Sangjuyin， as a pungent and cooling agent with precise therapeutic effect， is a classic pungent formula for cooling relief of the epidermis， which is highly respected by medical practitioners. This formula is from the Wenbing Tiaobian written by WU Jutong in the Qing dynasty， on the basis of which subsequent medical practitioners have made additions and subtractions to apply it. The authors used the bibliometric method to systematically organize the medical books from the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China and modern literature to analyze the composition， concoction， decoction， efficacy， and previous and modern application of Sangjuyin. After examination， the drug base of this formula is basically clear. Armeniacae Semen Amarum is the dried mature seeds of Armeniaca vulgaris， family Rosaceae. Forsythiae Fructus is the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa， family Mulleinaceae. Menthae Haplocalycis Herba is the dried above-ground part of Mentha haplocalyx， family Labiatae. Mori Folium is the dried leaves of Morus alba， family Moraceae. Chrysanthemi Flos is the dried head of Chrysanthemum morifolium， family Asteraceae. Platycodonis Radix is the dried root of Eryngium grandiflorum， family Eryngium. Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis of the Leguminosae family， and Phragmitis Rhizoma is the fresh or dried rhizome of Phragmites communis of the Gramineae family. It is recommended that the eight drugs be used in raw form as medicine. The dosage and method of decoction were converted into a modern single dosage of 7.46 g Armeniacae Semen Amarum， 5.60 g Forsythiae Fructus， 2.98 g Menthae Haplocalycis Herba， 9.33 g Mori Folium， 3.73 g Chrysanthemi Flos， 7.46 g Platycodonis Radix， 2.98 g Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， and 11.19 g Phragmitis Rhizoma， with 400 mL water added， and the solution was boiled to obtain 200 mL， taken twice a day. Sangjuyin has the efficacy of dispersing wind and clearing heat， promoting lung and relieving cough， and it is used for treating the initial onset of wind-warmth and the evidence of evil spirits in the lungs and collaterals. Modern research has shown that Sangjuyin is often used in the treatment of cough， pneumonia， rhinitis， and other respiratory diseases， and the results of this study provide a reference for the later development of Sangjuyin.

AIM:To observe the effect of Pingwei capsule on the precancerous lesions of gastric cancer(PLGC)cell model induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG),and to preliminarily explore its mecha-nism.METHODS:Blank serum and Pingwei capsule-containing serum were prepared for later use.A PLGC cell model was established by MNNG-induced human gastric mucosal epithelial cell line GES-1.To evaluate the model,cell morpho-logical changes were observed under inverted microscope,and the expression of proliferating cell-related antigen Ki67 was detected by immunofluorescence staining.CCK-8 assay was used to screen the optimal intervention concentration and time of serum containing drugs.Reactive oxygen species(ROS)content in cells was detected using a fluorescent probe DCFH-DA.Malondialdehyde(MDA)content was detected by ELISA,and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and gluta-thione peroxidase(GSH-Px)was detected using biochemical reagents.A novel fluorescent probe JC-10 was used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential.The mRNA expression levels of Ki67 and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7(MDA-7)were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The protein expression levels of Ki67,interleukin-6(IL-6)and MDA-7 were detected by Western blot.RESULTS:Compared with normal group,the ROS and MDA levels in model group and blank serum group were significantly increased(P<0.01),while the activity of SOD and GSH-Px was significantly decreased(P<0.01).The mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased(P<0.01).The protein expression levels of Ki67 and IL-6 were significantly increased(P<0.01),while the protein expression level of MDA-7 was significantly decreased(P<0.01).There were no significant differences of the above indicators between model group and blank serum group(P>0.05).Compared with blank serum group,the Pingwei capsule-containing serum group showed significantly decreased ROS and MDA levels(P<0.01),significantly increased activity of SOD and GSH-Px(P<0.05),significantly increased mitochondrial membrane potential(P<0.01),significantly decreased protein expres-sion levels of Ki67 and IL-6(P<0.01),and significantly increased protein and mRNA expression levels of MDA-7(P<0.01).CONCLUSION:Pingwei capsule can significantly alleviate MNNG-induced oxidative damage and inflammatory response,and regulate the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes,thereby playing a role in prevention and treatment of PLGC.

This paper elucidates the connotation and extension of the concept of "impending illness" from the perspective of logic. The connotation of impending illness refers to the intermediate state between health （not yet sick） and disease （already sick）， characterized by the initial instability of yin and yang or a low-level balance of yin and yang as its internal mechanism， and mild dysfunctions in physiological， psychological， and social functions as its manifestations. The extension of impending illness includes latent disease status and pre-disease status. By adopting a creative hermeneutic approach to explore the deep-seated connotations of impending illness， this paper systematically analyzes the concept of impending illness from five levels： the existential level， the intentional level， the implicational level， the situational level， and the necessitational level， arguing that impending illness represents the unity of ambiguity and precision， the deviation of the human body system from homeostasis within a certain range， and an important component of the improvement of the traditional Chinese medicine health management system. Thoroughly explicating and clarifying the concept of "impending illness" can provide theoretical references for the study of transitional states between health and disease and the improvement of the traditional Chinese medicine health management system.

