Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis. Ubiquitin-specific protease 29 (USP29) plays pivotal roles in hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury and hepatocellular carcinoma, but its role in MASLD remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the effects and underlying mechanisms of USP29 in MASLD progression. Methods: USP29 expression was assessed in liver samples from MASLD patients and mice. The role and molecular mechanism of USP29 in MASLD were assessed in high-fat diet-fed and high-fat/high-cholesterol diet-fed mice and palmitic acid and oleic acid treated hepatocytes. Results: USP29 protein levels were significantly reduced in mice and humans with MASLD. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis were significantly exacerbated by USP29 deletion and relieved by USP29 overexpression. Mechanistically, USP29 significantly activated the expression of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) under metabolic stimulation, directly interacted with long-chain acyl-CoA synthase 5 (ACSL5) and repressed ACSL5 degradation by increasing ACSL5 K48-linked deubiquitination. Moreover, the effect of USP29 on hepatocyte lipid accumulation and MASLD was dependent on ACSL5. Conclusions USP29 functions as a novel negative regulator of MASLD by stabilizing ACSL5 to promote FAO. The activation of the USP29-ACSL5 axis may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for MASLD.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which was previously limited to epidemics in Africa. Since 2022, monkeypox has rapidly spread worldwide, affecting 130 countries and regions. The World Health Organization declared it a public health emergency of international concern, in 2022 and 2024, respectively. The monkeypox virus has exhibited accelerated mutation rates, with diverse circulating strains. Children and men who have sex with men have emerged as the primary high-risk group. Additionally, the increase in asymptomatic infections and atypical mild rashes has complicated differential diagnosis, posing entirely challenges to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and control of monkeypox. This article reviews the research progress on the etiological characteristics, epidemiological features, clinical manifestations, and prevention and treatment strategies of monkeypox by retrieving the literature on monkeypox from January 1958 to January 2025, so as to provide the basis for the prevention and treatment of monkeypox.

As a physical treatment technique, modified electro-convulsive therapy (MECT) is used to treat mental and certain neurological disorders by causing seizures with short, suitable electrical currents applied to the brain while the patient is under general anesthesia and muscle relaxants. MECT is recognized for its therapeutic efficacy and clinical safety, rendering it one of the most prevalent interventions in psychiatric care. To enhance clinical outcomes and minimize adverse effects, this consensus document delineates the indications, therapeutic parameters, therapeutic procedures, potential adverse effects, and associated management strategies for MECT. These guidelines are informed by the latest clinical research and expert consensus, integrating evidence-based medicine methodologies. The objective is to furnish clinicians with precise operational guidelines and to advance the standardization of MECT practices in clinical settings.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis. Ubiquitin-specific protease 29 (USP29) plays pivotal roles in hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury and hepatocellular carcinoma, but its role in MASLD remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the effects and underlying mechanisms of USP29 in MASLD progression. Methods: USP29 expression was assessed in liver samples from MASLD patients and mice. The role and molecular mechanism of USP29 in MASLD were assessed in high-fat diet-fed and high-fat/high-cholesterol diet-fed mice and palmitic acid and oleic acid treated hepatocytes. Results: USP29 protein levels were significantly reduced in mice and humans with MASLD. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis were significantly exacerbated by USP29 deletion and relieved by USP29 overexpression. Mechanistically, USP29 significantly activated the expression of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) under metabolic stimulation, directly interacted with long-chain acyl-CoA synthase 5 (ACSL5) and repressed ACSL5 degradation by increasing ACSL5 K48-linked deubiquitination. Moreover, the effect of USP29 on hepatocyte lipid accumulation and MASLD was dependent on ACSL5. Conclusions USP29 functions as a novel negative regulator of MASLD by stabilizing ACSL5 to promote FAO. The activation of the USP29-ACSL5 axis may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for MASLD.

Background/Aims: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic steatosis. Ubiquitin-specific protease 29 (USP29) plays pivotal roles in hepatic ischemiareperfusion injury and hepatocellular carcinoma, but its role in MASLD remains unexplored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to reveal the effects and underlying mechanisms of USP29 in MASLD progression. Methods: USP29 expression was assessed in liver samples from MASLD patients and mice. The role and molecular mechanism of USP29 in MASLD were assessed in high-fat diet-fed and high-fat/high-cholesterol diet-fed mice and palmitic acid and oleic acid treated hepatocytes. Results: USP29 protein levels were significantly reduced in mice and humans with MASLD. Hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis were significantly exacerbated by USP29 deletion and relieved by USP29 overexpression. Mechanistically, USP29 significantly activated the expression of genes related to fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) under metabolic stimulation, directly interacted with long-chain acyl-CoA synthase 5 (ACSL5) and repressed ACSL5 degradation by increasing ACSL5 K48-linked deubiquitination. Moreover, the effect of USP29 on hepatocyte lipid accumulation and MASLD was dependent on ACSL5. Conclusions USP29 functions as a novel negative regulator of MASLD by stabilizing ACSL5 to promote FAO. The activation of the USP29-ACSL5 axis may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for MASLD.

