BACKGROUND: Previous studies have revealed that the number of cancer survivors developing a second primary malignancy is increasing, especially among thyroid cancer patients, and lung cancer is still the main cause of cancer death. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the risk of second primary lung cancer (SPLC) in patients with thyroid cancer. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases up to November 24, 2021, for relevant research and merged the standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to evaluate the risk of developing SPLC in patients with thyroid cancer. RESULTS: Fourteen studies involving 1,480,816 cases were included in our meta-analysis. The pooled result demonstrated that thyroid cancer patients may have a higher risk of SPLC than the general population (SIR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.07-1.36, P  < 0.01, I2  = 81%, P  < 0.01). Subgroup analysis stratified by sex indicated that female patients may have a markedly higher risk of SPLC than male patients (SIR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.40-1.94, P  < 0.01, I2  = 75%, P  < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid cancer patients are more likely to develop SPLC than the general population, especially women. However, other risk factors must be investigated, and more prospective studies are needed to confirm our results. REGISTRATION International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews: No. CRD42021285399.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Neoplasms, Second Primary/pathology* ; Systematic Reviews as Topic ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Risk Factors ; Thyroid Neoplasms/complications* ; Incidence

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Magnolia officinalis cortex for constipation-type irritable bowel syndrome（IBS-C） rats before and after sweating. MethodIBS-C rat model was established by gavage of ice water， and rats were randomly divided into the blank group， model group， mosapride group（1 mg·kg^-1）， M. officinalis cortex group（10 g·kg^-1） and sweated M. officinalis cortex group（10 g·kg^-1）. The changes of body weight， fecal number and fecal water content of rats were observed， 16S rRNA sequencing was used to detect the structural changes of fecal intestinal flora in rats， the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine（5-HT） and substance P（SP） in colonic tissues of rats were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. ResultCompared with the model group， the fecal water content and fecal number of mosapride group， M. officinalis cortex group and sweated M. officinalis cortex group were significantly increased（P<0.05）. At the phylum level， the top four species of flora abundance were Firmicutes， Bacteroidetes， Spirochaetes and Proteobacteria. Compared with the blank group， the proportion of Firmicutes in the model group was significantly reduced（P<0.05）， while the proportion of Spirochaetes was significantly increased（P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the proportion of Firmicutes and Spirochaetes in M. officinalis cortex group and sweated M. officinalis cortex group tended to be similar to that in the blank group， and the proportion of Spirochaetes in sweated M. officinalis cortex group was lower than that of M. officinalis cortex group. At the family level， the top four species of flora abundance were Lactobacillaceae， S24_7， Ruminococcaceae， Bacteroidaceae， compared with the blank group， the proportion of Lactobacillaceae in the model group decreased significantly（P<0.05）， and its proportion in the M. officinalis cortex group and sweated M. officinalis cortex group increased significantly after administration（P<0.05）， and the flora structure of the two groups tended to be similar to that of the blank group. At the genus level， the top four species of flora abundance were Lactobacillus， Unspecified_S24_7， Bacteroides and Treponema. Compared with the blank group， the proportion of Lactobacillus in the model group decreased significantly（P<0.05）， while the proportion of Treponema increased significantly（P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， ratio of bacterial structure of Lactobacillus and Treponema in the M. officinalis cortex group and sweated M. officinalis cortex group tended to be similar to those in the blank group， indicating that M. officinalis cortex could restore the intestinal microbial structure of IBS-C rats before and after sweating. Compared with the model group， the 5-HT content in mosapride group was significantly reduced（P<0.05）， the contents of 5-HT and SP in the M. officinalis cortex group and sweated M. officinalis cortex group were significantly increased（P<0.01）， and the sweated M. officinalis cortex group was higher than the M. officinalis cortex group. ConclusionM. officinalis cortex can play a therapeutic role on IBS-C rats by regulating 5-HT pathway and intestinal flora structure before and after sweating.

