Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of pertussis in Jiaxing City from 2004 to 2023 and spatio-temporal clustering characteristics from 2022 to 2023, so as to provide insights into formulation of pertussis control measures. Methods: Data of pertussis cases in Jiaxing City from 2004 to 2023 were collected through the Infectious Disease Report Information System of Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System. The epidemiological characteristics of pertussis cases in Jiaxing City from 2004 to 2023 were descriptively analyzed, and the spatio-temporal clustering characteristics from 2022 to 2023 were analyzed using spatio-temporal scanning. Results: A total of 478 pertussis cases were reported in Jiaxing City from 2004 to 2023, with an average annual reported incidence of 0.53/105. The reported incidence showed an upward trend from 2004 to 2023 (P<0.05), with the highest in 2022 (3.17/105). Higher incidence of pertussis was reported in June to August (149 cases, 31.17%) and November to December (112 cases, 23.43%). There was no statistically significant difference in the reported incidence between males and females (0.56/105 vs. 0.50/105, P>0.05). The cases aged under one year accounted for the highest proportion, with 199 cases (41.63%). Haining City (0.68/105), Jiashan County (0.64/105) and Tongxiang City (0.60/105) ranked the top three in the reported incidence of pertussis. Spatio-temporal scanning analysis showed that from 2022 to 2023, the primary clustering area of pertussis was centered in Daqiao Town of Nanhu District, covering 27 towns (streets) in Nanhu District, Jiashan County, Xiuzhou District and Pinghu City, and the clustering time was from November to December, 2023. Conclusions The reported incidence of pertussis was at a low level in Jiaxing City, but showed an upward trend from 2004 to 2023. The incidence of pertussis was higher among infants under one year of age, peaked in June to August and November to December, and was concentrated in Nanhu District and its surrounding areas.

AIM:To observe the defocus state and myopia control in myopic children wearing single-vision, defocus, and orthokeratology lenses using multispectral refraction topography(MRT).METHODS: A total of 279 myopic patients aged 8-14 years old, with a spherical equivalent(SE)from -7.00 to -0.50 D, treated at the Chengdu Aier Eye Hospital from June 2022 to December 2023. Patients who volunteered for the study were assigned to three groups. A total of 94 cases were provided with single-vision spectacle lenses(SVL group), 90 cases received individualized ocular refraction customization(IORC group), and 95 cases received orthokeratology lenses(OK group). Simultaneously, the three groups were further categorized into low(-3.00 to -0.50 D), moderate(-6.00 to -3.25 D), and high myopia(-7.00 to -6.25 D)groups according to different SE. MRT was used to measure and compare the defocus changes of the retina in supperior, inferior, nasal, and temporal quadrants(RDV-S, RDV-I, RDV-N, RDV-T), and three angles of field of view, including 0-15°, 15°-30°, and 30°-45°(RDV-15, RDV-30, RDV-45)in the three groups(the data divide for the connected regions is grouped to the latter group). A one-way analysis of variance was used for intergroup comparisons. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to analyze the factors related to changes in the axial length(AL)at 1 a after intervention.RESULTS:There were significant differences in 1-year SE and AL growth among patients in the SVL, IORC, and OK groups before and after intervention(P<0.001). The 1-year SE and the difference of AL growth in patients with low myopia was significantly different among SVL, IORC, and OK groups(P<0.001); however, there was no significant difference between the IORC and OK groups(P>0.05); there were significant differences in the SE and AL growth changes between the OK group and the IORC and SVL groups in moderate myopia(P<0.001); and there were significant differences between the OK group and the IORC and SVL groups in SE and AL growth of high myopia group after wearing lenses for 1 a(P<0.001), while there were no significant differences between the IORC and SVL groups(P>0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in the relative peripheral refractive errors(RPRE)of 4 quadrants and 3 eccentric regions among the three groups of patients in different degrees of myopia groups(P<0.001). Pair-wise comparison of the growth difference of eccentric D-RDV-15 in low myopia group after wearing lenses for 1 a showed significant differences between the SVL, IORC, and OK groups(P<0.001), but no significant differences between the IORC and OK groups(P>0.05). The angle of field of view D-RDV-30 in moderate myopia subgroups was statistically different between the SVL group and the IORC and OK groups after wearing lenses for 1 a(P<0.001), while the IORC and OK groups showed no significant differences(P>0.05); the angle of field of view D-RDV-15 in high myopia subgroups was statistically different between the OK group and the IORC and SVL groups after wearing lenses for 1 a(P<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the IORC and SVL groups(P>0.05). Univariate and multivariate linear regression model analysis showed that the changes in D-TRVD, D-RDV-45, D-RDV-N, and D-RDV-I correlated with the increase in the difference in 1 a AL.CONCLUSION: MRT can be used to guide the clinical control of myopia. Myopia development is related to the peripheral retinal defocus state, and the difference of defocus quantity in the inferior nasal side at 30°-45° eccentricity may be a factor regulating the rapid progression of myopia.