Objective:To compare the detection method of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in simulated water samples, and to provide a reference for the detection of HEV in water.Methods:HEV fecal suspension was added to tap water or distilled water simulated water samples, and pretreatment was carried out by electropositive filter-organic eluent elution method (Method 1) to compare the extraction effect of the three nucleic acid extraction kits, A, B, and C. The simulated water samples were pre-treated by Method 1, 2 (electropositive filter-direct lysis method), 3 (tangential-flow ultrafiltration membrane-organic eluent elution method), and 4 (tangential-flow ultrafiltration membrane-direct lysis method) for pretreatment, A kit for nucleic acid extraction, Real time RT-PCR method for detection and comparison of the recovery rate; comparison of the recovery rate of different concentrations of HEV in simulated water samples; comparing the inhibitory effects of inhibitors in tap water samples on real time RT-PCR; and detection of HEV in different batches of tap water specimens.Results:Kit A nucleic acid extraction was better; the recoveries of method 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 7.31%, 39.88%, 6.85% and 64.88%, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference in the recoveries ( F=114.069, P<0.001). The recoveries of method 4 with the addition of high, medium and low concentrations of HEV were 65.26%, 42.76% and 32.79%, respectively. The inhibition of all four pre-treatment method was less than 75%, which meets the requirements of ISO (15216-2∶2019). Twenty tap water specimens were tested for HEV and the result were negative. Conclusions:This study showed that the two membranes better recovered in combination with direct lysis, respectively; Methods 4 had a higher recovery in the detection of HEV in small volumes of distilled or tap water, but it was limited by the volume of water samples, turbidity, and so on. Suitable method can be selected for different water quality and laboratory conditions.

Objective:To optimize and compare method for hepatitis E virus (HEV) nucleic acid detection from pig liver, and provide technical references for HEV detection in animal viscera specimens.Methods:Three methods (PBS homogenization treatment, proteinase K treatment, chloroform extraction method) were used to pretreat and extract viral nucleic acid form pig liver, which was artificially contaminated with HEV fecal suspensions, and HEV RT-qPCR was used to compare the HEV recovery rate and inhibition rate. The optimized HEV method was applied to commercially available pig liver specimens, and HEV genotyping was performed on positive specimens.Results:The HEV recovery rate of PBS homogenization treatment, proteinase K treatment and chloroform extraction method was 9.88%, 0.19% and 17.28%, respectively. The recovery rate of proteinase K treatment was less than 1%, and it was discarded; t-test was performed to compare recovery rates of the other two methods, which showed statistically significant differences ( t=26.801, P<0.001), the chloroform extraction method had a higher recovery rate. The inhibition rates of the three methods were all less than 75%, within the range of the ISO/TS 15216-2∶2019 standard. Among 192 commercially available pig liver specimens, 17 specimens were detected positive for HEV RNA, with a nucleic acid positive rate of 8.85%; five specimens were successfully genotyped for HEV, all of which were genotype 4. Conclusions:The virus recovery effect was good when chloroform extraction method was used for pig liver pretreatment; moreover, this method could detect HEV RNA from commercially available pig livers, which indicate that it can be used for virus detection in food.

Objective To explore the impact of bisphenol A(BPA)exposure on liver lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice and uncover the mechanisms at work.Methods Male C57BL/6J mice,aged eight weeks,were stratified into six cohorts:a control group on a standard diet(ND),a group on a standard diet with low-dose BPA(BPA-50 ND),a group on a standard diet with high-dose BPA(BPA-500 ND),a control groupon a high-fat diet(HFD),a group on a high-fat diet with low-dose BPA(BPA-50 HFD),and a group on a high-fat diet with high-dose BPA(BPA-500 HFD).Dosages for the low-and high-dose BPA groups were 50 and 500 μg/(kg·d),respectively,administered via gavage over a duration of 12 weeks.Hepatic tissue underwent histological examination through he-matoxylin and eosin(HE)staining.Furthermore,the expression levels of miR-122-5p and miR-143-3p in hepatic tissue,in addition to interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-10 in peripheral serum,were quantitatively measured employing quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),respectively.Results Histopathological analysis via HE staining indicated intact hepatic lobule archi-tecture in the ND group,whereas other groups displayed variable degrees of lipid droplet accumulation and damage to hepatic lobules.Notably,supplementation with BPA,particularly in conjunction with a high-fat diet,led to a progressive increase in IL-6 levels and a decrease in IL-10 levels in peripheral blood.In the context of a standard diet,an augmentation in BPA concentration corresponded with a decline in the expression of miR-122-5p and miR-143-3p.Conversely,within the high-fat diet cohort,enhanced BPA concentrations were associated with increased expressions of these microRNAs.Pearson correlation analysis disclosed a significant positive correlation between the expression of miR-122-5p and miR-143-3p and the level of IL-10 in the standard diet group(P＜0.01).In the high fat diet group,the expression level of miR-122-5p was positively correlated with the concentration of IL-6(P＜0.05),and the expression level of miR-143-3p was negatively correlated with the concentration of IL-10(P＜0.05).Conclusion BPA can induce the occurrence and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)by regulating the expression of miR-122-5p and miR-143-3p and regulating the levels of inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-10.

