The 2024 World Conference on Lung Cancer (WCLC) and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) Annual Meeting, two of the most prestigious events in oncology, have concluded sequentially. As the most authoritative annual gatherings in lung cancer and the entire oncology field, the WCLC and ESMO conferences brought together top oncology experts and scientists from around the world to share, discuss, and publish the latest cutting-edge advancements in oncology. In both conferences, lung cancer immunotherapy remained a hot topic of considerable interest. This article aims to summarize and discuss the important research progress on perioperative immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer reported at the two conferences.

Epileptic seizure classification serves as an essential tool for evaluating seizures in clinical practice. In 2025, the International League Against Epilepsy updated the classification framework for epileptic seizures. An interpretation of the key updates is provided, with detailed content presented below: "onset" is removed from the names of the main seizure classes; consciousness is used as a classifier instead of awareness; the dichotomy of motor and non-motor is replaced by observable vs nonobservable manifestations; epileptic negative myocionus is recognized as a seizure type, to clarify the key updates to facilitate better application of the consensus in clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the treatment approaches and outcomes of early hepatic artery thrombosis (E-HAT) in adult recipients following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of E-HAT cases after adult OLT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2010 to June 2022. Clinical characteristics, treatment methods, therapeutic outcomes, long-term survival of recipients and grafts, and the incidence of long-term complications were summarized. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to calculate recipient survival rates.Results:Among 1 016 OLT recipients, 22 cases (2.2%) developed postoperative E-HAT. There were 19 males and 3 females, with a age of 44.81±9.98 years. E-HAT was diagnosed via angiography at a median of 3.5 (1.0, 7.0) days post-OLT. Twenty recipients underwent vascular intervention therapy, achieving clinical success in 14 cases (70.0%) with a mean thrombolysis duration of 5.1±3.2 days. Twelve cases (60.0%) experienced complications, including abdominal bleeding (10 cases), gastrointestinal bleeding (1 case), catheter-related infection (1 case), subcutaneous bleeding (1 case), and hepatic artery dissection (1 case). Five recipients underwent hepatic artery re-anastomosis, including two initial cases and three following failed interventional therapy. Surgery was performed at a median of 5.0 (1.0, 15.3) days post OLT, with 4 successful cases. Through combined interventional and surgical treatment, 81.8% (18/22) of grafts were salvaged. However, the success rate was significantly lower in cases with marked transaminase (AST, ALT) and total bilirubin elevation (16/18 vs 2/4). Nineteen E-HAT survivors were followed for a median of 22 (5, 52) months. During follow-up, 2 cases experienced thrombus recurrence, and 12 cases developed biliary complications, including ischemic biliary stenosis (11 cases), extensive liver necrosis (1 case), localized liver abscess (1 case), and biliary anastomotic stenosis (1 case). Seven recipients died due to graft failure. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year cumulative survival rates were 67.2%, 60.5% and 34.5%, respectively.Conclusions:Combined interventional and surgical treatment demonstrates a high success rate for managing E-HAT, particularly when addressed before significant graft damage. Ischemic biliary stenosis remains the most common long-term complication.

