Objective: To characterize longitudinal trajectories of testicular development in boys and breast development in girls, so as to provide reference data for understanding patterns of pubertal sexual maturation. Methods: Based on the Shanghai Pudong New Area Cohort Study on Growth, Development and Health in Children and Adolescents, a baseline survey was conducted in 2020 using a mult stage cluster random sampling method. A total of 2 184 children who completed all follow ups during the primary school period from 13 elementary schools in Pudong New Area,Shanghai,with annual follow ups during 2021-2025. Testicular volume and Tanner stage of breast development were assessed by professional physicians using standardized visual inspection and palpation. The age distribution of testicular volume and breast development was fitted by using cumulative link mixed models and Turnbull s nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation method. Results: Median ages for testicular volumes of 2, 3, 4 and 5 mL in boys were 7.07, 9.24, 10.29, and 11.57 years old, respectively. Median ages for Tanner breast stages Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and Ⅴ in girls were 8.55 , 10.17, 11.18, and 13.78 years old, respectively. Based on overweight and obesity, stratified analysis showed that earlier pubertal onset among overweight/obesity children, and the key milestones for pubertal initiation were testicular volume reaching 4 mL in boys and breast Tanner II in girls for 10.29, 10.83; 8.18, 9.00 years. Conclusion Overweight and obesity are associated with earlier pubertal initiation,but there are certain gender and developmental stage specific patterns.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of lingual mucosal graft ureteroplasty (LMGU) for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures in a multi-institutional cohort of patients.Methods:A multi-center retrospective case series study was conducted on clinical data from 42 patients undergoing LMGU for long-segment ureteral strictures (≥5 cm) across five institutions between February 2017 and June 2024. The cohort comprised 31 males and 11 females, with an age of (43.4±12.0) years (range: 15 to 64 years) and a body mass index of (24.6±2.6) kg/m2 (range: 16.0 to 30.0 kg/m2). Strictures involved the left ureter in 24 cases and right ureter in 18 cases, demonstrating a stricture length of (6.4±1.5) cm (range: 5.0 to 11.5 cm). Surgical interventions included either onlay ureteroplasty or augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty, selected according to intraoperative findings. Intraoperative parameters, postoperative complications, and follow-up outcomes were analyzed.Results:Laparoscopic surgery was performed in 22 cases and robot-assisted surgery in 20 cases. Among the 42 patients, 22 underwent onlay ureteroplasty while 20 received augmented anastomotic ureteroplasty. The graft length was (5.9±1.8) cm (range: 3.0 to 12.0 cm), operative time (191.5±55.6) minutes (range: 105.0 to 350.0 minutes), and intraoperative estimated blood loss (86.7±73.6) ml (range: 10.0 to 400.0 ml). All procedures were successfully completed without conversion to open surgery. The postoperative hospital stay was (7.6±2.0) days (range: 4.0 to 15.0 days), with double-J stent removal at 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively. During a follow-up of (49.1±25.0) months (range: 12.0 to 99.0 months), no stricture recurrence was observed in any patient.Conclusion:LMGU is a safe, feasible, and effective long-term technique for managing long-segment (≥5 cm) ureteral strictures.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of Wnt3a factor and small molecule compound CHIR99021 in culturing colorectal cancer organoid, and to explore the feasibility of replacing Wnt3a with CHIR99021.Methods:The organoids were cultured using 2 culture systems containing Wnt3a or CHIR99021, based on the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 and rectal cancer tissue from one patient (surgical specimen from the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University), including Wnt3a cell organoid, CHIR99021 cell organoid, Wnt3a tissue organoid, and CHIR99021 tissue organoid. The growth of organoids was observed under the optical microscope. The pathological characteristics of organoids and the rectal cancer tissue were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, which included cytokeratin(CK) 7, CK20, Ki-67, and stemness marker CD133. The expression of β-catenin (a key Wnt pathway protein) was analyzed by Western blotting (WB) method. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Wnt3a and CHIR99021 cell organoids were analyzed by drug susceptible test and GraphPad Prism 9.0 software. Independent sample- t test was used for statistical analysis. Results:Under the optical microscope, the size of CHIR99021 cell organoid was relatively uniform, while the size of the Wnt3a cell organoid was uneven, compact and dense spherical structure was formed in both organoids. HE staining showed tumor features including increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and obvious nuclear atypia in the Wnt3a and CHIR99021 cell organoids. The results of IHC staining showed that CK7 was negative, and CK20 and Ki-67 were positive in the Wnt3a and CHIR99021 cell organoids. The results of WB method showed that the relative expression level of β-catenin of the CHIR99021 cell organoid was higher than that of the Wnt3a cell organoid (0.89±0.09 vs. 0.26±0.04), and the difference was statistically significant ( t=13.80, P<0.001). The results of drug susceptible test demonstrated that the IC50 value of the Wnt3a and CHIR99021 cell organoid was 10.91 and 14.55 μmol/L, respectively. Further IHC staining showed that CD133 was positive in the Wnt3a and CHIR99021 cell organoids, with stronger intensity in the CHIR99021 cell organoid. The pathological characteristics of Wnt3a and CHIR99021 tissue organoid were consistent with those of the rectal cancer tissue of the patient, with all CK7 being negative and CK20 and Ki-67 being positive. Conclusions:Both Wnt3a and CHIR99021 can successfully establish colorectal cancer organoids with consistent pathological characteristics. The IC50 value of the CHIR99021 cell organoid is high, which is related to the increased stemness of organoids. The pathological characteristics of Wnt3a and CHIR99021 tissue organoid are consistent with those of the rectal cancer tissue from the patient.

