Based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory that "all pain， itching， and sores are related to the heart"， this paper proposes treating recurrent aphthous ulcers from the perspective of the heart. It suggests that excessive heart fire and tissue erosion due to flaming fire in the heart meridian constitute the core pathogenesis of this condition. Hyperactive heart fire is identified as the key pathogenic factor， while heart yin deficiency， obstruction of the heart collaterals， and malnourishment of the heart spirit are considered significant contributing factors. Clinically， the treatment follows the principle of clearing heart fire as the main strategy， supplemented by nourishing yin， activating collaterals， and calming the spirit. The self-formulated Qingxin Yuchuang Formulation （清心愈疮方） serves as the base prescription， with flexible modifications incorporating the Yuyin Formulation （育阴方）， Huoxue Formulation （活血方）， and Yu'an Formulation （郁安方） to address specific syndromes involving heart yin deficiency， collateral blockage， and emotional disturbance.

Glucose transporters (GLUTs) are pivotal membrane proteins that facilitate the passive transport of glucose into cells. However, their aberrant overexpression is closely linked to the Warburg effect and chemotherapy resistance of tumors. GLUTs are complex multi-pass transmembrane proteins that require detergents for extraction from the cell membrane during preparation. The persistent presence of detergents in the sample can disrupt lipid-protein interactions, potentially leading to conformational distortion and functional losses of GLUTs, severely hindering the research into their structures and transport mechanisms. To eliminate detergent interference and preserve its authentic conformation, this study employs nanodisc technology and utilizes the self-assembly of the membrane scaffold protein MSP1E3D1 and phospholipids to produce a biomimetic membrane environment, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional methods. The C-terminal His10-tagged GLUT1 was heterologously expressed in the insect cell Sf9/Bac-to-Bac system, and the GLUT1-nanodisc complex was obtained after detergent solubilization, affinity chromatography purification via anti-His antibody resin, and self-assembly. The successfully reconstituted nanodisc complex was further purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Nanodisc reconstitution produced monodisperse GLUT1 particles that retained native secondary structure, as confirmed by far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Unlike conventional detergent micelles, which lack a true lipid bilayer, distort transmembrane-helix topology, and occlude ligand-binding sites, the nanodisc platform embeds GLUT1 in a phospholipid bilayer that preserves its authentic conformation while eliminating detergent interference. The resulting GLUT1-nanodisc complex is therefore a superior scaffold for high-resolution cryo-EM structural analysis, permitting detailed interrogation of the transporter's conformational cycle, its interactions with partner proteins, and downstream structure-guided, high-throughput drug screening.
Nanostructures/chemistry* ; Glucose Transporter Type 1/biosynthesis* ; Humans ; Animals ; Phospholipids/chemistry* ; Detergents/chemistry*

This article summarized Professor Liu Qiquan's clinical experience in the treatment of acne from the perspective of"internal retention and stagnation of heat pathogen".Professor Liu believes that the core pathogenesis of acne lies in the internal retention and stagnation of heat pathogen,which manifests as external skin inflammation,with the primary focus being on the heat pathogen.With the pathogen inside the body,the progress of disease and syndrome is related to"toxin,depression,blood stasis and deficiency".At the same time,the disease is also closely related to the dysfunction of the five-zang organs.Professor Liu points out that"to resist the outside,one must first settle the inside",and treats acne from the five internal organs.Based on the idea of"internal retention and stagnation of heat pathogen",according to the symptoms of the patients,the comprehensive use of methods to guide the treatment,such as penetrating turbidity,removing pathogenic factors and detoxifying heat,promoting qi and dispersing stagnant heat,cooling collaterals to control blood and breaking stasis heat,and restraining qi,softening yin and supporting deficiency heat,has been proved to have a good clinical effect.One medical case was attached as evidence.

[Purpose]To evaluate the liver and kidney safety of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)compounds in the treatment of gastric cancer.[Methods]The clinical data of gastric cancer patients who attended in Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2012 to February 2022 were collected.The results of liver and renal func-tion tests were rated according to National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Ad-verse Events(NCI-CTCAE)V5.0.The patients were divided into 4 groups:TCM group,TCM+chemotherapy/targeted/antivascular therapy group,TCM+TCM preparation group and TCM+chemotherapy/targeted/antivascular therapy+TCM preparation group,and the effects of TCM on liver and renal functions were analyzed.[Results]A total of 7 943 patients were included in the analysis,of which 2 941 cases receiving TCM ≥12 months,1 468 months ≥36 months,and 687 months≥60 months.The highest incidence rate of liver function abnormality was 13.71％,the highest in-cidence rate of grade 3/4 abnormality was 2.58％;the highest incidence of creatinine abnormality was 2.32％,the highest incidence rate of grade 3/4 abnormality was 0.37％in patients with differ-ent duration of taking TCM.Most of liver and renal function abnormalities occurred in the early stage of drug taking.The incidence of liver and renal function abnormalities in the TCM group was lower than that of the other three groups.The incidence of grade 3/4 abnormality for direct biliru-bin(DBIL)in the TCM group was 0.14％,for aspartate transaminase(AST)was 0.11％,for alka-line phosphatase(ALP)was 0.16％,for alanine aminotransferase(ALT)was 0.06％and for total bilirubin(TBIL)was 0.07％,and there was no grade 3/4 creatinine abnormality observed.The ab-normal liver and renal function indexes were not increased with the increase of the length of herbal medicine taking.[Conclusion]The study shows that long term taking TCM drugs and stan-dardized prescriptions for gastric cancer patients are safe.