Objective:Radiotherapy is the primary treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma,but it frequently leads to radiotherapy-induced temporal lobe injury(RTLI).Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is the main diagnostic method for RTLI after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma,but it is prone to missed diagnoses.This study aims to investigate the causes of missed diagnoses of RTLI in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients undergoing MRI after radiotherapy. Methods:Clinical and MRI data from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients diagnosed and treated with radiotherapy at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University,from January 2010 to April 2021,were collected.Two radiologists reviewed all head and neck MRIs(including nasopharyngeal and brain MRIs)before and after radiotherapy of identify cases of late delayed response-type RTLI for the first time.If the original diagnosis of the initial RTLI in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients did not report temporal lobe lesions,it was defined as a missed diagnosis.The first diagnosis of RTLI cases was divided into a missed diagnosis group and a non-missed diagnosis group.Clinical and imaging data were compared between the 2 groups,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for MRI missed diagnoses of initial RTLI. Results:A total of 187 nasopharyngeal carcinoma with post-radiotherapy RTLI were included.The original diagnostic reports missed 120 cases and accurately diagnosed 67 cases,with an initial RTLI diagnosis accuracy rate of 35.8%and a missed diagnosis rate of 64.2%.There were statistically significant differences between the missed diagnosis group and the non-missed diagnosis group in terms of lesion size,location,presence of contralateral temporal lobe lesions,white matter high signal,cystic degeneration,hemorrhage,fluid attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR),and examination site(all P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that lesions≤25 mm,non-enhancing lesions,lesions without cystic degeneration or hemorrhage,lesions located only in the medial temporal lobe,and MRI examination only of the nasopharynx were independent risk factors for missed MRI diagnosis of initial RTLI(all P<0.05). Conclusion:The missed diagnosis of initial RTLI on MRI is mainly related to lesion size and location,imaging characteristics,and MRI examination site.

Objective:To investigate the association of urinary cadmium levels with peripheral leukocyte classification counts among middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years in selected areas of China.Methods:The research was based on the survey of the impact of soil quality of agricultural land on human health in typical areas conducted in 2019-2020. A total of 5 600 middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years were included by using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Baseline characteristics of the subjects were collected and physical examinations were performed. Random midstream urine was collected to measure urinary cadmium and urinary creatinine and fasting venous blood was collected to measure the leukocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, monocyte count and eosinophil count. The linear mixed effect model was used to analyse the association of urinary cadmium levels with leukocyte classification counts, and the dose-response relationship between them was analyzed by using the restricted cubic spline (RCS) function.Results:The age of the subjects was (63.17±12.02) years; 2 851 (50.91%) were males; and the M ( Q 1, Q 3) of urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium levels was 2.69 (1.52, 4.69) μg/g·creatinine. After adjusting for confounding factors, the results of linear mixed effects model analysis showed that for each 1-unit increase in urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium level, the percentage change [% (95% CI)] of leukocyte count and lymphocyte count was -1.70% (-2.61%, -0.79%) and -1.57% (-2.86%, -0.26%), respectively. RCS function showed a negative linear relationship between urinary creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium levels and leukocyte counts and lymphocyte counts, respectively (all Pnon-linear>0.05). Conclusion:Urinary cadmium levels are negatively associated with leukocyte count and lymphocyte count among middle-aged and older adults aged 40 to 89 years in selected areas of China.

Macrophages have strong plasticity and heterogeneity,and can undergo functional transformation in response to different signal stimuli,such as classical activation of M1 type(M1 type polarization)and selective activation of M2 type(M2 type polarization).The pathways of macrophage M1/M2 polarization are quite extensive,involving nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)signaling pathway,interleukin-4(IL-4)/signal transduction and activator of transcription 6(STAT6)signaling pathway,Notch signaling pathway,Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway,etc.At the same time,M1/M2 polarization of macrophages is also regulated by exosomes,metabolites,non-coding RNA,electrical stimulation,probiotics,etc.,and its imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of different types of liver disease.In this paper,the mechanism of its polarization was reviewed,and it was found that M1 polarization of macrophages played a promoting role in the process of liver tissue injury,inflammation and fibrosis,while M2 polarization of macrophages played the opposite role.Among them,hepatocellular carcinoma,as the advanced stage of chronic liver disease,was characterized by increased M2 polarization and impaired M1 polarization of macrophages.Therefore,this paper pays attention to the role of M1/M2 polarization of macrophages in different types of liver diseases,in order to better establish the targeted therapy of macrophage subsets.