BACKGROUND:Root canal preparation is a key step in root canal therapy.In recent years,with the rapid development of new nickel-titanium instruments,the results of root canal shaping ability have been significantly improved.However,the shaping abilities of different nickel-titanium instruments are also different.At present,there are few reports about the influence of the shaping ability of R-phase heat treatment NIC X-FILE and DENCO Pre-Shaper in simulated curved canals. OBJECTIVE:To compare the shaping effect of NIC X-FILE and DENCO Pre-Shaper nickel-titanium instruments in preparation for simulated curved canals. METHODS:Fifty simulated resin-curved canals were selected and randomly divided into two groups(n=25).NIC X-FILE and DENCO Pre-Shaper nickel-titanium files were used for root canal preparation.The root canal preparation time was recorded.Images of pre-and post-root canal preparation were taken.Image processing and analysis software were used to measure the amount of resin removed from the inner and outer walls of the root canal at each observation point.Statistical software was used to compare the root canal preparation time and centering ability of two kinds of mechanical nickel-titanium files. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The average root canal preparation time was(1.58±0.02)minutes in the DENCO Pre-Shaper group and(2.22±0.03)minutes in the NIC X-FILE group.There was a significant difference between the two groups(P<0.05).(2)The amount of resin removed from the inner walls of the root canal of the DENCO Pre-Shaper group at 4,5,7,8,9,and 10 mm from the apical foramen was higher than that of the NIC X-FILE group(P<0.05).The amount of resin removed from the outer walls of the root canal of the DENCO Pre-Shaper group at 3,5,6,7,and 8 mm from the apical foramen was lower than that of the NIC X-FILE group(P<0.05).(3)At 2,4,5,6,7,8,and 9 mm away from apical foramen,the centering ability of the NIC X-FILE group was better than that of the DENCO Pre-Shaper group(P<0.05),and the centering ability of the NIC X-FILE group was the best at 4 mm away from apical foramen.(4)The results show that DENCO Pre-Shaper has higher mechanical efficiency than NIC X-FILE nickel-titanium root canal files.However,the centering ability of DENCO Pre-Shaper is inferior to NIC X-FILE nickel-titanium root canal files.

Objective: To investigate the resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid and the changing trends among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Luohu District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province from 2012 to 2022, so as to provide insights into improving drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis control and prevention strategies. Methods: Basic information, treatment classification and drug resistance data of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and positive pathogenic detection in Luohu District from 2012 to 2022 were collected through the Tuberculosis Surveillance System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and resistance rates of rifampicin and isoniazid and the changing trends were analyzed. Results: A total of 2 126 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were collected and had a median age of 34 (interquartile range, 25) years, including 1 334 males (62.75%) and 792 females (37.25%). There were 302 patients with drug-resistance in Luohu District from 2012 to 2022, with a resistance rate of 14.21%. Among them, 60 patients were monoresistant to rifampicin (2.82%), 113 patients were monoresistant to isoniazid (5.32%), and 129 patients were multidrug resistant (6.07%). The rate of rifampicin monoresistance showed a downward trend from 2012 to 2022, while the rate of multidrug resistance showed an upward trend (both P<0.05). There was no significant tendency in the rate of isoniazid monoresistance (P>0.05). The rate of multidrug resistance among patients without Shenzhen residence was higher than that among patients with Shenzhen residence; the rates of rifampicin resistance and multidrug resistance among retreated patients were higher than those among treatment-naïve patients (all P<0.05). Conclusions The rate of rifampicin monoresistance appeared a downward trend and the rate of multidrug resistance appeared an upward trend among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Luohu District from 2012 to 2022. Attention should be given to non-Shenzhen residence and retreated patients.