Objective: To explore the independent and interactive effects of school green space exposure and outdoor activity duration on screening myopia among primary and secondary school students, so as to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of screening myopia in children and adolescents. Methods: From September to November 2023, 117 487 primary and secondary school students from 497 schools were selected using a cluster random sampling method, covering 98 counties (cities, districts) in Jiangsu Province. Data on the students screening myopia status and associated health influencing factors were collected and analyzed. School green space exposure was quantified using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which was extracted with ArcGIS Pro software; meanwhile, information on students outdoor activity duration was gathered through self reported questionnaires. Multivariate Logistic regression was applied to assess the independent and interactive effects of green space exposure and outdoor activity duration on screening myopia among primary and secondary school students. Results: Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in screening myopia detection rates among primary and secondary school students of different genders, NDVI groups, every outdoor activity duration, monitoring points, school stages, parents educational level, and whether they lived on campus or had parents with screening myopia ( χ 2=88.91-1 950.08, all P <0.05); as the school age and sedentary time increased, the detection rate of screening myopia in primary and secondary school students also increased ( χ 2 trend =8 410.15, 2 028.91, both P <0.05). Independent effects showed that compared to the low NDVI group, the medium and high NDVI groups had lower risks of screening myopia ( OR =0.93, 0.95, both P <0.05). Compared to those with outdoor activity duration<2 h/d, students with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had a lower risk of screening myopia ( OR =0.96, P <0.05). When stratified by school level, compared to the low NDVI group, the medium NDVI group had lower risks of screening myopia in primary and junior high schools (primary school: OR =0.91; junior high school: OR =0.88, both P <0.05). Compared to those with outdoor activity duration<2 h/d, junior high school students with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had a lower risk of screening myopia ( OR = 0.90, P <0.05). When stratified by monitoring site, urban primary and secondary school students in the medium and high NDVI groups and those with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d had lower risks of screening myopia ( OR =0.92, 0.92, 0.93, all P <0.05). Interactive effects showed that when medium or high NDVI was combined with outdoor activity duration≥2 h/d, the risks of screening myopia among primary and secondary school students were lower (medium NDVI×≥2 h/d: OR =0.89; high NDVI×≥ 2 h/d : OR =0.89, both P <0.05), and the combined effect was superior to that of a single factor. Conclusion Green space exposure and outdoor activity duration have negative correlations with screening myopia among primary and secondary students, and the combined effect is better than that of a single factor.