Aim To screen and study the effects of Tao Hong Si Wu decoction(THSWD)-mediated treat-ment on circular RNA(circRNA)expression profiles in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO),and investigate the possible roles and molecular mecha-nisms of THSWD.Methods Next-generation RNA sequencing was conducted to identify circRNA expres-sion profiles in MCAO rats after treatment with THSWD and compared with the MCAO model group and control group.Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict the potential target microRNAs and mRNAs.Gene On-tology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway analyses for the potential target mRNAs were applied to explore the potential roles of differentially expressed circRNAs.RT-qPCR was performed to verify circRNAs with significant differences in expression.Results We identified 87 significantly differentially expressed circRNAs between the MCAO group versus the control group,and 86 sig-nificantly differentially expressed circRNAs between the MCAO group versus the THSWD group.respective-ly.Among them,17 circRNAs induced by the MCAO model were reversed via treatment with THSWD.To demonstrate the roles of mRNAs targeted by DECs,the GO and KEGG databases were used.Further analysis revealed that five circRNAs may play important roles in the development of MCAO.Conclusions The com-prehensive expression profile of circRNAs in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion after THSWD treat-ment is determined for the first time,suggesting that the therapeutic effect of THSWD on MCAO may be a-chieved by regulating the expression of circRNAs.

Aim To investigate the dynamic changes of neuronal cells at different time points following acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by establishing a model of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were ran-domly divided into six groups:sham group and cere-bral ischemia-reperfusion injury(IR)groups at differ-ent time points.Focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model was established using the middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)technique.The Longa sco-ring method was used to assess neurobehavioral scores in rats.After successful model preparation,routine paraffin sections were made,and TUNEL staining and immunohistochemistry staining with NeuN antibody were performed to observe cell apoptosis and neuronal cell survival,respectively.Immunohistochemistry stai-ning was also performed to investigate the changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)as a marker for astrocytes,ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1(IBA-1)as a marker for microglia,and CD31 as a marker for endothelial cells at different time points.Results No significant changes were observed in neu-ronal cells of the sham group at different time points.In the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury groups,cell apoptosis was activated at IR3h and increased in quan-tity with morphological damage as time progressed.Ne-uN+neurons showed signs of ischemic injury after IR3h,with abnormal cell morphology.From 12 h,Ne-uN+neurons decreased in a time-dependent manner and reached their peak severity at 24 h.GFAP+astro-cytes decreased significantly after IR3h,while poorly labeled GFAP+astrocytes increased at IR 6 h and al-most disappeared in the infarcted area at 24 h and 48 h.The number of IBA-1+microglia-positive cells de-creased at IR3h,and their volume increased at IR6h.Microglial cell death was observed in the infarcted area at IR12h.CD31+endothelial cells around the infarc-ted cortex and striatum increased significantly after IR3h and persisted until 48 h.Conclusions After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,the number of ap-optotic cells increases with the prolongation of time,and NeuN+neurons exhibit the most severe damage at 24 h.GFAP+astrocytes and microglial cells gradually die over time.The number of CD31+endothelial cells increases significantly around the infarcted cortex and striatum after 3 h of reperfusion and persists until 48 h.

