ObjectiveTo explore the mechanisms of Yangjing Tongluo prescription （YJTL） in the treatment of intrauterine adhesion （IUA） from the perspective of oxidative stress mediated by the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 （Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1） signaling pathway. MethodsA total of 48 rats with normal estrous cycles were selected and randomly divided into a normal group （n=8） and a modeling group （n=40）. An IUA rat model was established using a dual-injury method combining surgical curettage and infection. Eight rats were randomly selected from the modeling group for a pilot experiment to confirm successful model establishment. After successful modeling， the remaining 32 rats were randomly divided into a model group， a low-dose YJTL group （YJTL-L）， a high-dose YJTL group （YJTL-H）， and a Progynova group. Rats in the normal and model groups were administered purified water （15 mL·kg^-1） by gavage daily， while rats in the YJTL-L， YJTL-H， and Progynova groups received YJTL at doses of 6.43 and 12.86 g·kg^-1 and Progynova at 2.06 × 10^-4 g·kg^-1， respectively， for 14 consecutive days. The general condition， uterine morphology， and uterine index of the rats were monitored. Histopathological changes in uterine tissue were observed using hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. Serum levels of reactive oxygen species （ROS） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Protein expression levels of Keap1， Nrf2， and HO-1 in endometrial tissue were detected by Western blot. Immunofluorescence （IF） was used to assess the distribution of Nrf2 and HO-1， as well as the expression of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. ResultsCompared with the normal group， rats in the model group exhibited poor mental status and reduced mobility， markedly edematous and tortuous uterine morphology， decreased gland number， and inflammatory reactions in the endometrium， along with an increased uterine organ index （P<0.05）. Serum ROS levels were significantly increased （P<0.05）， while serum GSH-Px levels were significantly decreased （P<0.05）. In endometrial tissue， Keap1 protein expression was increased （P<0.05）， whereas Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression was decreased. Mild nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was observed， accompanied by increased relative fluorescence intensity of nuclear Nrf2 and decreased relative fluorescence intensity of cytoplasmic HO-1. Compared with the model group， all treatment groups showed varying degrees of improvement in the above symptoms and pathological changes. Serum ROS levels were reduced （P<0.05）， serum GSH-Px levels were increased （P<0.05）， Keap1 protein expression in endometrial tissue was decreased， and Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression was increased in a dose-dependent manner （P<0.05）. Notably， significant nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was observed， with correspondingly increased relative fluorescence intensity of nuclear Nrf2 and enhanced relative fluorescence intensity of cytoplasmic HO-1. ConclusionYJTL may enhance antioxidant capacity and repair oxidative damage to the endometrial basal layer by regulating the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Dry eye （DE） is a prevalent multifactorial disease of the ocular surface， clinically characterized by tear film homeostasis imbalance accompanied by related ocular surface symptoms. Specifically， the tear film is a thin liquid layer of tears covering the cornea and conjunctiva through blinking， while tear film homeostasis serves as the foundation for maintaining normal ocular surface structure and function. Insufficient tear secretion and excessive tear film evaporation lead to tear hyperosmolarity and the production of inflammatory mediators， disrupting tear film homeostasis and subsequently forming DE. Additionally， cascade reactions are triggered， resulting in a "vicious cycle of DE" that exacerbates the disease severity and prolongs its duration. Therefore， for DE treatment， it is crucial to restore tear film homeostasis and terminate this vicious cycle. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， which differentiates and treats DE based on systemic conditions， often achieves favorable therapeutic outcomes， offering additional treatment options for DE. Studies have demonstrated that TCM can alleviate DE by regulating tear film homeostasis and terminating the vicious cycle. This review systematically summarizes recent basic experimental research in China and abroad on TCM in alleviating DE by regulating tear film homeostasis， aiming to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment and an insight for research design.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the underlying mechanism through which Zhuluan decoction suppresses excessive autophagy in human ovarian granulosa cells （KGN） and ameliorates premature ovarian insufficiency （POI） via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway. MethodsThe optimal concentration of cyclophosphamide for inducing a POI model in KGN cells was identified via the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay. Subsequently， the impacts of varying concentrations of Zhuluan decoction-containing serum on the viability of the KGN cell model were assessed. After the optimal drug concentration was determined， KGN cells were categorized into the following groups： blank control （20% blank serum）， model （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， autophagy inhibitor （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， and estradiol valerate （20% estradiol valerate-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）. Following 48 hours of incubation， flow cytometry was utilized to measure the apoptosis rate of KGN cells in each group. Western blotting was employed to quantify the protein levels of PI3K， phosphorylated （p）-Akt， Akt， p-mTOR， and mTOR， along with the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin1， autophagy-related 5 homolog （ATG5）， and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， in each group. Additionally， monodansylcadaverine （MDC） staining was performed to evaluate the extent of autophagy in each group. ResultsIncubation of KGN cells with 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide for 48 h successfully established a POI model， marked by a significant inhibition of KGN cell proliferation. Notably， the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation exhibited a positive correlation with its concentration. Zhuluan decoction-containing serum at 20% and 30% promoted cell proliferation and mitigated the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation， with comparable therapeutic efficacy observed at both concentrations. Compared with the blank control group， the model group displayed an elevated apoptosis rate （P<0.01）， reduced protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR （P<0.01）， increased protein levels of Beclin1， LC3， and ATG5 （P<0.01）， no significant alterations in the protein levels of Akt and mTOR， and an enhanced MDC autophagy fluorescence intensity （P<0.01）. In comparison to that the model group， the apoptosis rates in the blank control group， model group， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， autophagy inhibitor group， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， and estradiol valerate group all reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the most pronounced reduction observed in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. The protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR were higher in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， being the highest in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoctio-containing serum group （P<0.01）. The protein levels of Beclin1 and ATG5 were lower in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression level of LC3 declined in the Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group and the estradiol valerate group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while it decreased without statistical significance in the autophagy inhibitor group and the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. ConclusionZhuluan decoction may activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to inhibit excessive autophagy and counteract the detrimental effects of cyclophosphamide on the KGN cell model， thus managing POI.

ObjectiveTo elucidate the underlying mechanism through which Zhuluan decoction suppresses excessive autophagy in human ovarian granulosa cells （KGN） and ameliorates premature ovarian insufficiency （POI） via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway. MethodsThe optimal concentration of cyclophosphamide for inducing a POI model in KGN cells was identified via the cell counting kit-8 （CCK-8） assay. Subsequently， the impacts of varying concentrations of Zhuluan decoction-containing serum on the viability of the KGN cell model were assessed. After the optimal drug concentration was determined， KGN cells were categorized into the following groups： blank control （20% blank serum）， model （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）， autophagy inhibitor （20% blank serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum （20% Zhuluan decoction-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide + 20 μmol·L^-1 chloroquine phosphate）， and estradiol valerate （20% estradiol valerate-containing serum + 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide）. Following 48 hours of incubation， flow cytometry was utilized to measure the apoptosis rate of KGN cells in each group. Western blotting was employed to quantify the protein levels of PI3K， phosphorylated （p）-Akt， Akt， p-mTOR， and mTOR， along with the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins such as Beclin1， autophagy-related 5 homolog （ATG5）， and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， in each group. Additionally， monodansylcadaverine （MDC） staining was performed to evaluate the extent of autophagy in each group. ResultsIncubation of KGN cells with 5 μmol·L^-1 cyclophosphamide for 48 h successfully established a POI model， marked by a significant inhibition of KGN cell proliferation. Notably， the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation exhibited a positive correlation with its concentration. Zhuluan decoction-containing serum at 20% and 30% promoted cell proliferation and mitigated the inhibitory effect of cyclophosphamide on KGN cell proliferation， with comparable therapeutic efficacy observed at both concentrations. Compared with the blank control group， the model group displayed an elevated apoptosis rate （P<0.01）， reduced protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR （P<0.01）， increased protein levels of Beclin1， LC3， and ATG5 （P<0.01）， no significant alterations in the protein levels of Akt and mTOR， and an enhanced MDC autophagy fluorescence intensity （P<0.01）. In comparison to that the model group， the apoptosis rates in the blank control group， model group， Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， autophagy inhibitor group， autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group， and estradiol valerate group all reduced （P<0.05， P<0.01）， with the most pronounced reduction observed in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. The protein levels of PI3K， p-Akt， and p-mTOR were higher in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， being the highest in the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoctio-containing serum group （P<0.01）. The protein levels of Beclin1 and ATG5 were lower in other groups than in the model group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression level of LC3 declined in the Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group and the estradiol valerate group （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while it decreased without statistical significance in the autophagy inhibitor group and the autophagy inhibitor + Zhuluan decoction-containing serum group. ConclusionZhuluan decoction may activate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to inhibit excessive autophagy and counteract the detrimental effects of cyclophosphamide on the KGN cell model， thus managing POI.