BACKGROUND:Exercise interventions play a key role in disease prevention and treatment,which can effectively activate the nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signaling pathway to prevent the occurrence and development of insulin resistance.However,the potential mechanism of Nrf2-targeting exercise therapy strategies in alleviating insulin resistance remains unclear.OBJECTIVE:Based on the relationship between Nrf2,insulin resistance and exercise,to analyze the mechanism and influence of different exercise modes on the activation of Nrf2,thereby elucidating the potential mechanism of Nrf2-targeting exercise therapy strategies in the process of alleviating insulin resistance.METHODS:"Diabetes mellitus,insulin,insulin resistance,nuclear factor E2 related factor 2,oxidative stress,ferroptosis,autophagy,inflammatory response,exercise"were used as search terms in Chinese and English.WanFang Database,CNKI,Google Scholar and PubMed database were searched for relevant literature from inception to October 2024,and a total of 127 core related articles were obtained according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway,as an important endogenous antioxidant stress pathway,plays an important role in insulin resistance.Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway can enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells,reduce oxidative stress and inflammation,improve insulin signaling,and thus protect insulin resistance.(2)A variety of exercise methods(including aerobic exercise,resistance exercise and high-intensity intermittent exercise)can effectively activate Nrf2 signal,improve the activity of antioxidant kinase and enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells,so as to alleviate oxidative stress damage to a certain extent.(3)By activating Nrf2 signaling pathway,exercise can up-regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as Heme oxygenase 1,superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase,glutathione,and enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells.In addition,it can also regulate the key enzymes and proteins in the ferroptosis pathway,such as glutathione peroxidase 4,membrane iron transport protein 1,and ferritin heavy chain 1,inhibit the ferroptosis pathway and promote the balance of iron metabolism.In autophagy,the expression of autophagy related genes p62 and ATG5/7 can be enhanced,and the level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 is increased,thus regulating autophagy process.At the same time,the activity of tumor necrosis factor-α,nuclear factor-κB,interleukin-6,interleukin-1β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines is decreased,and the inflammatory response can be effectively inhibited.These combined effects can reduce oxidative stress damage,increase insulin sensitivity and improve insulin signaling,and thus have a positive effect on improving insulin resistance.(4)Given that the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of insulin resistance,exercise therapy strategies targeting the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway will help promote the development of"exercise+drug"precision medicine for insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND:Activation of nuclear factor-κB/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)signaling leads to endothelial dysfunction,oxidative stress,and plays a key role in the initiation of lipid metabolism disorders and arteriosclerosis.However,currenty,the effect of walnut oil and peanut oil on skeletal muscle inflammatory factors in arteriosclerotic rats remains unclear.OBJECTIVE:To discuss the effect and mechanism of walnut oil and peanut oil on atherosclerosis.METHODS:Forty 8-week-old SD male rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n=10)and high fat group(n=30)after 1 week of adaptive feeding.The atherosclerosis model was established by high-fat diet combined with vitamin D3 injection.The rats with successful modeling were randomly divided into model group(n=10),peanut oil group(n=8)and walnut oil group(n=8).The latter two groups were gavaged with peanut oil or walnut oil for 4 weeks(5 days/week,1.2 g/kg per day).After the intervention,ELISA was used to detect the related indexes of blood lipids in rats.The morphological changes of aorta were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The RT-qPCR and western blot assay were used to detect nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-1β,interleukin-18 mRNA and nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,interleukin-1β protein expression levels in skeletal muscle.The protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB and NLRP3 were detected by immunofluorescence immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the normal control group,the aortic wall of rats in the model group was thickened,the damage and lipid precipitation were more serious,the blood lipid levels and arteriosclerosis index were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The mRNA levels of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-18,and the protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,and interleukin-1β in skeletal muscle were significantly increased(P＜0.01).(2)Compared with model group,the vulnerable area of aortic tissue in peanut oil group and walnut oil group was significantly reduced,the levels of total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum,and atherosclerosis index were decreased(P＜0.01),and the mRNA expressions of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-18 and the protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,and interleukin-1β in skeletal muscle were significantly decreased(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).(3)Compared with peanut oil group,the serum total cholesterol,triglyceride,and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in walnut oil group were significantly decreased(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),and the mRNA levels of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-18,and the protein levels of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,interleukin-1β decreased significantly in skeletal muscle(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).It is concluded that both peanut oil and walnut oil have ameliorative effect on atherosclerotic damage,which may be related to nuclear factor-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway,and walnut oil has better ameliorative effect than peanut oil.

BACKGROUND:Exercise interventions play a key role in disease prevention and treatment,which can effectively activate the nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signaling pathway to prevent the occurrence and development of insulin resistance.However,the potential mechanism of Nrf2-targeting exercise therapy strategies in alleviating insulin resistance remains unclear.OBJECTIVE:Based on the relationship between Nrf2,insulin resistance and exercise,to analyze the mechanism and influence of different exercise modes on the activation of Nrf2,thereby elucidating the potential mechanism of Nrf2-targeting exercise therapy strategies in the process of alleviating insulin resistance.METHODS:"Diabetes mellitus,insulin,insulin resistance,nuclear factor E2 related factor 2,oxidative stress,ferroptosis,autophagy,inflammatory response,exercise"were used as search terms in Chinese and English.WanFang Database,CNKI,Google Scholar and PubMed database were searched for relevant literature from inception to October 2024,and a total of 127 core related articles were obtained according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway,as an important endogenous antioxidant stress pathway,plays an important role in insulin resistance.Activation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway can enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells,reduce oxidative stress and inflammation,improve insulin signaling,and thus protect insulin resistance.(2)A variety of exercise methods(including aerobic exercise,resistance exercise and high-intensity intermittent exercise)can effectively activate Nrf2 signal,improve the activity of antioxidant kinase and enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells,so as to alleviate oxidative stress damage to a certain extent.(3)By activating Nrf2 signaling pathway,exercise can up-regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as Heme oxygenase 1,superoxide dismutase,catalase,glutathione peroxidase,glutathione,and enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells.In addition,it can also regulate the key enzymes and proteins in the ferroptosis pathway,such as glutathione peroxidase 4,membrane iron transport protein 1,and ferritin heavy chain 1,inhibit the ferroptosis pathway and promote the balance of iron metabolism.In autophagy,the expression of autophagy related genes p62 and ATG5/7 can be enhanced,and the level of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 is increased,thus regulating autophagy process.At the same time,the activity of tumor necrosis factor-α,nuclear factor-κB,interleukin-6,interleukin-1β and other pro-inflammatory cytokines is decreased,and the inflammatory response can be effectively inhibited.These combined effects can reduce oxidative stress damage,increase insulin sensitivity and improve insulin signaling,and thus have a positive effect on improving insulin resistance.(4)Given that the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of insulin resistance,exercise therapy strategies targeting the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway will help promote the development of"exercise+drug"precision medicine for insulin resistance.