Objective:To systematically retrieve the assessment tools for patient care complexity at home and abroad, and compare their release institutions, formation process, applicable population, assessment methods and main contents.Methods:Articles on patient care complexity assessment tools was retrieved through computers in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang Data, China Biomedical Database, and VIP Database. The retrieval time limit was from the establishment of the database to July 2, 2022. Excel 2019 was used to extract the name, release institution, evaluation method, main content and other information of the assessment tools and compare the content characteristics of the assessment tools.Results:A total of 26 assessment tools for patient care complexity were included in this study, involving 37 articles, mainly observational studies. The 26 tools were mainly issued by institutions of higher learning, and most of them were applicable to ordinary inpatients. The assessment contents included the general situation of the patient, severity of the disease, treatment items, mental cognitive function, mental health, socio-economic support and compliance.Conclusions:At home and abroad, the patient care complexity evaluation tools are mainly used to evaluate ordinary adult inpatients. There are few tools to evaluate children, the elderly, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and other special types of patients, and there is a lack of relevant intervention research. In China, there are few tools for evaluating patient care complexity involving indicators related to mental cognitive function, which suggests that nurses can consider the mental cognitive function of patients when building relevant assessment tools in the future. In addition, the application effect of such tools in patient risk identification and safety management, nursing human resource allocation and other fields should be verified.

Alzheimer's disease(AD)and Parkinson's disease(PD)are common neurodegenerative diseases that seriously threaten the health of the elderly, involving various abnormalities in physiology and metabolism including the impairment of mitochondrial function, Ca 2+ homeostasis deregulation, oxidative stress, aggregation of misfolded proteins, autophagy and inflammation.However, mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases have not been clearly elucidated, thus impeding advances in their treatment.In recent years, it has been found that mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes(MAM)play an important role in the development of AD and PD and exert their effects by regulating the functions of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticula.This article reviews studies of the past decade related to the effects of MAM on AD and PD, aiming to generate insights for exploring the constituent proteins of MAM and the molecular mechanisms of AD and PD via endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria Ca 2+ transport and ER stress regulated by MAM.

Astrocytes are an abundant subgroup of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that play a critical role in controlling neuronal circuits involved in emotion, learning, and memory. In clinical cases, multiple chronic brain diseases may cause psychosocial and cognitive impairment, such as depression and Alzheimer's disease (AD). For years, complex pathological conditions driven by depression and AD have been widely perceived to contribute to a high risk of disability, resulting in gradual loss of self-care ability, lower life qualities, and vast burden on human society. Interestingly, correlational research on depression and AD has shown that depression might be a prodrome of progressive degenerative neurological disease. As a kind of multifunctional glial cell in the CNS, astrocytes maintain physiological function via supporting neuronal cells, modulating pathologic niche, and regulating energy metabolism. Mounting evidence has shown that astrocytic dysfunction is involved in the progression of depression and AD. We herein review the current findings on the roles and mechanisms of astrocytes in the development of depression and AD, with an implication of potential therapeutic avenue for these diseases by targeting astrocytes.
Alzheimer Disease ; Astrocytes ; Depression ; Humans ; Neurons