Guishenwan （GSW）， originating from Jingyue Quanshu （Zhang Jingyue's Complete Works）， is a classic traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） formula with a history of over 400 years. Designed for kidney essence deficiency syndrome， it is clinically applied to treat diseases associated with essence-blood deficiency， such as ovarian insufficiency diseases in women， oligospermia-induced infertility in men， and lumbar disc herniation. Numerous studies have confirmed its significant efficacy and advantages in managing ovarian insufficiency diseases， including diminished ovarian reserve （DOR）， premature ovarian insufficiency （POI）， and premature ovarian failure （POF）. According to recent literature， the therapeutic mechanisms of GSW in treating ovarian insufficiency diseases involve regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis （HPOA） function， ameliorating reproductive endocrine disorders， improving ovarian function， modulating relevant signaling pathways， and exerting immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. A review of GSW in clinical treatment revealed that clinical applications of GSW， particularly in combination with Western medicine， not only alleviate symptoms but also compensate for the limitations of hormone replacement therapy， thereby reducing recurrence， minimizing adverse reactions， and enhancing safety. This review aims to provide a scientific basis for the rational clinical use of GSW in ovarian insufficiency diseases， offer innovative TCM strategies for developing novel ovarian-protective drugs， promote the integration of TCM and Western medicine in reproductive medicine， and ultimately contribute a Chinese approach to global management of ovarian insufficiency diseases.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which Zhuluan decoction improves ovarian function in a cyclophosphamide （CTX）-induced premature ovarian insufficiency （POI） rat model through regulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）/Unc-51-like kinase 1 （ULK1） signaling pathway. MethodsA POI rat model was established via intraperitoneal injection of CTX. Ten rats were randomly selected as the normal control group. The remaining 50 successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group， the estradiol valerate group （0.1 mg·kg^-1）， low-dose （7 g·kg^-1）， medium-dose （14 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose （28 g·kg^-1） Zhuluan decoction groups， with 10 rats per group. All groups received intragastric administration for 21 consecutive days. Changes in body weight， uterine， and ovarian indices were observed across groups. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to examine ovarian pathological alterations and count follicles at various stages in cross-sections. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） measured serum estradiol （E₂）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， and anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH） levels. Western blot （WB） and immunohistochemistry （IHC） were used to detect the expression levels of AMPK， mTOR， ULK1 and their phosphorylated proteins， Beclin1， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， and Bcl-2 in ovarian tissues of each group. ResultsCompared with the normal group， model rats exhibited slower body weight gain （P<0.01）， significantly reduced uterine and ovarian organ indices （P<0.01）， reduced ovarian volume， irregular follicular morphology， unclear cumulus and oocyte structures， and a significant reduction in the number of primordial follicles （P<0.01）. Conversely，the numbers of secondary and atretic follicles significantly increased （P<0.01）. Serum E₂ and AMH levels significantly decreased， while FSH levels significantly elevated（P<0.01）. The expression of AMPK， ULK1， Bax， and Beclin1 was increased （P<0.01）， while that of mTOR and Bcl-2 was decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the estradiol valerate group and the medium- and high-dose Zhuluan decoction groups showed significantly increased body weight， uterine organ index， and ovarian organ index （P<0.01）， while the low-dose Zhuluan decoction group showed no statistically significant difference. Ovarian volume increased across all treatment groups， with improved follicular morphology and structure. The number of primordial follicles significantly increased （P<0.01）， while the number of atretic follicles significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The number of secondary follicles decreased in the estradiol valerate group and the high-dose Zhuluan decoction group （P<0.01）， with no significant difference in the low- and medium-dose Zhuluan decoction groups. E₂ and AMH levels significantly increased， while FSH levels