Aim To investigate the synergistic sensiti-zation effect of saikosaponin D(SSD)combined with temozolomide(TMZ)on glioblastoma cells(GBM)and its molecular mechanism.Methods The sensitiv-ity of RG-2,U251 and LN-428 GBM cell lines to SSD and TMZ was analyzed by CCK-8 method combined with HE staining,and the optimal compatible concen-tration was screened.The effect of HE staining com-bined with Hoechst fluorescence staining on the prolif-eration of GBM cell line was detected by clonal forma-tion experiment.The autophagosome formation of GBM cells was observed by monodansylcadaverine(MDC)staining.The expression and distribution of endoplas-mic reticulum stress-related factors and apoptosis and autophagy proteins were detected by Western blot and ICC.Results The sensitivity order of GBM cells to TMZ was RG-2＞U251＞LN-428.The results of com-bined administration showed the synergistic inhibitory effect of SSD combined with TMZ on proliferation of GBM cell lines,which was confirmed by cell cloning formation experiment.Compared with the TMZ group,Hoechst fluorescence staining showed a significant in-crease in the number of nuclear bright staining in the combined administration group.MDC fluorescence staining showed that there were more dense green parti-cles in the cytoplasm of SSD/TMZ plus group than that of TMZ group.Western blot results showed that com-pared with TMZ group,the expression of ER stress markers GRP78,CHOP,p-PERK and ATF6 signifi-cantly increased in SSD/TMZ group(P＜0.05).The expressions of apoptosis proteins caspase-12,caspase-9,caspase-3,cleaved caspase-3,Bax and autophagy proteins LC3 and Beclin-1 significantly increased(P＜0.05),which were verified by ICC test.Conclusions SSD can cooperate with TMZ to inhibit the prolifera-tion of GBM cells and induce apoptosis and autophagy,and enhance the sensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ by ac-tivating endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway.

Aim To investigate the protective effect of carnosine on BV2 cell damage induced by oxygen-glu-cose deprivation/reperfusion(OGD/R)and its role in mediating pyrodeath through the ROS/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway.Methods BV2 cells were randomly divided into the control group(Con),model group(OGD/R),carnosine group(OGD/R+CAR),inhibitor group(OGD/R+MCC950),and carnosine+inhibitor group(OGD/R+CAR+MCC950).The cell survival rate was detected by MTT assay.The release rate of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)in cell supernatant was detected by microenzyme labeling method.Cell damage was as-sessed using Hoechst 33342/SYTOX Green staining.ROS levels in cells were detected by DCFH-DA.The nucleation level of NF-κB p65 was observed by immu-nofluorescence.The protein expression levels of NLRP3,ASC,cleaved caspase-1,and GSDMD-N were detected by Western blot.The levels of IL-1 β and IL-18 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA.Results Com-pared with Con group,the survival rate of cells in the OGD/R group was significantly reduced,LDH release was significantly raised,cell morphology was damaged,and the positive rate of SYTOX Green was significantly elevated with ROS level in cells.The fluorescence in-tensity of NF-κB p65 in the nucleus increased,and the protein expression levels of NLRP3,ASC,cleaved caspase-1,GSDMD-N increased significantly,and the levels of IL-1 β and IL-18 in the cell superserum in-creased significantly.Compared with the OGD/R group,the survival rate of cells in other groups in-creased significantly,the LDH release rate significantly decreased,and the cell damage was improved to a cer-tain extent.The positive rate of SYTOX Green and ROS production in cells significantly decreased,and the fluorescence intensity of NF-κB p65 in nucleus markedly decreased.The expression levels of related proteins and the levels of IL-1 β and IL-18 in cell super-natant significantly decreased.Conclusion Carnosine can protect BV2 cells from OGD/R-induced damage by inhibiting oxidative stress and NF-κB activation,then inhibiting NLRP3/GSDMD signaling pathway.