Objective To investigate the anti-melanoma immune effects of nano-tumor vaccine based on nano-adjuvant[CpG-coated nanoparticles(CNP)] and melanoma cell lysate antigen.Methods The immunoregulatory effects of CNP and melanoma cell lysate antigens on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells(BMDCs) and the regulatory effects on expression and secretion of cytokines IL-6 and IL-12 were investigated.After the mice inoculated with melanoma cells formed tumor,40C57BL/6N fermale mice with similar size of tumor were randomly divided into 4 groups:control(PBS) group,adjuvant(CNP) group,lysate(Lysate) group and vaccine(CNP+Lysate) group,which were administered subcutaneously once a week for 3 weeks.The tumor size of mice was recorded every 3 d and the tumor growth curve was drawn.The peripheral blood of mice was collected to detect the contents of IFN_γ and TNF_α,and immunohistochemical method was used to detect the infiltration of CD8~+T lymphocytes in tumor tissues.Results Compared with PBS,CpG and tumor lysate antigen groups,nano-vaccine adjuvant CNP effectively stimulated BMDCs maturation and promoted IL-6 and IL-12 secretion;Nanotumor vaccine showed good anti-tumor activity in vivo, the tumor size of mice in vaccine group decreased significantly,and the secretion levels of IFN_γ and TNF-α in serum were significantly higher than those in other groups;The infiltration of CD8~+T lymphocytes in tumor tissues of mice in vaccine group was also significantly better than that in other groups.Conclusion Nano-tumor vaccine effectively activated BMDCs,highly expressed immune factors,and also effectively inhibited tumor growth,showing good application potential.

Pheretima,also called"earthworms",is a well-known animal-derived traditional Chinese medicine that is extensively used in over 50 Chinese patent medicines(CPMs)in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edi-tion).However,its zoological origin is unclear,both in the herbal market and CPMs.In this study,a strategy for integrating in-house annotated protein databases constructed from close evolutionary relationship-sourced RNA sequencing data from public archival resources and various sequencing al-gorithms(restricted search,open search,and de novo)was developed to characterize the phenotype of natural peptides of three major commercial species of Pheretima,including Pheretima aspergillum(PA),Pheretima vulgaris(PV),and Metaphire magna(MM).We identified 10,477 natural peptides in the PA,7,451 in PV,and 5,896 in MM samples.Five specific signature peptides were screened and then validated using synthetic peptides;these demonstrated robust specificity for the authentication of PA,PV,and MM.Finally,all marker peptides were successfully applied to identify the zoological origins of Brain Heart capsules and Xiaohuoluo pills,revealing the inconsistent Pheretima species used in these CPMs.In conclusion,our integrated strategy could be used for the in-depth characterization of natural peptides of other animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines,especially non-model species with poorly annotated protein databases.

Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) is an important branch of pharmaceutical sciences. The nature of ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and PK (pharmacokinetics) inquiries during drug discovery and development has evolved in recent years from being largely descriptive to seeking a more quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the fate of drug candidates in biological systems. Tremendous progress has been made in the past decade, not only in the characterization of physiochemical properties of drugs that influence their ADME, target organ exposure, and toxicity, but also in the identification of design principles that can minimize drug-drug interaction (DDI) potentials and reduce the attritions. The importance of membrane transporters in drug disposition, efficacy, and safety, as well as the interplay with metabolic processes, has been increasingly recognized. Dramatic increases in investments on new modalities beyond traditional small and large molecule drugs, such as peptides, oligonucleotides, and antibody-drug conjugates, necessitated further innovations in bioanalytical and experimental tools for the characterization of their ADME properties. In this review, we highlight some of the most notable advances in the last decade, and provide future perspectives on potential major breakthroughs and innovations in the translation of DMPK science in various stages of drug discovery and development.

In 2018, the myopia detection rate of children and adolescents aged 5-18 years old in Shaanxi Province was 54.9% (11 060/20 144). The myopia detection rate of girls ［58.6%(5 830/9 949)］ was higher than that of boys ［58.6% (3 416/5 830)］ ( P<0.001). In children and adolescents, the myopia detection rate increased with the age before their 16 years old, and saw a stable or downward trend after the age of 16. After adjusting the confounding factors, the myopia detection rate of children and adolescents from regions with per capita GDP>100 000 yuan was higherthan that of children and adolescents from regions with per capita GDP<50 000 yuan［ OR (95% CI):1.58(1.34-1.87)］.

In 2018, the myopia detection rate of children and adolescents aged 5-18 years old in Shaanxi Province was 54.9% (11 060/20 144). The myopia detection rate of girls ［58.6%(5 830/9 949)］ was higher than that of boys ［58.6% (3 416/5 830)］ ( P<0.001). In children and adolescents, the myopia detection rate increased with the age before their 16 years old, and saw a stable or downward trend after the age of 16. After adjusting the confounding factors, the myopia detection rate of children and adolescents from regions with per capita GDP>100 000 yuan was higherthan that of children and adolescents from regions with per capita GDP<50 000 yuan［ OR (95% CI):1.58(1.34-1.87)］.