Objective:To analyze the clinicopathological characteristics and intrahepatic immune cells infiltration condition after Kasai biliary atresia surgery.Methods:Data of 28 cases who underwent liver transplantation in the liver transplantation center of our hospital from June 2017 to March 2019 were enrolled. Of which, 20 cases were in the biliary atresia group (divided into two subgroups: 10 cases without Kasai surgery and 10 cases after Kasai surgery, and latter subsided cholestasis) and 8 cases in the control group. Clinical and pathological morphological characteristics of the groups were compared. Liver tissue sections were stained with immunohistochemistry and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, Foxp3, and interleukin-17A were quantitatively analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to measure the above indicators, and rank-sum test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the count data.Results:The degree of clinical and pathological cholestasis in the biliary atresia group after Kasai surgery was significantly lower than that of the group without Kasai surgery, and the degree of liver fibrosis was also significantly reduced ( P < 0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in the degree of inflammation in the portal vein area between the two groups ( P > 0.05). There was statistically significant difference in the types of immune cells infiltrated in the liver ( P < 0.05). Compared with the group without Kasai surgery, the infiltration of CD3, CD8, IL-17A and Foxp3 positive cells in the portal vein area after Kasai surgery group ( P < 0.05) was significantly reduced, but there was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of Foxp3/CD4 positive cells between the two groups ( P > 0.05), which continued to be lower than that of the control group ( P < 0.05). Compared with the non-Kasai surgery group, the proportion of Foxp3/IL-17A and Foxp3/CD8 positive cells in the portal vein area did not increase significantly after Kasai surgery group ( P > 0.05), and remained lower than the control group. However, the proportion of Foxp3/IL-17A and Foxp3/CD8 positive cells was significantly reduced ( P ??< 0.05). Conclusion:Intrahepatic inflammatory cell infiltration and regulatory/effector T lymphocyte proportion dysregulation exist in patients with subsided cholestasis after Kasai biliary atresia surgery, which may be an important factor to promote the disease progression.

Objective: To evaluate the role of G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in 17β estradiol-induced inhibition of ketamine-caused neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of newborn rats and the relationship with phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERKl/2). Methods: Twenty-four clean-grade healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, weighing 11-18 g, were divided into 4 groups (n=6 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), ketamine group (group K), 17β estradiol plus ketamine group (group EK), and GPR30 inhibitor G15 plus 17β estradiol plus ketamine group (group G15EK). Ketamine 75 mg/kg (diluted to 0.1 ml in normal saline) was intraperitoneally injected every 24 h for 3 consecutive days in group K. In group EK, 17β estradiol 600 μg/kg was subcutaneously injected and ketamine 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected every 24 h for 3 consecutive days.G15 300 μg/kg and 17β estradiol 600 μg/kg were subcutaneously injected and ketamine 75 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected every 24 h for 3 consecutive days in group G15EK.The equal volume of normal saline 0.1 ml was intraperitoneally injected instead in group C. The animals were sacrificed at 24 h after the last injection for determination of the expression of cleaved caspase-3, ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2) (by Western blot). Results: There was no significant difference in the expression of ERK1/2 in hippocampus among the four groups (P>0.05). Compared with group C, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated, and the expression of p-ERK1/2 was down-regulated in K and G15EK groups (P<0.05). Compared with group K, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was significantly down-regulated, and the expression of p-ERK1/2 was up-regulated in group EK (P<0.05). Compared with group EK, the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was significantly up-regulated, and the expression of p-ERK 1/2 was down-regulated in group G15EK (P<0.05). Conclusion GPR30 is involved in 17β estradiol-induced inhibition of ketamine-caused neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of newborn rats, which is related to up-regulating the expression of p-ERKl/2.

BACKGROUND: High-intensity exercise can induce the depolymerization and/or degradation of tubulin in the skeletal muscle. According to the close relation with the mitochondria, tubulin may influence mitochondrial movement track and molecular motor, thereby varying the movement and distribution of mitochondria. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of high-intensity exercise on α-tubulin, MAP4, Miro1 and mitochondrial ultrastructures, analyze their sequential changes and further explore whether tubular depolymerization regulates the movement and distribution of mitochondria via Miro1. METHODS: Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control (n=8) and exercise (n=48) groups. The rats in the exercise group ran on the treadmill ( -16°, 20 m/minute) for 90 minutes, and the soleus samples were removed immediately, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise (n=8 each time point). The expression levels of α-tubulin, MAP4 and Miro1 were detected by western blot assay, and the ultrastructural changes of mitochondria were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression level of α-tubulin was decreased significantly at 6 and 12 hours after exercise. The expression level of MAP4 was increased significantly at 6, 12, 48 and 72 hours after exercise. The expression level of Miro1 was increased firstly at 6 and 12 hours after exercise, and decreased at 72 hours after exercise. In the control group, the paired mitochondria were arranged on the both sides of Z line, and few appeared in the myolemma. Mitochondria began to accumulate in the myolemma immediately and 6 hours after exercise; the number achieved the peak at 12 hours, reduced at 24 and 48 hours, and returned to normal at 72 hours. These results suggest that high-intensity exercise can induce the depolymerization of microtubules in the skeletal muscle, thus regulating the movement and distribution of mitochondria via Miro1.