Objective To examine the changing antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterobacter spp.isolates in 53 hospitals across China from 2015 t0 2021.Methods The clinical isolates of Enterobacter spp.were collected from 53 hospitals across China during 2015-2021 and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer method or automated testing systems according to the CHINET unified protocol.The results were interpreted according to the breakpoints issued by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute(CLSI)in 2021(M100 31st edition)and analyzed with WHONET 5.6 software.Results A total of 37 966 Enterobacter strains were isolated from 2015 to 2021.The proportion of Enterobacter isolates among all clinical isolates showed a fluctuating trend over the 7-year period,overall 2.5％in all clinical isolates amd 5.7％in Enterobacterale strains.The most frequently isolated Enterobacter species was Enterobacter cloacae,accounting for 93.7％(35 571/37 966).The strains were mainly isolated from respiratory specimens(44.4±4.6)％,followed by secretions/pus(16.4±2.3)％and urine(16.0±0.9)％.The strains from respiratory samples decreased slightly,while those from sterile body fluids increased over the 7-year period.The Enterobacter strains were mainly isolated from inpatients(92.9％),and only(7.1±0.8)％of the strains were isolated from outpatients and emergency patients.The patients in surgical wards contributed the highest number of isolates(24.4±2.9)％compared to the inpatients in any other departement.Overall,≤ 7.9％of the E.cloacae strains were resistant to amikacin,tigecycline,polymyxin B,imipenem or meropenem,while ≤5.6％of the Enterobacter asburiae strains were resistant to these antimicrobial agents.E.asburiae showed higher resistance rate to polymyxin B than E.cloacae(19.7％vs 3.9％).Overall,≤8.1％of the Enterobacter gergoviae strains were resistant to tigecycline,amikacin,meropenem,or imipenem,while 10.5％of these strains were resistant to polycolistin B.The overall prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter was 10.0％over the 7-year period,but showing an upward trend.The resistance profiles of Enterobacter isolates varied with the department from which they were isolated and whether the patient is an adult or a child.The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant E.cloacae was the highest in the E.cloacae isolates from ICU patients.Conclusions The results of the CHINET Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program indicate that the proportion of Enterobacter strains in all clinical isolates fluctuates slightly over the 7-year period from 2015 to 2021.The Enterobacter strains showed increasing resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs,especially carbapenems over the 7-year period.

African swine fever(ASF)is a highly contagious and pathogenic disease affecting both domestic and wild pigs,which is caused by African swine fever virus(ASFV).In European epidem-ics,low-virulence strains of ASFV,which do not have hemadsorbing properties,have been identi-fied.Following the identification of highly virulent genotype Ⅱ ASFV strains in China in 2018,subsequently,low-virulence strains of genotype Ⅱ and genotype Ⅰ emerged.Recombination be-tween genotypes Ⅰ and Ⅱ has also led to the occurrence of high-virulence strains.This indicates a complex and diverse genetic evolution of ASFV during the epidemiological transmission,which po-ses significant challenges for vaccine development and disease surveillance.Here,we provide an o-verview of the novel epidemiological characteristics of ASFV,with a focus on genetic variations and pathogenic differences during the outbreaks of ASF.We also explore how ASFV genetic varia-tions impact immune escape and pathogenicity of the virus,and the challenges they pose for vac-cine development,disease diagnosis,and surveillance.The aim of this review is to enhance our un-derstanding of the genetic evolution and mutation mechanisms of ASFV,providing a theoretical basis for the development of vaccines and research on diagnostic technologies.