Epileptic seizure classification serves as an essential tool for evaluating seizures in clinical practice. In 2025, the International League Against Epilepsy updated the classification framework for epileptic seizures. An interpretation of the key updates is provided, with detailed content presented below: "onset" is removed from the names of the main seizure classes; consciousness is used as a classifier instead of awareness; the dichotomy of motor and non-motor is replaced by observable vs nonobservable manifestations; epileptic negative myocionus is recognized as a seizure type, to clarify the key updates to facilitate better application of the consensus in clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the treatment approaches and outcomes of early hepatic artery thrombosis (E-HAT) in adult recipients following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data of E-HAT cases after adult OLT at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2010 to June 2022. Clinical characteristics, treatment methods, therapeutic outcomes, long-term survival of recipients and grafts, and the incidence of long-term complications were summarized. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to calculate recipient survival rates.Results:Among 1 016 OLT recipients, 22 cases (2.2%) developed postoperative E-HAT. There were 19 males and 3 females, with a age of 44.81±9.98 years. E-HAT was diagnosed via angiography at a median of 3.5 (1.0, 7.0) days post-OLT. Twenty recipients underwent vascular intervention therapy, achieving clinical success in 14 cases (70.0%) with a mean thrombolysis duration of 5.1±3.2 days. Twelve cases (60.0%) experienced complications, including abdominal bleeding (10 cases), gastrointestinal bleeding (1 case), catheter-related infection (1 case), subcutaneous bleeding (1 case), and hepatic artery dissection (1 case). Five recipients underwent hepatic artery re-anastomosis, including two initial cases and three following failed interventional therapy. Surgery was performed at a median of 5.0 (1.0, 15.3) days post OLT, with 4 successful cases. Through combined interventional and surgical treatment, 81.8% (18/22) of grafts were salvaged. However, the success rate was significantly lower in cases with marked transaminase (AST, ALT) and total bilirubin elevation (16/18 vs 2/4). Nineteen E-HAT survivors were followed for a median of 22 (5, 52) months. During follow-up, 2 cases experienced thrombus recurrence, and 12 cases developed biliary complications, including ischemic biliary stenosis (11 cases), extensive liver necrosis (1 case), localized liver abscess (1 case), and biliary anastomotic stenosis (1 case). Seven recipients died due to graft failure. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year cumulative survival rates were 67.2%, 60.5% and 34.5%, respectively.Conclusions:Combined interventional and surgical treatment demonstrates a high success rate for managing E-HAT, particularly when addressed before significant graft damage. Ischemic biliary stenosis remains the most common long-term complication.

Objective To explore the prescription law of Professor Wang Yinglin for treating pediatric cough based on the Carma algorithm and complex network.Methods The prescriptions of children with cough as the chief complaint who were treated by Professor Wang in the outpatient department from November 2022 to May 2023 were taken as the research object.Carma algorithm and complex network were used to analyze the main prescriptions of Professor Wang for treating children's cough,and explore the prescription law of Professor Wang for treating children's cough.Results A total of 420 cases were included,with an average age of 6.5 years old.Among them,there were 158 males and 262 females,involving 420 prescriptions,97 kinds of Chinese materia medica,a total frequency of 4 665,and 37 drugs with a frequency of use>20.By analyzing the drug combination derived from Carma analysis of algorithms and clinical verification,it was found that Professor Wang commonly used two drug combinations to treat children's cough:Poria-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum,Scrophulariae Radix-Imperatae Rhizoma,Peucedani Radix-Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma,Perillae Fructus-Asteris Radix,Saposhnikoviae Radix-Liquidambaris Fructus;three medicine combination:Perillae Fructus-Asteris Radix-Semen Lepidii,Poria-Cablin Potchouli Herb-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum,Magnoliae Flos-Saposhnikoviae Radix-Liquidambaris Fructus;the combination of four drugs included Poria-Scrophulariae Radix-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum-Imperatae Rhizoma,Poria-Adenophorae Radix-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum-Scrophulariae Radix;five medicine combinations:Poria-Scrophulariae Radix-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum-Imperatae Rhizoma-Adenophorae Radix,Poria-Scrophulariae Radix-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum-Imperatae Rhizoma-Cablin Potchouli Herb;six medicine combinations:Poria-Scrophulariae Radix-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum-Imperatae Rhizoma-Adenophorae Radix-Folium Eriobotryae,Poria-Scrophulariae Radix-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum-Imperatae Rhizoma-Adenophorae Radix-Isatidis Radix,Poria-Scrophulariae Radix-Exocarpium Citri Rubrum-Imperatae Rhizoma-Cablin Potchouli Herb-Saposhnikoviae Radix,Folium Eriobotryae-Perillae Fructus-Asteris Radix-Semen Lepidii-Peucedani Radix-Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma,Glehniae Radix-Crataegi Fructus-Stemonae Radix-Bulbus Lilii-Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae-Ophiopogonis Radix.Complex network analysis found that the core drugs were:Adenophorae Radix,Poria,Exocarpium Citri Rubrum,Scrophulariae Radix,Imperatae Rhizoma,Folium Eriobotryae,Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii,Isatidis Radix,Peucedani Radix,Cynanchi Stauntonii Rhizoma,Stemonae Radix,Bambusae Concretio Silicea,Cablin Potchouli Herb.Five core prescriptions were obtained by multi-scale backbone network analysis.Conclusion Professor Wang's treatment of pediatric cough varies depending on the medical history,symptoms,and location of the disease,with different prescriptions.New diseases are often considered based on pathogenic factors,with phlegm heat as the main treatment,and the efficacy is mostly achieved by purging the lungs and resolving phlegm;phlegm heat gradually subsides,and residual pathogens are not cleared.The main approach is to eliminate residual pathogens and replenish qi and yin;long term illness mainly focuses on supplementing qi and nourishing yin.