OBJECTIVETo assess the value of whole-genome amplification (WGA) and next generation sequencing (NGS) for the pre-implantation screening of discarded embryos.

METHODSIn total 476 discarded embryos were collected. After continued culture, 23 high-quality blastocysts were obtained. Blastocysts graded as 4BC or above based on Gardner classification were subjected for blastula biopsy. Five to ten nourish ectoderm cells were hatched with a biopsy needle. Following WGA and NGS, deletion and/or duplication of chromosomal fragments and numerical chromosomal aberrations were analyzed.

RESULTSIn total 148 trophoblast cells were obtained from the 23 blastocysts. Following WGA, 60 amplification products were selected for NGS. The results showed that there were 39 abnormal chromosomes derived from 14 blastocysts, which gave an abnormal rate of blastocyst of 60.87% (14/23).

CONCLUSIONWGA combined with NGS can enable pre-implantation genetic screening for discarded embryos, which may improve the efficacy of in vitro fertilization as well as reduce the risk for birth defects.

Objective: To observe the infection status and the distribution of the gene subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Huzhou. Methods: Cervical exfoliated cells were collected from the women who attended the physical examination and the cervical HPV examination from June 2017 to December 2017 in Huzhou Maternal and Child Health-Care hospital. A total of 2 830 women were tested for 21 HPV genotypes (including HPV-16, 18, 31, 59, 66, 53, 33, 58, 45, 56, 52, 35, 68, 51, 39, 82, 26, 73, 6, 11, 81), using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), investigated the infection status and subtype distribution. Results: Among the 2 830 women, 269 were positive for HPV, the total infection rate was 9.51% (269/2 830). The infection rate of single gene and double gene was 86.99% (234/269) and 11.90% (32/269), respectively. The infection rate of high-risk subtypes was 9.11% among the detected women (258/2 830), accounting for 83.77% of HPV gene detections (258/308). The HPV-58, 16, 52 were the most commonly found gene subtypes among the high-risk HPV. The rate of HPV infection and high-risk subtypes of HPV infection in women was the highest in the 56-60 year old group, and the lowest in the 31-35 year old group. In different age groups, the difference in high-risk HPV infection rate was statistically significant, the total infection rate had no statistical significance. Conclusions In Huzhou area, the HPV infection rate of women found through normal physical examination was 9.51%, the high risk type was 58, 16 and 52, and the 56-60 year old group was the high incidence group. This study provides the HPV infection status and HPV gene subtype distribution characteristics in women in Huzhou, which has important guiding value for the vaccine development and application, and for prevention of HPV infection.

Objective To analyze hematosis of modified homemade Buxue decoction discriminate on patients with hemorrhagic anaemia after unilateral total hip arthroplasty and prognosis.Methods88 patients with hemorrhagic anaemia who underwent unilateral total hip arthroplasty in our hospital from February 2015 to Janurary 2017 were selected, they were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group, 44 cases in each group.The control group received pure western medicine after unilateral total hip arthroplasty, the observation group added modified homemade Buxue decoction discriminate on the basis of the control group.Clinical therapeutic effect on anemia, hematosis indexes including hemoglobin (HB), red blood cell (RBC), erythrocrit (HCT) in the two groups were compared, occurrence of complications during postoperative treatment, hip scores were used to compared prognostic differences in the two groups.ResultsTotal effective rate of the observation group 95.45% was significantly higher than the control group (81.82%) (P<0.05);there was no significant difference in Hb, RBC and HCT level before the treatment in the two groups, Hb (130.23±13.09)g/L, RBC (4.16±0.71)×1012/L and HCT (0.42±0.03) in the observation group after the treatment were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05);complication rate in the observation group 9.10% was significantly lower than the control group (25.00%) (P<0.05);there was no significant difference in hip joint function scores before the treatment in the two groups, hip joint function score in the observation group after the treatment (79.73±5.42)scores was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01).ConclusionTreatment effect of modified homemade Buxue decoction discriminate on hemorrhagic anaemia after unilateral total hip arthroplasty is significant, can promote recovery of hematosis, hip joint and motor function effectively.