significantly decreased in all treatment groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The estradiol valerate group and medium- and high-dose Zhuluan decoction groups showed significantly reduced expression of AMPK， ULK1， Bax， and Beclin1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while mTOR and Bcl-2 expression levels were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. The low-dose Zhuluan decoction group exhibited significantly reduced expression of ULK1， Beclin1， and Bax （P<0.05）， while Bcl-2 expression was significantly increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionZhuluan decoction improves serum hormone levels in POI rats and mitigates chemotherapy （CTX）-induced damage to ovarian structure and function， exerting ovarian protective effect. This mechanism may involve regulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway to inhibit excessive autophagy and apoptosis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which Zhuluan decoction improves ovarian function in a cyclophosphamide （CTX）-induced premature ovarian insufficiency （POI） rat model through regulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）/Unc-51-like kinase 1 （ULK1） signaling pathway. MethodsA POI rat model was established via intraperitoneal injection of CTX. Ten rats were randomly selected as the normal control group. The remaining 50 successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group， the estradiol valerate group （0.1 mg·kg^-1）， low-dose （7 g·kg^-1）， medium-dose （14 g·kg^-1）， and high-dose （28 g·kg^-1） Zhuluan decoction groups， with 10 rats per group. All groups received intragastric administration for 21 consecutive days. Changes in body weight， uterine， and ovarian indices were observed across groups. Hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining was used to examine ovarian pathological alterations and count follicles at various stages in cross-sections. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） measured serum estradiol （E₂）， follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）， and anti-Müllerian hormone （AMH） levels. Western blot （WB） and immunohistochemistry （IHC） were used to detect the expression levels of AMPK， mTOR， ULK1 and their phosphorylated proteins， Beclin1， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， and Bcl-2 in ovarian tissues of each group. ResultsCompared with the normal group， model rats exhibited slower body weight gain （P<0.01）， significantly reduced uterine and ovarian organ indices （P<0.01）， reduced ovarian volume， irregular follicular morphology， unclear cumulus and oocyte structures， and a significant reduction in the number of primordial follicles （P<0.01）. Conversely，the numbers of secondary and atretic follicles significantly increased （P<0.01）. Serum E₂ and AMH levels significantly decreased， while FSH levels significantly elevated（P<0.01）. The expression of AMPK， ULK1， Bax， and Beclin1 was increased （P<0.01）， while that of mTOR and Bcl-2 was decreased （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the estradiol valerate group and the medium- and high-dose Zhuluan decoction groups showed significantly increased body weight， uterine organ index， and ovarian organ index （P<0.01）， while the low-dose Zhuluan decoction group showed no statistically significant difference. Ovarian volume increased across all treatment groups， with improved follicular morphology and structure. The number of primordial follicles significantly increased （P<0.01）， while the number of atretic follicles significantly decreased （P<0.01）. The number of secondary follicles decreased in the estradiol valerate group and the high-dose Zhuluan decoction group （P<0.01）， with no significant difference in the low- and medium-dose Zhuluan decoction groups. E₂ and AMH levels significantly increased， while FSH levels significantly decreased in all treatment groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The estradiol valerate group and medium- and high-dose Zhuluan decoction groups showed significantly reduced expression of AMPK， ULK1， Bax， and Beclin1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while mTOR and Bcl-2 expression levels were significantly elevated （P<0.01）. The low-dose Zhuluan decoction group exhibited significantly reduced expression of ULK1， Beclin1， and Bax （P<0.05）， while Bcl-2 expression was significantly increased （P<0.05）. ConclusionZhuluan decoction improves serum hormone levels in POI rats and mitigates chemotherapy （CTX）-induced damage to ovarian structure and function， exerting ovarian protective effect. This mechanism may involve regulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway to inhibit excessive autophagy and apoptosis.

