the groups.Results 1)Compared with those of the Sham group,the levels of cystatin C,creatinine,and inflammatory factors in the RIRI and NM groups were significantly increased,and the expression levels in the NM group were lower than those in the RIRI group(P＜0.05).Compared with those of the RIRI group,the tubular injury score and apoptosis rate in the NM group were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),but those of both the NM and RIRI groups were higher than those of the sham group.Compared with that in the RIRI group,the expression of HMGB1 in the NM group was significantly decreased(P＜0.05),but the expression levels in both the RIRI and NM groups were higher than that in the sham group.Immunofluorescence showed that there was increased cytoplasmic expression of HMGB1 in both the NM and RIRI groups,with the increase being more prominent in the RIRI group.2)A total of 13 major cell populations were identified through the single-nucleus sequencing results.The proportion of tubular cells in the NM group was higher,with the HMGB1 gene being highly expressed in the damaged proximal convoluted tubular cells.The proportion of the polarized Macro3 cell subpopulation in the macrophages in the NM group was lower compared to that in the RIRI group.Conclusion NM may play a protective role in a rat model of RIRI,and its underlying mechanisms may be related to the regulation of the functional abnormalities of HMGB1-mediated macrophages.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of Salmonella infection in foodborne diseases in Shanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Salmonella infection. Methods Automatic microbial biochemical identification system was used to identify Salmonella , and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the characteristics of Salmonella infections in foodborne diseases in Shanxi Province from 2016 to 2021. Results The basic information of 10 037 cases of foodborne diseases and their Salmonella detection results were analyzed. The detection rate of Salmonella was 5.25%, and the main serotype was Salmonella enteritidis (209/522). The positive detection rate of Salmonella in the 0-10 years old age group was the highest (6.04%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²= 19.23, P = 0.01). The positive detection rate of Salmonella in kindergarteners was the highest at 10.71%, and there was a significant difference in the positive detection rate among different occupations (χ²= 43.31, P < 0.05). The detection rate of bulk foods (5.16%) was higher than that of pre-packaged foods (3.70%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²= 4.43, P = 0.04). Cases involving food stores had a higher Salmonella detection rate (9.54%), and the peak period of Salmonella infection was from May 24 to August 23. Conclusion The incidence of Salmonella infection in foodborne diseases is high in summer and autumn. Foods in food stores and bulk foods are more likely to cause Salmonella infection. Supervision and management of food stores should be strengthened, and special attention should be paid to children in kindergartens during the epidemic peak.

Objective:To evaluate the value of 68Ga-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-fibroblast activating protein inhibitor (FAPI)-04 PET/CT on assessing different pathological grades in patients with renal fibrosis. Methods:A total of 25 patients (11 males, 14 females; age (39.3±13.9) years) diagnosed with renal fibrosis in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from September 2020 to August 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent renal puncture examination and 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT examination. The pathological results of kidney puncture were as the " gold standard" to divide the patients into mild fibrosis (Ⅰ), moderate fibrosis (Ⅱ), and severe fibrosis (Ⅲ). At the same time, 20 patients (10 males, 10 females; age (47.5±13.2) years) who underwent 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT examination showed no abnormal uptake of radioactivity in bilateral kidneys and no history of urinary system related diseases were enrolled as normal controls. Parameters including the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) of both kidneys, the mean standardized uptake value (SUV mean) of the liver, target/background ratio (TBR), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and serum creatinine (Scr) were collected. Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test and Bonferroni correction method were used to compare the differences of SUV max, SUV mean, TBR and Scr among groups. One-way analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) t test were used to compare the difference of GFR among groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of SUV max for the degree of renal fibrosis. Results:Of 25 patients, 22 had increased imaging agent uptake and the sensitivity of 68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT in diagnosing renal fibrosis was 88%. The SUV max and TBR of patients with fibrosis grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than those of controls (SUV max: 4.40(3.30, 4.50), 5.90(4.28, 6.48), 8.50(7.50, 9.73) and 1.44(1.38, 1.68); TBR: 6.340±2.389, 8.097±1.420, 11.343±2.002 