[Purpose]To evaluate the liver and kidney safety of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)compounds in the treatment of gastric cancer.[Methods]The clinical data of gastric cancer patients who attended in Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2012 to February 2022 were collected.The results of liver and renal func-tion tests were rated according to National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Ad-verse Events(NCI-CTCAE)V5.0.The patients were divided into 4 groups:TCM group,TCM+chemotherapy/targeted/antivascular therapy group,TCM+TCM preparation group and TCM+chemotherapy/targeted/antivascular therapy+TCM preparation group,and the effects of TCM on liver and renal functions were analyzed.[Results]A total of 7 943 patients were included in the analysis,of which 2 941 cases receiving TCM ≥12 months,1 468 months ≥36 months,and 687 months≥60 months.The highest incidence rate of liver function abnormality was 13.71％,the highest in-cidence rate of grade 3/4 abnormality was 2.58％;the highest incidence of creatinine abnormality was 2.32％,the highest incidence rate of grade 3/4 abnormality was 0.37％in patients with differ-ent duration of taking TCM.Most of liver and renal function abnormalities occurred in the early stage of drug taking.The incidence of liver and renal function abnormalities in the TCM group was lower than that of the other three groups.The incidence of grade 3/4 abnormality for direct biliru-bin(DBIL)in the TCM group was 0.14％,for aspartate transaminase(AST)was 0.11％,for alka-line phosphatase(ALP)was 0.16％,for alanine aminotransferase(ALT)was 0.06％and for total bilirubin(TBIL)was 0.07％,and there was no grade 3/4 creatinine abnormality observed.The ab-normal liver and renal function indexes were not increased with the increase of the length of herbal medicine taking.[Conclusion]The study shows that long term taking TCM drugs and stan-dardized prescriptions for gastric cancer patients are safe.

BACKGROUND:Activation of nuclear factor-κB/NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3(NLRP3)signaling leads to endothelial dysfunction,oxidative stress,and plays a key role in the initiation of lipid metabolism disorders and arteriosclerosis.However,currenty,the effect of walnut oil and peanut oil on skeletal muscle inflammatory factors in arteriosclerotic rats remains unclear.OBJECTIVE:To discuss the effect and mechanism of walnut oil and peanut oil on atherosclerosis.METHODS:Forty 8-week-old SD male rats were randomly divided into normal control group(n=10)and high fat group(n=30)after 1 week of adaptive feeding.The atherosclerosis model was established by high-fat diet combined with vitamin D3 injection.The rats with successful modeling were randomly divided into model group(n=10),peanut oil group(n=8)and walnut oil group(n=8).The latter two groups were gavaged with peanut oil or walnut oil for 4 weeks(5 days/week,1.2 g/kg per day).After the intervention,ELISA was used to detect the related indexes of blood lipids in rats.The morphological changes of aorta were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining.The RT-qPCR and western blot assay were used to detect nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-1β,interleukin-18 mRNA and nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,interleukin-1β protein expression levels in skeletal muscle.The protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB and NLRP3 were detected by immunofluorescence immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Compared with the normal control group,the aortic wall of rats in the model group was thickened,the damage and lipid precipitation were more serious,the blood lipid levels and arteriosclerosis index were significantly increased(P＜0.01).The mRNA levels of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-18,and the protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,and interleukin-1β in skeletal muscle were significantly increased(P＜0.01).(2)Compared with model group,the vulnerable area of aortic tissue in peanut oil group and walnut oil group was significantly reduced,the levels of total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum,and atherosclerosis index were decreased(P＜0.01),and the mRNA expressions of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-18 and the protein expressions of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,and interleukin-1β in skeletal muscle were significantly decreased(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).(3)Compared with peanut oil group,the serum total cholesterol,triglyceride,and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in walnut oil group were significantly decreased(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),and the mRNA levels of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,Caspase-1,interleukin-18,and the protein levels of nuclear factor-κB,NLRP3,interleukin-1β decreased significantly in skeletal muscle(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).It is concluded that both peanut oil and walnut oil have ameliorative effect on atherosclerotic damage,which may be related to nuclear factor-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway,and walnut oil has better ameliorative effect than peanut oil.