To analyze the transmission characteristics of newly reported HIV-infected students aged ≥18 years in Nanjing City from 2016 to 2022 and provide evidence for AIDS publicity and intervention among young students. The pol region sequences of newly reported HIV-infected students and non-student HIV-infected individuals in Nanjing City from 2016 to 2022 were collected, and the BLAST tool was used to search the published global non-Nanjing reported HIV infection sequences in the LANL HIV database. The basic molecular transmission network and regional molecular transmission network were constructed using the HIV-TRACE in a pairwise genetic distance threshold of 1.0%. 332 sequences of infected students aged≥18 years in Nanjing City, 1 904 sequences of non-student-infected individuals in Nanjing City and 1 698 non-Nanjing-infected individuals were obtained. Among the 332 infected students, the main route of infection was homosexual (96.39%), and the subtypes were CRF01_AE (37.95%), CRF07_BC (37.65%) and CRF105_0107 (10.24%). There were 890 sequences in the regional molecular transmission network, of which 21.80% were infected students in Nanjing City, 39.89% were non-student-infected individuals in Nanjing City, and 38.31% were non-Nanjing-infected individuals. In the CRF105_0107 transmission cluster, non-student-infected individuals from Nanjing accounted for 66.95% (81/121), while in the CRF07_BC transmission cluster, non-Nanjing-infected individuals accounted for 56.66% (200/353). There were 1 644 edges connected to infected students within the regional molecular transmission network, with local transmission accounting for 64.72% and regional transmission accounting for 35.28%. Regional transmission was mainly in Guangdong Province (19.83%) and other cities in Jiangsu Province (4.50%). The HIV-1 subtypes of newly reported HIV-infected students aged≥18 years in Nanjing City are mainly CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and CRF105_0107, with local transmission as the main transmission characteristics. There is transmission between students and non-students.

As new evidence emerges, treatment strategies toward the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B are evolving. In 2019, a panel of national hepatologists published a Consensus Statement on the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. Currently, an international group of hepatologists has been assembled to evaluate research since the publication of the original consensus, and to collaboratively develop the updated statements. The 2.0 Consensus was aimed to update the original consensus with the latest available studies, and provide a comprehensive overview of the current relevant scientific literatures regarding functional cure of hepatitis B, with a particular focus on issues that are not yet fully clarified. These cover the definition of functional cure of hepatitis B, its mechanisms and barriers, the effective strategies and treatment roadmap to achieve this endpoint, in particular new surrogate biomarkers used to measure efficacy or to predict response, and the appropriate approach to pursuing a functional cure in special populations, the development of emerging antivirals and immunomodulators with potential for curing hepatitis B. The statements are primarily intended to offer international guidance for clinicians in their practice to enhance the functional cure rate of chronic hepatitis B.

Objective:To investigate the status of development and application of information system of central sterile supply department(CSSD)in hospitals of China,so as to provide references for the promotion of CSSD information system in hospital.Methods:Hierarchical sampling method was adopted to combine with CSSD Professional Committee of Chinese Nursing Association to design questionnaire for Questionnaire Star Network Survey about basic information,CSSD information system,whether the CSSD information system connected with equipment,tracing links and tracing levels,identification method of apparatuses,automation of equipment in 3,074 hospitals of 22 provinces,4 municipalities directly under the central government,and 5 autonomous regions.Results:In 3,074 hospitals,1,811 hospitals(accounting for 58.91%)adopted the CSSD information system.The utilization rate of tertiary hospitals was 81.90%for the information system,which was higher than that(34.51%)in secondary hospitals,and the difference was statistically significant(x2=636.65,P<0.05).The proportion of hospitals that included the recycling,cleaning,disinfection,inspection and packaging,sterilization,storage,and distribution links of CSSD internal management into information management was all>88%,while the utilization link only accounted for 15.18%.The proportion that surgical apparatuses and the apparatuses of clinical diagnosis and treatment were included in management was higher in 1811 hospitals that used CSSD information system,which were respectively 88.02%and 84.70%,while the proportion of surgical soft endoscope was lower,which only was 49.20%.A total of 84.37%of hospitals conducted informatization management for using extracorporeal apparatuses and implants.The connection rates of the main CSSD equipment,which included the washing and disinfection machine,the pressure steam sterilizer and the low-temperature sterilizer,were connected with information system were respectively 56.60%,63.06%and 43.95%.The full compatibility between the information system and all monitoring methods did not be realized in these hospitals.Barcode was the main identification form(69.91%)of the CSSD information system,and personnel management was the most common management module(53.62%)of the information system.The utilization rate(2.93%-5.14%)of automated equipment was low,and 35.45%of the CSSD information systems had the function of automatic emergency handling.Conclusion:The CSSD informatization management of China has achieved remarkable results,but there are still problems such as insufficient connection of equipment,inclusion of monitoring data,and insufficient automation and intelligence.It is necessary to increase the promotion efforts to promote the high-quality development of hospitals.