Objective To explore function-structure covariant patterns in Alzheimer's disease(AD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI),and to investigate their associations with cognitive function and activities of daily living.Methods three-way parallel group independent component analysis(three-way pGICA),was used to identify the covariant patterns of resting-state functional MRI temporal data,gray matter density maps,and fractional anisotropy(FA)maps,and the differences between different groups were compared.Furthermore,the associations of covariant patterns with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic(MoCA_B)Scale scores and Activities of Daily Living Scale scores were analyzed.Results The function-structure covariant patterns in AD and MCI were characterized by the enhanced negative functional connectivity between the left posterior salience network and the right default mode network,the decreased gray matter density in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,and the reduced FA values in the left superior corona radiata(correlations:P<0.001,FDR corrected).Compared with HC group,AD group showed significant abnormalities in all identified covariant patterns(P<0.01,FDR corrected),but MCI group only exhibited a significant decrease in gray matter density in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(P<0.05,FDR corrected).Additionally,AD group had significantly lower FA value in the left superior corona radiata than MCI group(P<0.05,FDR corrected).The loadings reflecting the degree of covariation were significantly correlated with the Activities of Daily Living Scale scores(P<0.05,FDR corrected)but not with MoCA_B Scale scores.Conclusion The function-structure covariant patterns in AD and MCI are consistent with the declines in activities of daily living.The multimodal fusion analysis(three-way pGICA)provides a novel approach to understand the brain damage mechanisms underlying the covariant evolution of MCI and AD.

Objective To explore function-structure covariant patterns in Alzheimer's disease(AD)and mild cognitive impairment(MCI),and to investigate their associations with cognitive function and activities of daily living.Methods three-way parallel group independent component analysis(three-way pGICA),was used to identify the covariant patterns of resting-state functional MRI temporal data,gray matter density maps,and fractional anisotropy(FA)maps,and the differences between different groups were compared.Furthermore,the associations of covariant patterns with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic(MoCA_B)Scale scores and Activities of Daily Living Scale scores were analyzed.Results The function-structure covariant patterns in AD and MCI were characterized by the enhanced negative functional connectivity between the left posterior salience network and the right default mode network,the decreased gray matter density in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,and the reduced FA values in the left superior corona radiata(correlations:P<0.001,FDR corrected).Compared with HC group,AD group showed significant abnormalities in all identified covariant patterns(P<0.01,FDR corrected),but MCI group only exhibited a significant decrease in gray matter density in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(P<0.05,FDR corrected).Additionally,AD group had significantly lower FA value in the left superior corona radiata than MCI group(P<0.05,FDR corrected).The loadings reflecting the degree of covariation were significantly correlated with the Activities of Daily Living Scale scores(P<0.05,FDR corrected)but not with MoCA_B Scale scores.Conclusion The function-structure covariant patterns in AD and MCI are consistent with the declines in activities of daily living.The multimodal fusion analysis(three-way pGICA)provides a novel approach to understand the brain damage mechanisms underlying the covariant evolution of MCI and AD.

Objective To investigate alterations in interhemispheric functional connectivity(FC)in the cerebral cortices connected via the corpus callosum in patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD),and to explore their relationships with cognitive function and activities of daily living.Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 28 patients with Alzheimer's dementia(d-AD),47 patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI),and 37 healthy controls(HC).Using a trancallosal tract template,32 pairs of homologous cortical brain regions directly connected to 32 subregions of the corpus callosum were selected as regions of interest for interhemispheric FC analysis.Further correlation analyses were performed between FC values in patient groups and their scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic(MoCA-B)Scale and the Activities of Daily Living(ADL)Scale.Results Compared with HC group,both MCI and d-AD groups exhibited hyperconnectivity(significantly increased FC)in interhemispheric non-homologous brain regions.Specifically,hyperconnectivity in the MCI group was scattered across the frontal,parietal,temporal,and occipital lobes,while in the d-AD group,it was concentrated within the precentral and postcentral gyri.Notably,hyperconnectivity involving the prefrontal and occipital lobes in the MCI group showed significant declines in the d-AD group.The interhemispheric homologous FC in the d-AD group reduced more significantly than the MCI group.Additionally,in the d-AD group,2 interhemispheric FC within the prefrontal lobe(between the bilateral orbital parts of the inferior frontal gyrus,and between the left medial frontal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus)were correlated with MoCA-B scores,and 2 FC(between the bilateral middle occipital gyri,and between the left inferior parietal lobule and the right middle frontal gyrus)were correlated with ADL scores.Conclusion MCI and d-AD exhibit distinct patterns of interhemispheric FC alterations,and the interhemispheric FC changes in AD patients are non-progressive.The close relationships between interhemispheric homologous/non-homologous FC and MoCA-B/ADL scores in d-AD patients provide an objective basis and reference for clinical neuromodulation.