Immunometabolism studies focus on the relationships between immune cell functions and cellular energy metabolism pathways.Immunometabolism plays an important regulatory role in immune-related diseases.Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb),an important intracellular pathogenic bacterium,enters alveolar macrophages after infection.The confrontation between M.tb and the host is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple aspects and mechanisms,such as the immune response,granuloma formation,and immune evasion.M.tb effector proteins play key roles in maintaining bacterial virulence and regulating host cell metabolism.This article reviews the reprogramming process of glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and immunometabolism,as well as changes in mi-tochondrial function in M.tb-infected host cells,thereby revealing the relationship between M.tb pathogenicity and host metabolic regu-lation,which is important for understanding tuberculosis.

Objective:To construct a medical education metaverse based on cloudytization virtual reality (VR) technique,so as to resolve various issues encountered with conventional VR devices in use process,and enhance the user's experience and teaching effect of virtual space education. Methods:The technical architecture of the medical education metaverse was conducted from the perspectives included the underlying technique layer,learning interface layer,teaching activity space and knowledge layer. The medical education mateverse,which based on cloudytization VR technique,was constructed,and the system performance and user's experience were optimized from a supporting environment included the content layer,platform layer,cloud computing layer,network layer and terminal layer. Results:The medical students could conduct practical operation in virtual environment at any time and any place by the deployment approach on cloudy terminal and lightweight devices. The efficient and convenient cross-disciplinary collaborative learning was convenient for students to acquire knowledge from multiple perspectives,to better response complex medical environments. The real-time interactive remote medical approach expanded the boundaries of medical education,and ensured equity and inclusivity in medical education. Conclusion:The application of medical education metaverse based on cloudytization VR technique in medical teaching can effectively reduce the application threshold of medical education metaverse,and expand the coverage of educational resources of high quality,and enhance the use experience of teaching of the virtual space of medical education based on VR,and meet the demands of medical teaching for diverse application scenarios.

Objective:To construct a medical education metaverse based on cloudytization virtual reality (VR) technique,so as to resolve various issues encountered with conventional VR devices in use process,and enhance the user's experience and teaching effect of virtual space education. Methods:The technical architecture of the medical education metaverse was conducted from the perspectives included the underlying technique layer,learning interface layer,teaching activity space and knowledge layer. The medical education mateverse,which based on cloudytization VR technique,was constructed,and the system performance and user's experience were optimized from a supporting environment included the content layer,platform layer,cloud computing layer,network layer and terminal layer. Results:The medical students could conduct practical operation in virtual environment at any time and any place by the deployment approach on cloudy terminal and lightweight devices. The efficient and convenient cross-disciplinary collaborative learning was convenient for students to acquire knowledge from multiple perspectives,to better response complex medical environments. The real-time interactive remote medical approach expanded the boundaries of medical education,and ensured equity and inclusivity in medical education. Conclusion:The application of medical education metaverse based on cloudytization VR technique in medical teaching can effectively reduce the application threshold of medical education metaverse,and expand the coverage of educational resources of high quality,and enhance the use experience of teaching of the virtual space of medical education based on VR,and meet the demands of medical teaching for diverse application scenarios.

Immunometabolism studies focus on the relationships between immune cell functions and cellular energy metabolism pathways.Immunometabolism plays an important regulatory role in immune-related diseases.Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb),an important intracellular pathogenic bacterium,enters alveolar macrophages after infection.The confrontation between M.tb and the host is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple aspects and mechanisms,such as the immune response,granuloma formation,and immune evasion.M.tb effector proteins play key roles in maintaining bacterial virulence and regulating host cell metabolism.This article reviews the reprogramming process of glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism,and immunometabolism,as well as changes in mi-tochondrial function in M.tb-infected host cells,thereby revealing the relationship between M.tb pathogenicity and host metabolic regu-lation,which is important for understanding tuberculosis.

As a physical treatment technique, modified electro-convulsive therapy (MECT) is used to treat mental and certain neurological disorders by causing seizures with short, suitable electrical currents applied to the brain while the patient is under general anesthesia and muscle relaxants. MECT is recognized for its therapeutic efficacy and clinical safety, rendering it one of the most prevalent interventions in psychiatric care. To enhance clinical outcomes and minimize adverse effects, this consensus document delineates the indications, therapeutic parameters, therapeutic procedures, potential adverse effects, and associated management strategies for MECT. These guidelines are informed by the latest clinical research and expert consensus, integrating evidence-based medicine methodologies. The objective is to furnish clinicians with precise operational guidelines and to advance the standardization of MECT practices in clinical settings.