Autophagy, a highly conserved and lysosome-dependent intracellular catabolic process, plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and adapting to various cellular stresses. Autophagy receptor involved in autophagy is more selective and effective in recognising and degrading protein aggregates and dysfunctional or redundant organelles in cells, especially pathogens invading into the cells, in order to maintain the homeostasis of the organism; Some viruses can also antagonise or take hostage autophagy receptor, and make use of autophagy to target the degradation of host proteins, thereby increasing their self-infection. In this paper, we review the structure and function of autophagy receptors, and discuss the role of viruses that use autophagy receptors to proliferate and infect the host, so as to provide references for the development of related viral diseases and the search for specific antiviral therapeutic targets.

Innate immune system serves as the primary defense mechanism against pathogen infections,recognition of structural components of pathogens is referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs).Toll-like receptors(TLRs)are a family of transmembrane receptors that can identify PAMPs,which interact with myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88)and activate NF-κB dimerization,leading to the release of downstream inflammatory factors and ultimately triggering the adaptive immune system.Conse-quently,TLRs are regarded as adapters that regulate the transition from innate immunity to adaptive immunity.TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway plays a crucial role in inflammatory diseases,infectious diseases and tumor immunity.This review article aims to explore the regulatory function of TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in host responses to viral,bacterial,and other microbial in-fections,providing novel insights into the immune response during the process of infection control.

Innate immune system serves as the primary defense mechanism against pathogen infections,recognition of structural components of pathogens is referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs).Toll-like receptors(TLRs)are a family of transmembrane receptors that can identify PAMPs,which interact with myeloid differentiation factor 88(MyD88)and activate NF-κB dimerization,leading to the release of downstream inflammatory factors and ultimately triggering the adaptive immune system.Conse-quently,TLRs are regarded as adapters that regulate the transition from innate immunity to adaptive immunity.TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway plays a crucial role in inflammatory diseases,infectious diseases and tumor immunity.This review article aims to explore the regulatory function of TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in host responses to viral,bacterial,and other microbial in-fections,providing novel insights into the immune response during the process of infection control.

Autophagy, a highly conserved and lysosome-dependent intracellular catabolic process, plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and adapting to various cellular stresses. Autophagy receptor involved in autophagy is more selective and effective in recognising and degrading protein aggregates and dysfunctional or redundant organelles in cells, especially pathogens invading into the cells, in order to maintain the homeostasis of the organism; Some viruses can also antagonise or take hostage autophagy receptor, and make use of autophagy to target the degradation of host proteins, thereby increasing their self-infection. In this paper, we review the structure and function of autophagy receptors, and discuss the role of viruses that use autophagy receptors to proliferate and infect the host, so as to provide references for the development of related viral diseases and the search for specific antiviral therapeutic targets.

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Cardiovirus. EMCV has the ability to infect various mammals, such as mice, pigs, and cattle. In addition, humans are susceptible to EMCV infection, and the seropositivity rate of relevant antibodies in healthy populations is steadily increasing, which poses a potential risk of epidemics. The initial step of viral infection in cells involves recognition and attachment to cell surface receptors, followed by endocytosis into the cells. Subsequently, viral proteins interact with host proteins within the cells to promote their own replication. With the progress made in protein-protein interaction studies and the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, multiple host proteins that interact with EMCV have been identified. This article summarizes the host proteins that interact with EMCV during infection, explores the mechanisms by which these proteins facilitate or inhibit viral invasion, discusses the latest progress in EMCV-induced endocytosis and intracellular signaling, hoping to provide reference for better elucidating EMCV receptor proteins, understanding viral infection and replication mechanisms, studying virus-host interactions and tissue tropism, and developing novel targeted antiviral drugs and prevention strategies.