Objective To investigate alterations in interhemispheric functional connectivity(FC)in the cerebral cortices connected via the corpus callosum in patients with Alzheimer's disease(AD),and to explore their relationships with cognitive function and activities of daily living.Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 28 patients with Alzheimer's dementia(d-AD),47 patients with mild cognitive impairment(MCI),and 37 healthy controls(HC).Using a trancallosal tract template,32 pairs of homologous cortical brain regions directly connected to 32 subregions of the corpus callosum were selected as regions of interest for interhemispheric FC analysis.Further correlation analyses were performed between FC values in patient groups and their scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic(MoCA-B)Scale and the Activities of Daily Living(ADL)Scale.Results Compared with HC group,both MCI and d-AD groups exhibited hyperconnectivity(significantly increased FC)in interhemispheric non-homologous brain regions.Specifically,hyperconnectivity in the MCI group was scattered across the frontal,parietal,temporal,and occipital lobes,while in the d-AD group,it was concentrated within the precentral and postcentral gyri.Notably,hyperconnectivity involving the prefrontal and occipital lobes in the MCI group showed significant declines in the d-AD group.The interhemispheric homologous FC in the d-AD group reduced more significantly than the MCI group.Additionally,in the d-AD group,2 interhemispheric FC within the prefrontal lobe(between the bilateral orbital parts of the inferior frontal gyrus,and between the left medial frontal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus)were correlated with MoCA-B scores,and 2 FC(between the bilateral middle occipital gyri,and between the left inferior parietal lobule and the right middle frontal gyrus)were correlated with ADL scores.Conclusion MCI and d-AD exhibit distinct patterns of interhemispheric FC alterations,and the interhemispheric FC changes in AD patients are non-progressive.The close relationships between interhemispheric homologous/non-homologous FC and MoCA-B/ADL scores in d-AD patients provide an objective basis and reference for clinical neuromodulation.

A 62-year-old male patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (chronic phase) received nilotinib 400 mg twice daily. The patient developed mild fatigue, precordial discomfort, and chest tightness 5 hours after the first medication, which were relieved after rest. One hour after the second medication on the same day, the symptoms of precordial discomfort and chest tightness recurred, and they were relieved after rest again. One hour after taking the medicine again the next day, the above symptoms recurred and were aggravated, which could not be relieved after rest. Laboratory tests showed that serum troponin I was 2.67 μg/L, myoglobin was 195.1 μg/L, and creatine kinase MB was 37.7 μg/L. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed that ST segment depression was >0.1 mV in leads I, II, III, aVL, aVF, and V 1-V 6, T-wave inversion, and QT/QTc was 350/402 ms. The patient was diagnosed as having acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, which was considered to be related to nilotinib. After 3 weeks of drug withdrawal and vasodilator and anticoagulant therapy, the laboratory tests showed that serum troponin I was not detected, myoglobin was 21.7 μg/L, and creatine kinase MB was 0.8 μg/L. ECG examination showed ST segment depression and T-wave inversion disappeared in leads I, II, III, aVL, aVF and V 1-V 6, and QT/QTc was 370/376ms.