and 2.986±0.645; H values: 33.685, 32.368, all adjusted P<0.05 (Bonferroni correction method)). The Scr of patients with fibrosis grade Ⅰ and Ⅲ were significantly different (70.1(55.4, 92.5) and 174.1(161.4, 498.2) μmol/L; H=9.770, adjusted P<0.05 (Bonferroni correction method)). The liver SUV mean of patients with renal fibrosis grades Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than that of controls (0.673±0.129, 0.751±0.170 and 0.514±0.142; H=15.609, both adjusted P<0.05 (Bonferroni correction method)). The GFR of patients with fibrosis grade Ⅲ had significant differences with grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ ((27.867±15.747), (87.756±31.657) and (63.160±29.556) ml/min; F=8.298, both P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve was 0.946 7 (95% CI: 0.899 6-0.993 8, P<0.001). Conclusion:68Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET/CT has a certain value in evaluating the degree of renal fibrosis, which can be used as a supplementary examination method for diagnosing renal fibrosis.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the red blood cell distribution width (RDW) with risk and and severity of noncardiac ischemic stroke.Methods The patients with acute noncardiac ischemic stroke were enrolled retrospetively and were used as a case group,and the non-stroke patients admitted to the Department of Neurology at the same period were served as a control group.The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess the baseline neurological deficits.The NIHSS score ＜ 8 was defined as mild stroke and ≥ 8 was defined as moderate to severe stroke.The demographics,clinical data,and RDW were collected and compared.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for the risk of disease and severity of stroke in noncardiac ischemic stroke.Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of RDW for acute noncardiac ischemic stroke and its severity.Results A total of 1 173 patients with acute noncardiac ischemic stroke were enrolled.Over the same period,996 non-stroke patients were hospitalized in the Department of Neurology.The RDW in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group (13.1％ ± 1.0％ vs.12.7％ ±0.7％;t=9.545,t ＜0.001).Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that RDW (odds ratio [OR] 9.920,95％ confidence interval [CI] 6.286-15.655,P＜ 0.001) was an independent risk factor for acute noncardiac ischemic stroke.ROC curve analysis showed that the RDW cutoff value for predicting acute noncardiac ischemic stroke was 12.55％,the area under the ROC curve was 0.611 (95％ CI 0.588-0.635),the sensitivity was 73.3％,the specificity was 43.7％,the positive predictive value was 60.5％,the negative predictive value was 58.2％,and the accuracy was 59.7％.RDW in the moderate to severe stroke subgroup was significantly higher than that in the mild stroke subgroup (13.7％ ± 1.6％ vs.12.9％ ± 0.6％,t =-13.794,P＜ 0.001).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that RDW (OR 3.835,95％ CI 3.002-4.899,P ＜ 0.001) was an independent risk factor for the severity of acute non-cardiac ischemic stroke.ROC curve analysis showed that the RDW cutoff value for predicting moderate to severe non-cardiac ischemic stroke was 13.45％,the area under the ROC curve was 0.713 (95％ CI 0.674-0.752),the sensitivity was 47.7％,the specificity was 86.1％,the positive predictive value was 49.8％,the negative predictive value was 85.1％,and the accuracy was 77.6％.Conclusions RDW is an independent risk factor for acute non-cardiac ischemic stroke.Increased RDW is associated with the severity of acute non-cardiac ischemic stroke.

Objective A comparison of the quality of life and present status of happiness between AIDS patients in Provinces A and B helps to analyze the impact of the prevention and control mechanism on choice of the AIDS patient care mode.Methods The quality of the life questionnaire designed by WHO for AIDS patients and the Subjective Well-being questionnaire from the Memorial University of Newfoundland were called into play to describe the quality of life and present subjective wellbeing of 93 and 57 AIDS patients respectively from Province A and Province B;these patients were interviewed to understand the systematic arrangements of AIDS control in the two provinces and their AIDS patient care models.Results Differences found in the scores of the total quality of life and subjective wellbeing between the two provinces are significant statistically (P＜0.05);differences found in the scores of respective dimensions of quality of life,except for social relations,are significant statistically (P＜0.05).Results of interview found that the prevention and control mechanism of Province A feature a combination of medical administration and disease control departments,management by level of city,county,township and village.The care mode is characteristic of that centering on village doctors.The patient care mechanism in Province B features sectionalized management,and its model is characteristic of that centering on local CDC aided by infectious disease hospitals.Conclusion Establishment of the AIDS prevention and control mechanism should take into account features of local resources,and different regions should provide care models to fit the needs of local AIDS patients.