Modern Chinese dental societies have been a crucial part of the progress of stomatology in China, serving as both witnesses and key drivers of its development. By reviewing historical materials related to these societies, this paper focuses on analyzing their establishment background, developmental stages, overall scale, and major activities. The findings reveal that dental societies exhibited regional, phased, professional, and academic characteristics. Furthermore, the study highlights their contributions to strengthening dental education, promoting standardization within the industry, facilitating academic exchanges, and advocating for the integration of oral and systemic health. This research enriches the study of modern Chinese stomatology history.

Objective: To investigate the mediating role of children s sleep quality in the association between mother-child relationship and the executive function of preschool children, providing a reference for promoting the development of the executive function of preschool children. Methods: A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 842 preschoolers from 12 kindergartens in Wuhu City, Anhui Province in December 2021 as the subjects of the first follow up study with follow up every six months thereafter. Finally, 746 children were included in the study after 3 follow up. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the associations among mother-child relationship, sleep quality and executive function in preschool children. Bootstrap program and PROCESS software were applied to test the mediating effect of sleep quality in the association between mother-child relationship and the executive function of preschool children. Results: Conflictual mother-child relationship was positively correlated with the total score of executive function, as well as scores of inhibitory, shifting, emotional control, working memory, and organizational planning ( r=0.40, 0.37, 0.36, 0.41, 0.38 , 0.34, all P <0.05). Dependent mother-child relationship was positively correlated with the total score of executive function, as well as scores of inhibitory, shifting, emotional control, working memory , and organizational planning ( r=0.23, 0.20, 0.21, 0.22 , 0.22, 0.19, all P <0.05). Sleep quality was positively correlated with the total executive function score ( r=0.27, P <0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors, sleep quality played a partial mediating role in the associations between dependent and conflictual mother-child relationships and executive function, the mediating effects were 19.40% and 11.22% respectively. Conclusions Sleep quality plays a mediating role in the association between mother-child relationship and the executive function of preschool children. Improving sleep quality in the early stage can promote the executive function of preschool children.

Objective: To explore the effects of parenting style on emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) of preschool children and to provide theoretical reference for promoting children s physical and mental health. Methods: In October-November 2021, a stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 3 575 preschool children aged 3-6 years from 12 kindergartens in Hefei. Data on parenting styles and children s EBPs were collected through electronic questionnaires. Binary Logistic regression model was used to explore the effects of parenting styles on children s EBPs. Results: The detection rates of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer interaction problems, and prosocial behavior problems were 15.5% ( n =554), 23.2% ( n =830), 22.4% ( n =802), 38.2% ( n =1 367), and 29.5% ( n =1 055) in preschool children, respectively. Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for covariates such as child s age, sex, and preterm birth, a high authoritative parenting style reduced the risk of EBPs in children ( OR =0.29-0.78), while a high authoritarian ( OR =1.36-2.15) and high permissive ( OR =1.36-1.68) parenting style in mothers increased the risk of EBPs in children (all P <0.05). Further stratified analysis indicated that among children with fathers exhibiting high authoritative, high authoritarian, or high permissive parenting styles, a high authoritative parenting style in mothers reduced the risk of peer interaction problems and prosocial behavior problems ( OR =0.51, 0.30 ; 0.44, 0.23; 0.51, 0.29, all P <0.05). Among children with fathers exhibiting a high authoritative parenting style, a high authoritarian parenting style in mothers increased the risk of emotional problems ( OR =2.59), and both high authoritarian and high permissive parenting styles in mothers increased the risk of conduct problems ( OR =3.25, 2.09) and hyperactivity problems ( OR =2.35, 2.87) (all P <0.05). Among children with fathers exhibiting high authoritarian or high permissive parenting styles, a high authoritarian parenting style in mothers increased the risk of EBPs ( OR =1.65-2.71, 1.62-2.52, all P <0.05). Conclusion Parenting style is an important factor affecting EBPs of preschool children, and appropriate parenting style is beneficial for children s psychological development.