A 62-year-old male patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (chronic phase) received nilotinib 400 mg twice daily. The patient developed mild fatigue, precordial discomfort, and chest tightness 5 hours after the first medication, which were relieved after rest. One hour after the second medication on the same day, the symptoms of precordial discomfort and chest tightness recurred, and they were relieved after rest again. One hour after taking the medicine again the next day, the above symptoms recurred and were aggravated, which could not be relieved after rest. Laboratory tests showed that serum troponin I was 2.67 μg/L, myoglobin was 195.1 μg/L, and creatine kinase MB was 37.7 μg/L. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed that ST segment depression was >0.1 mV in leads I, II, III, aVL, aVF, and V 1-V 6, T-wave inversion, and QT/QTc was 350/402 ms. The patient was diagnosed as having acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, which was considered to be related to nilotinib. After 3 weeks of drug withdrawal and vasodilator and anticoagulant therapy, the laboratory tests showed that serum troponin I was not detected, myoglobin was 21.7 μg/L, and creatine kinase MB was 0.8 μg/L. ECG examination showed ST segment depression and T-wave inversion disappeared in leads I, II, III, aVL, aVF and V 1-V 6, and QT/QTc was 370/376ms.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that the well combination of decellularized matrix and appropriate seeded cells could construct a tissue-engineered kidney.OBJECTIVE: To review advances in kidney tissue engineering and decellularized matrix.METHODS: The first author retrieved CNKI, Wanfang and PubMed databases for articles addressing kidney tissue engineering published from January 1996 to April 2016. The key words were decellularized matrix,extracellular matrix,tissue engineering, kidney, seeded cells in English and Chinese,respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The decellularized matrix loses its immunogenicity due to the removal of cellular components, while it retains the important bioactive components of the extracellular matrix and the ultrastructure of the tissues and organs, making it more and more important in kidney tissue engineering. The decellularized matrix especially exerts an important role in the tissue-engineered construction of the entire kidney as driven by recently emerging all-organ acellular cell technology. Remarkable advances in kidney tissue engineering and decellularized matrix have been made in recent years, and realized the construction of a certain functional tissue-engineered kidney. However, there are still many challenges on the way to construct a completely functional tissue-engineered kidney.BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that the well combination of decellularized matrix and appropriate seeded cells could construct a tissue-engineered kidney.OBJECTIVE: To review advances in kidney tissue engineering and decellularized matrix.METHODS: The first author retrieved CNKI, Wanfang and PubMed databases for articles addressing kidney tissue engineering published from January 1996 to April 2016. The key words were decellularized matrix,extracellular matrix,tissue engineering, kidney, seeded cells in English and Chinese,respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The decellularized matrix loses its immunogenicity due to the removal of cellular components, while it retains the important bioactive components of the extracellular matrix and the ultrastructure of the tissues and organs, making it more and more important in kidney tissue engineering. The decellularized matrix especially exerts an important role in the tissue-engineered construction of the entire kidney as driven by recently emerging all-organ acellular cell technology. Remarkable advances in kidney tissue engineering and decellularized matrix have been made in recent years, and realized the construction of a certain functional tissue-engineered kidney. However, there are still many challenges on the way to construct a completely functional tissue-engineered kidney.

Objective To study the changes of hippocampal caspase-3 and PSD-95 expression levels in the mice exposed to ketamine 30 mg/(kg·d)for three months. Methods Forty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups,and the chronic ketamine addiction model was established by giving mice a three month course of daily intraperitoneal injections of ketamine. Immunohistochemical study and Western blot-ting were applied to observe the expression of caspase-3 and PSD-95 protein. Results There were more expression of caspase-3 and less of PSD-95 in ketamine group as detected by immuohistochemistry. Western blotting results showed caspase-3 active fragment level significantly increased com-pared to saline group,but PSD-95 protein level was decreased. Conclusion The increased level of caspase-3 protein and reduced expression of PSD-95 are observed after long-term ketamine administration. These findings may provide an evidence for the neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampus of chronic ketamine addition as a recreational drug.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of ursolic acid in pedo-stomach-invigorating&digestion-promoting granule.METHODS:The determination was performed by TLC-scanning method in which chloro-form-acetone-glacial acetic acid(18∶2∶0.2)was used as developing solvent,and10%sulphuric acid ethanol solution was taken as developer,which were baked under110℃until limpid prunosus spots were occurred,the scanning method was dual wavelength reflection zigzag scanning with detection wavelength at520nm,reference wavelength at700nm,linearity parameter Sx=3and slit size at0.4mm?0.4mm.RESULTS:Ursolic acid has a good linear relation with peak area score when its sample size was within the range of2?g～10?g(r=0.9996),the average recovery is97.8%(RSD=1.4%).CONCLUSION:This me_ thod can be served as a quality control for pedo-stomach-invigorating&digestion-promoting granule.