Objective To analyze the predictive value of cone beam computed tomography(CBCT)in styloid process syndrome(SPS)via logistic regression combined with receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on imaging data of 186 patients who underwent styloid CBCT.Among them,65 patients were clinically diagnosed with SPS(patient group),while 121 constituted the healthy controls(control group).The styloid length,inclination angle,and anteversion angle were measured,respectively.Logistic regression analysis was employed,and ROC curves were plotted to calculate sensitivity,specificity,and Youden index,the diagnostic cut-off values for SPS was obtained.Results In the control group,the styloid length was(29.66±7.22)mm,inclination angle was(22.34±3.05)°,and anteversion angle was(31.01±4.13)°.In the patient group,the styloid length was(40.30±8.65)mm,inclination angle was(21.86±3.74)°,and anteversion angle was(35.88±6.37)°.Logistic regression analysis revealed that styloid length and anteversion angle were risk factors for diagnosing SPS(P＜0.05),while inclination angle was not a risk factor for diagno-sing SPS(P＞0.05).ROC curve analysis demonstrated that diagnosing SPS,the area under the curve(AUC),sensitivity,specificity,and optimal cut-off value for styloid length were 0.868,92.3％,69.7％,and 31.23 mm,respectively;and for anteversion angle were 0.765,63.1％,89.3％,and 35.15°,respectively.Conclusion CBCT measurements of styloid length,inclination angle,and antever-sion angle suggest that a styloid length exceeding 31.23 mm and an styloid anteversion angle greater than 35.15° may indicate a higher likelihood of SPS.CBCT is a convenient,cost-effective,and safe diagnostic tool with positive clinical implications.

Tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) present a dual nature, offering therapeutic benefits alongside possible toxic side effects. Despite their significant clinical advantages, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are major concern. In particular, the multi-organ irAEs (MO-irAEs) caused by ICIs present complex clinical manifestations, affecting a high proportion of critically ill patients. There is a lack of clinical awareness and attention towards these adverse events, making management relatively difficult, thus potentially threatening the life of patients. Reasonable application of hormones and immune modulators, along with symptomatic and supportive treatment, as well as careful monitoring and long-term follow-up are crucial measures to control MO-irAEs. Clinical characteristics, peripheral blood indicators, and genetic predisposition can serve as predictive markers for MO-irAEs occurrence and progression to some extent. A comprehensive understanding of clinical features, intervention measures, prognosis, potential molecular mechanisms and predictive factors of MO-irAEs can help to effectively control MO-irAEs, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Objective:To observe the changes of lactate clearance rate (LCR) and serum polyligandosan-1 (SDC-1) in patients with septic shock complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and to evaluate its prognostic value.Methods:Patients with septic shock and ARDS who were admitted to the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU) of Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from February 2021 to April 2022 were selected as subjects. The patients were divided into the survival group and death group according to their 28-day survival status. General clinical data and related indicators of patients in the two groups were collected and compared. The related factors influencing the 28-day death of patients with septic shock and ARDS were screened, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the individual and combined forecast value of LCR and SDC-1 for the prognosis of patients with septic shock and ARDS.Results:Compared with the survival group, sequential organ failure score (SOFA) and acute physiology and chronic health status score Ⅱ(APACHE Ⅱ) at admission to RICU, the levels of 24 h Lac, 6 h SDC-1, 24 h SDC-1 and 72 h SDC-1 in the death group increased significantly (all P< 0.05), and the levels of 6 h LCR, 24 h LCR, 6 h OI, 24 h OI and 72 h OI significantly decreased (all P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that SDC-1 at 6 h, 24 h and 72 h was significantly negatively correlated with OI at corresponding time points (all P<0.05), and LCR at 6 h and 24 h was significantly positively correlated with OI at corresponding time points (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that SOFA score, 24 h LCR, 24 h SDC-1 and 72 h SDC-1 were the risk factors of 28-d death in patients with septic shock and ARDS (all P<0.05). The areas under ROC curve of each related factor were SOFA score, 24 h LCR, 24 h SDC-1 and 72 h SDC-1, which could predict the prognosis (all P<0.05). 24 h LCR combined with 24 h SDC-1 had the maximum area under the curve (AUC=0.805, 95% CI: 0.691-0.920, with a sensitivity of 75.0% and a specificity of 74.4%). Conclusions:24 h LCR, 24 h SDC-1 and 72 h SDC-1 are the risk factors of the 28-day death of patients with septic shock and ARDS. 24 h LCR combined with 24 h SDC-1 can improve the test efficiency compared with the single indicator.