AIM:To investigate the molecular mechanism of long noncoding RNA(lncRNA)SNHG1 in regu-lating ferroptosis to alleviate inflammation in CHME-5 human microglia induced by HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop.METHODS:CHME-5 human microglia were cultured in vitro,and were divided into 7 groups:blank group,random peptide group,gp120 V3 loop group(HIV-1 gp120 group),HIV-1 gp120+shCon group,HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2 group,HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+ferrostatin-1(Fer-1;ferroptosis inhibitor)group,and HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+EX527(Sirt1 in-hibitor)group.Normal CHME-5 cells were treated with random peptide or gp120 V3 loop for 24 h.After pretreatment of SNHG1 sh2 cells with inhibitors for 2 h,the cells were then treated with gp120 V3 loop for 24 h.The levels of inflammato-ry cytokines in the cell supernatants were detected by ELISA.Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11),glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),Sirt1 and p53.Microplate reader was used to detect the levels of intracellular ferrous ion(Fe2+)and malondialdehyde(MDA).RESULTS:(1)The results of ELISA showed that the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and IL-1β in HIV-1 gp120 group were significantly higher than those in blank group(P<0.05).Compared with HIV-1 gp120 group,the ex-pression levels of inflammatory cytokines in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2 group were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2 group,the expression levels of inflammatory factors in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+Fer-1 were significantly decreased(P<0.05),but those in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+EX527 group were significant-ly increased(P<0.01).(2)The results of Western blot showed that compared with blank group,the expression levels of ferroptosis-related proteins SLC7A11 and GPX4 in HIV-1 gp120 group were significantly down-regulated(P<0.01).Com-pared with HIV-1 gp120 group,the expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2 group were sig-nificantly up-regulated(P<0.01).Compared with HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2 group,the expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+Fer-1 group were significantly up-regulated(P<0.05),but the expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+EX527 group were significantly down-regulated(P<0.01),and the expression level of p53 was significantly up-regulated(P<0.05).(3)Compared with blank group,the levels of Fe2+and MDA in HIV-1 gp120 group were significantly increased(P<0.05).Compared with HIV-1 gp120 group,the levels of Fe2+and MDA in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2 group were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2 group,Fe2+and MDA in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+Fer-1 group were significantly decreased(P<0.05),but those in HIV-1 gp120+SNHG1 sh2+EX527 group was significantly increased(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Knockdown of SNHG1 can attenuate the inflammation in microglia induced by HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop,which may be achieved by regulating ferrop-tosis-related signaling molecules through the Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway.

AIM:To investigate the effect of ankyrin repeat domain 49(ANKRD49)on epithelial-mesenchy-mal transition(EMT)in NCI-H1299 cells,and to explore its mechanism.METHODS:The ANKRD49 was over-ex-pressed in NCI-H1299 cells.The morphological changes of ANKRD49-overpressing NCI-H1299 cells were observed under microscope.The mRNA and protein expression levels of EMT-related markers[E-cadherin,transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1),vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)]and EMT-related transcription factors(Snail1,Slug,Twist and ZEB1)were detected by RT-qPCR Western blot.Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the localiza-tion and expression of E-cadherin and vimentin in ANKRD49-overexpressing cells or control cells.Immunohistochemical method was performed to examine the levels of E-cadherin,α-SMA,Snail,Slug and ZEB1 in lung tissues of nude mice in-oculated with ANKRD49-overexpressing H1299 cells or control cells.RESULTS:Compared with the control group,the ANKRD49 overexpressing cells showed mesenchymal cell morphology(fusiform and less tight connections).RT-qPCR and Western blot results showed that the mRNA and protein levels of mesenchymal markers vimentin and α-SMA in ANKRD49 overexpressing cells were significantly higher than those in cells of control group,while the mRNA and protein levels of epithelial marker E-cadherin were lower than those in cells of control group.Compared with control group,the im-munofluorescence intensity of E-cadherin of H1299 cells decreased in after ANKRD49 overexpression,while that of vimen-tin increased significantly.Snail,Slug and ZEB1 expression were significantly elevated in ANKRD49 overexpressing cells compared with control group.The levels of E-cadherin in lung tissues of nude mice inoculated with ANKRD49-overexpressing H1299 cells declined,while the levels of α-SMA,Snail,Slug and ZEB1 increased compared with those in control mice.CONCLUSION:ANKRD49 promoted EMT of NCI-H1299 cells by increasing the expression of Snail1,Slug and ZEB1 and consequent downreguation of E-cadherin and upregulation of vimentin and α-SMA.