Objective To provide a comprehensive review of the modeling method of the empty bottle stimulation(EBS)anxiety model,including commonly used experimental animal strains and genders,animal grouping,modeling procedures,modeling duration,primary behavioral evaluation method,and the underlying pathological mechanisms.This aims to offer a reference for the application of the EBS anxiety model in anxiety disorder research.Methods Searches were conducted in databases such as CNKI and PubMed to collect all literature related to the EBS anxiety model,which were then systematically summarized and organized.Results(1)Male adult SD or Wistar rats are predominantly used as experimental animals;(2)The optimal modeling period is 2 weeks;(3)Behavioral evaluations primarily utilize the open field test,elevated plus maze test,and light-dark box test;(4)Pathological mechanisms involve abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism in brain regions such as the hippocampus,prefrontal cortex,and amygdala.Conclusions The EBS anxiety model exhibits an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype and associated neurobiological mechanisms,validating its utility as an animal model for the study of anxiety disorders.However,further exploration and refinement are required for its standardized construction protocol and the understanding of its mechanistic underpinnings.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep interruption(SI)cycles on emotional behavior in ICR mice,and to establish a mouse model of comorbid anxiety and depression induced by SI.Methods Seventy-two male ICR mice(4～5 weeks old)were divided randomly into a blank group and a model group.Mice in the model group were subjected to SI stress modeling for 1,2,and 3 weeks,respectively.After modeling,emotional behaviors were evaluated using open-field,elevated plus maze,light-dark box,marble-burying,and forced-swimming tests.Serum corticosterone levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Mice in the model group buried significantly more marbles after 1 week of SI stress,compared with the blank group(P＜0.05).After 2 weeks of stress,mice in the model group also showed a significant decrease in the number of crossings in the light-dark box(P＜0.05)and a significant increase in the number of marbles buried(P＜0.01)compared with the control group.After 3 weeks of stress,mice in the model group showed a significant increase in the number of marbles buried(P＜0.05),a significant decrease in the number of crossings in the light-dark box(P＜0.05),and a significant increase in immobility time in the forced-swim test(P＜0.01).Conclusions ICR mice exhibited significant anxiety-related behaviors after 2 weeks of SI modeling and significant anxiety-and depressive-related behavioral changes after 3 weeks.Three weeks of SI stress can be used to establish a model of comorbid anxiety and depression.

Objective To provide a comprehensive review of the modeling method of the empty bottle stimulation(EBS)anxiety model,including commonly used experimental animal strains and genders,animal grouping,modeling procedures,modeling duration,primary behavioral evaluation method,and the underlying pathological mechanisms.This aims to offer a reference for the application of the EBS anxiety model in anxiety disorder research.Methods Searches were conducted in databases such as CNKI and PubMed to collect all literature related to the EBS anxiety model,which were then systematically summarized and organized.Results(1)Male adult SD or Wistar rats are predominantly used as experimental animals;(2)The optimal modeling period is 2 weeks;(3)Behavioral evaluations primarily utilize the open field test,elevated plus maze test,and light-dark box test;(4)Pathological mechanisms involve abnormal neurotransmitter metabolism in brain regions such as the hippocampus,prefrontal cortex,and amygdala.Conclusions The EBS anxiety model exhibits an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype and associated neurobiological mechanisms,validating its utility as an animal model for the study of anxiety disorders.However,further exploration and refinement are required for its standardized construction protocol and the understanding of its mechanistic underpinnings.

Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep interruption(SI)cycles on emotional behavior in ICR mice,and to establish a mouse model of comorbid anxiety and depression induced by SI.Methods Seventy-two male ICR mice(4～5 weeks old)were divided randomly into a blank group and a model group.Mice in the model group were subjected to SI stress modeling for 1,2,and 3 weeks,respectively.After modeling,emotional behaviors were evaluated using open-field,elevated plus maze,light-dark box,marble-burying,and forced-swimming tests.Serum corticosterone levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results Mice in the model group buried significantly more marbles after 1 week of SI stress,compared with the blank group(P＜0.05).After 2 weeks of stress,mice in the model group also showed a significant decrease in the number of crossings in the light-dark box(P＜0.05)and a significant increase in the number of marbles buried(P＜0.01)compared with the control group.After 3 weeks of stress,mice in the model group showed a significant increase in the number of marbles buried(P＜0.05),a significant decrease in the number of crossings in the light-dark box(P＜0.05),and a significant increase in immobility time in the forced-swim test(P＜0.01).Conclusions ICR mice exhibited significant anxiety-related behaviors after 2 weeks of SI modeling and significant anxiety-and depressive-related behavioral changes after 3 weeks.Three weeks of SI stress can be used to establish a model of comorbid anxiety and depression.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in the oldest old.Method:The clinical data of elderly patients (≥60 years old) with BPPV diagnosed in the Clinical Center for Vertigo and Balance Disturbance of Capital Medical University between January 2019 and October 2021 was collected, including basic information, clinical symptoms in a structured medical history questionnaire and the time interval from the appearance of symptoms to medical consultation. According to the age, patients were divided into elderly group (60-74 years old) and the oldest old group (≥75 years old), and the demographic information, clinical symptoms and consultation time were compared between the two groups.Results:A total of 3 019 patients with BPPV were included in analysis; there were 415 patients in the oldest-old group with the age of (79.54±3.62) years, and 2 604 patients in the elderly group with the age of (65.59±3.88) years. The incidence of vertigo, dizziness or vertigo triggered by position changes of head or body, headache and autonomic symptoms in the eldest-old group were less common than that in the elderly group (all P<0.05). But hearing loss and other types of dizziness (unable to determine the nature of dizziness or vertigo, or without typical symptoms such as dizziness, balance disorders, or instability) were more common in the eldest-old group than those in the elderly group (all P<0.05). Among 3 019 patients, 1 137 had definite time from symptom onset to diagnosis (1 004 in the elderly group and 133 in the oldest-old group), the proportion of patients with the time from the onset to diagnosis>7 days in the oldest-old group was higher than that in the elderly group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The oldest old patients with BPPV have more atypical symptoms than the younger elderly patients.

Aphasia is an important cause of declining the living level, and the diagnosis and rehabilitation of aphasia depends on knowledge about the structure of brain and the process of language cognitive. The authors reviewed some correlative factors of recovery from aphasia, language areas recombine after stroke and the criterion of judgement prognosis, and tried to offer some theory guidance to aphasia patient for their rehabilitation.

Objective To analyze the imaging characteristics of one patient with primary progressive aphasia (PPA).MethodsThe patient was examined with MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) to perform the analyses of perfusion weighted imaging (PWI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and studied the changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF), metabolism, and association fibers of PPA.ResultsThere was frontal lobe and temporal lobe atrophy on general MRI, lower metabolism compared with contralateral on MRS; there were decreased association fibers between Broca domain and other domain, no association fibers between triangular area and Wernicke domain on DTI, mean fraction anisotropism (FA) and fibers of Broca and Wernicke domain decreased compared with healthy adult.ConclusionLeft temporal lobe and frontal lobe are the mainly diseased regions of PPA, and perfusion and metabolism are lower than the contral lobe, and the association fibers between Broca and Wernike domain are less than the control lobe.

BACKGROUND: Primary progressive aphasia is a degenerative disease of nervous system clinically characterized by the progressive decrease of speech ability and the relatively reserved memory. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of speech dysfunction and the clinical features of primary progressive aphasia we by reported onel patient with primary progressive aphasia. DESIGN: A case analysis. SETTING: Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences. PARTICIPANT: One male patient of 56 years old with primary progressive aphasia was selected from the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital in March 2004, he had got education in senior middle school. The patient had been unable to tell the names of daily living objects at the beginning of 2001. Not only his ability of listening comprehension had gradually declined, but his characters had gradually changed except that his memory had not been affected obviously since 2003. Although he was able in self-care now, he could not normally work. METHODS: ① The spoken fluent types of the patient were evaluated with the standards for the fluency of spoken language in Aphasia battery of Chinese. Western battery aphasia was used to assess the type of aphasia of the patient. Boston diagnostic aphasia examination severity grading standard was applied to grade the severity of aphasia. ② The cognitive psychological tests of visual character-figure matching, denomination for figures and oral reading were used to judge whether the patient had verb-noun dissociation. ③The memory of the patient was assessed with clinical memory scale. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① spoken fluency, the type and grade of aphasia; ② condition of verb-noun dissociation for the patient; ③ memory of the patient. RESULTS: ① Examination of aphasia: The patient presented the spontaneous talking that named the fluent type, there were wrong meanings in his talks so that he was diagnosed as sensory aphasia. The severity of aphasia was separated into grade 3 levels. ② Cognitive psychological test: The correct rates of verbs and nouns in the test of denomination for figures were 15% and 53% respectively, and there was obvious difference (t=0.231, P ＜ 0.05). ③ Clinical memory scale: The memory quotient was 111,and the clinical memory grade was higher than normal. CONCLUSION: The most outstanding clinical characteristics of patients with primary progressive aphasia is speech dysfunction, and there is verb specific injury.