Objective:To discover the epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestations of Nontyphoidal Salmonella(NTS) infection in children suffering from diarrhea in Guangzhou, and to provide references for the prevention and treatment of salmonella infection. Methods:A total of 570 diarrhea children and 296 non-diarrhea controls were collected with stratified sampling from three districts of Guangzhou Women and Children′s Medical Center from January 2019 to December 2019. Through bacterial culture, corresponding colonies were selected and Salmonella diagnostic serum was applied for preliminary serum diagnosis, and then systemic biochemical method was adopted for diagnosis. A structured questionnaire was conducted to record the demographic information and clinical symptoms from each subject. Results:The detection rate of NTS was 6.67% (38/570 cases, 95% CI: 4.90%-9.02%) in children with diarrhea, and 1.01% (3/296 cases, 95% CI: 0.34%-2.93%) in children without diarrhea. There were statistically differences in NTS detection rate between children with diarrhea and the control ( χ2=13.805, P<0.05, OR=6.976, 95% CI: 2.135-22.796). There were no significant differences in NTS detection rate between male and female children with diarrhea ( χ2=0.395, P>0.05, OR=1.254, 95% CI: 0.619-2.541). The detection rate of NTS was 5.30% (22/416 cases, 95% CI: 3.52%-7.88%) in children younger than 2 years old, and was 10.40% (16/154 cases, 95% CI: 6.50%-15.21%) in children over 2 years old. There were statistically differences ( χ2=4.700, P<0.05, OR=2.076, 95% CI: 1.060-4.068) between the younger and the older groups.The detection rate of NTS was 5.40% (25/460 cases, 95% CI: 3.70%-7.89%) for children with diarrhea in outpatient department and 11.80% (13/110 cases, 95% CI: 7.04 %-19.18%) for children with diarrhea in inpatient department, with statistically significant differences ( χ2=5.813, P<0.05, OR=2.332, 95% CI: 1.152-4.721). The detection rate of NTS diarrhea in children was 4.60% (10/217 cases, 95% CI: 2.52%-8.28%) in spring, 8.50% (12/141 cases, 95% CI: 4.93%-14.29%) in summer, 9.60% (15/144 cases, 95% CI: 6.41%-16.48%) in autumn and 1.50% (1/168 cases, 95% CI: 0.11%-3.30%) in winter, respectively, with statistically differences among the four seasons( χ2=9.404, P<0.05). There were significant differences in most common clinical symptoms of fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody stool and pasty stool between NTS positive and negative children(all P<0.05). Salmonella enteritis is the main type, and Salmonella typhimurium is the second type. Conclusions:NTS is one of the most important bacterial pathogens and leads to diarrhea in children in Guangzhou city, without differences in gender.Children over 2 years old are more likely to suffer from NTS infection.High incidence is in autumn.The most common clinical symptoms include fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody stool and pasty stool. Salmonella enteritis is the main type, and Salmonella typhimurium is the second type.Laboratory tests can provide references for the diagnosis and treatment of NTS-related diarrhea.