This paper reviews the history of traditional Chinese medicine powder from germination, birth, prosperity to the clinical application, which is gradually reduced. And it enumerates the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine powder taken orally, external application. The powder preparation process are outlined, summarizes the preparation results including crushing, drying, mixing, taste masking and inhibition of volatilization, sterilization with combining innovation and advice of researchers in the process of powder research. It discussed the main problems of restricting large-scale production that running through preparation, quality standard, clinical application (such as dependence of patients) of powder. Then, it forecasted that more and more hospitals and families will use traditional Chinese medicine powder to relieve pain of patients, in order to enhance the level of preparation and quality control, boosting the normalization and standardization of powder.

This paper was aimed to study the moisture adsorption of Chinese herbal medicine ingredients at different environment.The film mass transfer model and Fick's second law were applied to evaluate the moisture diffusion for Chinese herbal medicine ingredients.The results showed that under the temperature of 25℃ and 50％ relative humidity,the diffusion coefficient of 13 medicine ingredients reached the highest.The diffusivity was controlled by film mass transfer.However,both film mass transfer and Fick's second law can be existed at the same time under different temperature and humidity.It was concluded that the diffusion of water in the traditional Chinese medicine might have been driven by a variety of diffusion mechanism,which was obviously affected by environmental factors.

In this paper, microcrystalline cellulose WJ101 was used as a model material to investigate the effect of various process parameters on granule yield and friability after dry granulation with a single factor and the effect of comprehensive inspection process parameters on the effect of granule yield and friability, then the correlation between process parameters and granule quality was established. The regress equation was established between process parameters and granule yield and friability by multiple regression analysis, the affecting the order of the size of the order of the process parameters on granule yield and friability was: rollers speed > rollers pressure > speed of horizontal feed. Granule yield was positively correlated with pressure and speed of horizontal feed and negatively correlated rollers speed, while friability was on the contrary. By comparison, fitted value and real value, fitted and real value are basically the same of no significant differences (P > 0.05) and with high precision and reliability.

Objective To establish a TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detection of encephalo-myocarditis virus ( EMCV) .Methods Based on the conservative region of 3D gene of EMCV published in GenBank , a pair of primers and one TaqMan probe were designed and synthesized .Then a TaqMan real-time PCR assay was set up and the reactive system was optimized .The sensitivity and specificity of the assay was evaluated respectively .The TaqMan real-time PCR assay was then carried out to detect 98 randomly selected swine serum samples and the results were compared with those by using ELISA .Results The Ct value of the templates had a good linear relationship with the log starting quantity , with a correlation coefficient of 0.995.The TaqMan real-time PCR assay was only specific for EMCV and its sensitivity was 100 times higher than that of the ordinary PCR .The coincidence rate between the established assay and the ELISA assay was 98.0%in the detection of 98 blood samples.Conclusion The TaqMan real-time PCR assay for the detec-tion of EMCV was successfully established with advantages of high sensitivity and good specificity .It could be used for detection of EMCV and quantitative analysis .

Objective To research the molecular biology characteristics and transient expression in BHK-21 cells of E geue segment from Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV) and construct an eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-C1-JEV.Methods E gene segment of JEV was amplified by RT-PCR,construct the recombinant vector pEGFP-C1-JEV,which could express EGFP label proteins.Transfect pEGFP-C1-JEV vector into BHK-21 via LipofectAMINETM 2000,to observe expressing of EGFP label protein and transcription of aim gene,and to check up localization and antigenicity of expressed E protein by Immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Results It showed that the recombinant plasmid pEGFP-C1-JEV was successfully constructed and transfected to BHK-21 cells,the normal expression of green fluorescent protein expression rate was higher.RT-PCR showed that gene transcription in BHK-21 and normal expression,expression protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of BHK-21 cells and the envelope in,and can with guinea pig anti-JEV antibody binding.Conclusion pEGFP-C1-JEV vector in BHK-21 cells was normal expression and there were no effect on cell growth and morphology.Meanwhile,on eukaryotic antigens was good antigenicity.This research as a base foundation for E protein gene of JEV eukaryotic expression and function in vitro and applied research.