BACKGROUND:Heavy load exercises can induce the ultrastructural changes in the skeletal muscle by the depolymerization and/or degradation of tubulin in the skeletal muscle, thereby lessening contraction activities of the skeletal muscle. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of heavy load exercise and acupuncture on tubulin levels, and to analyze their roles and mechanisms in skeletal muscle injury and repair. METHODS:138 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into acute exercise group (n=114) and long-term exercise group (n=24). The acute exercise group included four subgroups:sedentary group (n=6), exercise group (n=36), acupunctured group (n=36) and exercise plus acupuncture group (n=36). In the acute exercise experiment, rats were acupunctured after a medium-large intensity downhil running. Rat’s soleus samples were taken immediately, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after exercise and/or acupuncture. In the long-term exercise experiment, rats underwent exercise and acupuncture for 3 weeks, and rat’s soleus samples were col ected at 24 hours after the last training. Expressions ofα-tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4) in the soleus were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:After acute exercise, expression ofα-tubulin and MAP4 was up-or down-regulated transiently. After acute exercise combined with acupuncture, the protein expressions ofα-tubulin and MAP4 changed slightly. However, the long-term exercise induced an increase inα-tubulin protein expression, while a significant decrease in MAP4 protein expression. It was worth noting that acupuncture treatment reduced long-term exercise-induced variations of MAP4 expression. These results suggest that the heavy load exercise can induce the depolymerization of tubulins in the skeletal muscle, and acupuncture may relieve this effect.

Objective To report the clinical characteristics of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE).Methods All 25 cases of definite PVE (Duke criteria) diagnosed at our hospital between January 1992 to December 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 7 cases were pathologically confirmed and the others were clinically confirmed with either 2 major criteria or 1 major and ≥3 minor criteria. Their clinical characteristics, underlying heart diseases, previous heart operations, presenting manifestations, causative microbes, echocardiographic findings and prognosis, were studied. Results (1) Although most cases underwent valve transplantations for underlying heart diseases of rheumatic heart diseases and congenital heart diseases, 10 patients were complicated with infectious endocarditis (IE) prior to the operations, 4 of them were PVE. (2) Eleven of them developed PVE within 2 months postoperatively. Fever (100%),major vessel embolism (48%), and anemia (36%) were the most frequently manifestations. Fourteen cases (56%) had positive culture results with 15 causative pathogens, including 5 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS, 3 were methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, MRSCoN), 4 fungi, 2Enterococcus faecalis, 2 Burkholderia cepacia, 1 Stenotrophomonasmal-tophilia, and 1 Streptococcus.(3)Prosthetic valve vegetations, periannular leakage, regurgitation, were the main echocardiographic findings.Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed 13 PVE who had no positive findings on previous transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). (4) Eighteen PVE (72%) developed peri-annular complications (12 leakage, 3 dehiscence, 2 abscesses, 1 fistula), major vessel embolism, congestive heart failure (16%) were frequently observed, 9 of the 17 patients died in hospital, in spite of intensive managements.Conclusions PVE has a high mortality and is a severe complication for patients who underwent heart surgery. Its causative pathogen spectrum is quite different from that of native valve endocarditis. TTE is not sensitive for some PVE cases.