Objective To construct a quality control model for cervical liquid-based thin cell smears using two different artificial intelligence(AI)techniques and to compare the total use of the two methods to improve the level of quality control of cervical liquid-based thin cell smears through the assistance of hybrid AI.Methods In this study,105 cervical liquid-based thin cell smear samples were used.Convolutional neural network(CNN)algorithm and Transformer network algorithm were used as specific AI algorithms in the AI model.The labeled features included the number of cells in the slice,excessive red blood cells,excessive inflammatory cells,and air bubbles.The smear samples were pre-processed and digitized by smear,followed by image segmentation and feature extraction.Using the labeled feature data,machine learning models were trained and optimized.Statistical AI and physician QC results were analyzed by calculating KAPPA index,sensitivity,specificity,area under the curve(AUC),and other indexes for AI QC results.Results CNN algorithm QC results in normal smear,inflammatory background and bloody background were significantly different from the expert review QC results(P＜0.001).Transformer algorithm QC results were similar to the expert review results,with no statistical difference(P＞0.05).General practitioner QC results were statistically different from the expert review QC results in normal smear detection rate and bloody background(P＜0.001).CNN algorithm Kappa value was 0.567,which had medium consistency with expert review results.Transformer algorithm Kappa value was 0.890,with the best consistency with expert review results.General practitioner Kappa value was 0.675,which had better consistency with expert review results.Using the expert review results as a reference standard,the predictive efficacy of the Transformer algorithm and the general practitioners' QC results was evaluated,and the predictive efficacy of the Transformer algorithm was higher than that of the general practitioners in detecting hemorrhagic backgrounds and normal smears(inflammatory backgrounds:AUC=1.000;normal smears:AUC=0.768)(hemorrhagic backgrounds:AUC=0.849;normal smears:AUC=0.849;normal smear:AUC=0.500).Conclusion In this study,we found that the Transformer algorithm was effective in improving the quality control of cervical liquid-based thin-layer cell smears by assisting doctors to perform smear quality control scoring and improving the efficiency and accuracy of smear sample quality control.It can be used as a new quality control method for cervical cancer cytological screening and has potential clinical applications.

Objective: To analyze the association of mother-child interaction and screen exposure of preschool children with psychological and behavioural problems, so as to provide guidance for promoting the psychological development of preschool children. Methods: From November to December 2024, a convenience cluster sampling method was used to survey 2 977 mothers of preschool children in Daguan and Yingjiang districts of Anqing City. The Chinese Parent-Child Interaction Scale (CPCIS) was applied to evaluate the quality of mother-child interaction, and the Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ) was used to assess the psychological and behavioral problems of preschool children. Binary Logistic regression was applied to analyze the association of mother-child interaction, screen exposure and their combined effect on psychological and behavioral problems among preschool children. Results: The detection rate of psychological and behavioral problems among preschool children was 13.9%. Binary Logistic regression results showed that low scores of mother-child interaction ( OR=2.31, 95%CI =1.72-3.11) and high screen exposure ( OR= 1.52 , 95%CI =1.23-1.88) were higher risks for psychological and behavioral problems in preschool children; the results of the combined effect showed that preschool children in low scores of mother-child interaction and low screen exposure group ( OR=2.18, 95%CI =1.46-3.28), low scores of mother-child interaction and high screen exposure group ( OR=3.13, 95%CI =2.10- 4.65 ) had significantly higher risks of abnormal detection in psychological and behavioral problems, compared to those in the high scores of mother-child interaction and low screen exposure group respectively (all P <0.05). Conclusions Both screen exposure and mother- child interaction are associated with psychological and behavioral problems in preschool children. High quality mother-child interaction can relieve the adverse effects of screen exposure on preschool children s psychological and behavioral development.

Prostate cancer (PCa) ranks as the second most prevalent malignancy among men worldwide. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and prognosis prediction of PCa play a crucial role in improving patients' survival rates. The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly the utilization of deep learning (DL) algorithms, has brought about substantial progress in assisting the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction of PCa. The introduction of the foundation model has revolutionized the application of AI in medical treatment and facilitated its integration into clinical practice. This review emphasizes the clinical application of AI in PCa by discussing recent advancements from both pathological and imaging perspectives. Furthermore, it explores the current challenges faced by AI in clinical applications while also considering future developments, aiming to provide a valuable point of reference for the integration of AI and clinical applications.
Humans ; Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis* ; Male ; Artificial Intelligence ; Deep Learning ; Prognosis