The chapter Zhouyu in Guoyu says "Qi of the heaven and the earth moves without losing its order." With lucidity ascending and turbidity descending， Qi moves in a normal state， and Yin and Yang consolidate the foundation of the body. The mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity leads to the disorder of Qi movement， thus causing diseases. It is a pathological state of disorder between ascending and descending， as well as between entering and exiting， gradually evolving into a state of turbidity affecting lucidity and transforming into pathogen， which can be used to interpret and analyze the core of disease pathogenesis. The theory of lucidity and turbidity is connected with the harmony of nutrient and defensive aspects， Qi circulation， and sweat pore associating with Qi movement， and it has common implications with immune responses and nutrient metabolism system， intestinal mucosal barrier function， and mitochondrial energy synthesis. Modern studies have shown that intestinal flora imbalance， bile acid receptor inactivation， macrophage polarization imbalance， epithelial-mesenchymal transition， ferroptosis and other related microscopic pathological mechanisms are involved in the development and progression of ulcerative colitis. By delving into the common meaning of the classic theory of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity in traditional Chinese medicine and modern medical pathological mechanisms， this paper summarizes the correspondence between the micropathological mechanism and the theory of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity in the regulation and mamagement of ulcerative colitis. The combined use of sweet and warm medicinal materials consolidates the middle Qi and activates Qi circulation， thus ascending lucidity and descending turbidity. The combined use of pungent medicinal materials for dispersing and bitter medicinal materials for descending simultaneously raises warm and clear Qi. Wind-extinguishing medicinal materials facilitate the ascending of Qi and the opening of sweat pores. Accordingly， turbidity descends and lucidity ascends. The prescriptions incorporating these medication principles are in agreement with the therapeutic approach of following the normal flow of lucidity and turbidity. This paper clarifies the scientific connotation and micropathologic mechanism of ulcerative colitis from the perspective of mutual interference between lucidity and turbidity， providing new theories and prescriptions for the clinical diagnosis， treatment， and prevention of ulcerative colitis.

Objective:To observe any therapeutic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with intermittent oroesophageal tube feeding (IOE) on dysphagia among ischemic stroke survivors.Methods:Eighty-four ischemic stroke survivors with dysphagia were randomized into an observation group and a control group, each of 42. In addition to conventional rehabilitation, swallowing training and IOE, the observation group received tDCS while the control group received sham stimulation. Before and after 14 days of this treatment, both groups′ swallowing, life quality and depression were evaluated using the Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS), the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), the Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI), and a 9-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9).Results:There were no significant differences between the two groups before the experiment in terms of their general data, their average PAS, FOIS, DHI or PHQ-9 scores, or the incidence of depression. After the treatment, significant improvement was observed in the above indicators among both groups, but with significantly better average PAS, FOIS, DHI [(51.25±6.78) vs. (44.78±5.75)] and PHQ-9 [(4.17±1.15) vs. (6.01±1.93)] scores and less depression (14.29% vs. 42.86%) in the observation group compared with the control group.Conclusions:Combining tDCS with IOE better improves swallowing function, depression, and life quality after an ischemic stroke.

The theory of "Yang transforming Qi while Yin constituting form" in the Huangdi's Internal Classic is derived from the application， transformation， movement， and balance of Tao. It is highly condensed， revealing the true meaning of Tao and guiding the changes and progress of all natural things， including diseases. Therefore， the appearance of various physical diseases is the manifestation of Yin-Yang Qi transformation. Sweat pore， formed by the Qi transformation of Yin and Yang， is the nourishing and regulating system. It serves as the hub and channel， assisting in the flow and transformation of Qi， facilitating the exchange of material， energy， and information with the outside world. With sweat pore as the hub and based on the macro-control and holistic thinking of "Yang transforming Qi while Yin constituting form"， this paper explores the microscopic mechanisms underlying chronic liver disease. In combination with the roles of mitochondria， exosomes， and the ultraliver sieve structure in the formation and progression of chronic liver disease， this paper elucidates the close internal relationship between the disease's initial quality， symptom signs， and its physiological and pathological functions under the guidance of this theory. Modern studies have shown that autophagy， intestinal flora disorders， glucose and lipid metabolism disturbances， activation of inflammatory factors， ferroptosis， and other microscopic pathological mechanisms are involved in the occurrence and development of chronic liver disease. The common connotation of the Yin-Yang concept in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and the pathological mechanisms in modern medicine is deeply analyzed. The corresponding relevant microscopic mechanisms and the guiding role of the theory of "Yang transforming Qi while Yin constituting form-sweat pore" in the management of chronic liver disease are summarized. Wind medicine promotes growth and transformation through sweat pore. The combination of pungent and sweet medicines facilitates Yang and disperse Yin. The formulas， combining the characteristics of wind medicine and pungent and sweet medicines， fit the principle of "Yang transforming Qi while Yin constituting form-sweat pore". This paper combines both macro and micro perspectives to explain the scientific connotation and microscopic mechanisms of chronic liver disease based on the theory of "Yang transforming Qi while Yin constituting form-sweat pore"， and explore the prevention and treatment of chronic liver disease through the principles， methods， prescriptions， and medicines featured by combination of pungent and sweet medicines， facilitating Yang， activating sweat pore， and dispersing Yin， providing new ideas and reference for the clinical treatment of chronic liver disease.

Objective To explore the injury types,associated injuries,and correlations of the lateral meniscus posterior root(LMPR),and to improve the comprehensive understanding of LMPR and its associated injuries.Methods The patients with LMPR who underwent knee MRI examination were retrospectively selected.A total of 223 patients with LMPR injury were classified into 4 types.The integ-rity of the meniscofemoral ligament and the grading of the cartilage injuries in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment were recorded.The relationship between the types of LMPR injury and the lateral meniscus tear locations,as well as lateral meniscus extrusion were analyzed.The relationship between the integrity of the meniscofemoral ligament and lateral meniscus extrusion was analyzed.The correlation between the time to clinical presentation after injury and the grading of the cartilage injuries was analyzed in patients with anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)ruptures.Results The incidence of LMPR injury was 1.02％,with males affected 2.19 times more frequently than females.Among patients with ACL ruptures,the incidence was 13.17％.Both type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ LMPR inju-ries predominantly involved only the posterior root,while type Ⅲ injuries mainly affected the posterior root extending to the posterior horn and body.The incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion was higher in type Ⅲ LMPR injury than in type Ⅱ.When the menis-cofemoral ligament was not intact,the incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion increased.In patients with ACL ruptures,a longer time to clinical presentation after injury was associated with more severe cartilage injuries grading in the lateral tibiofemoral compart-ment.Conclusion Males are more susceptible to LMPR injuries than females.The classification of LMPR injuries is correlated with the location of the lateral meniscus tears and the incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion.The integrity of the meniscofemoral lig-ament is related to the incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion.The time to clinical presentation after injury is related to the sever-ity of cartilage injury in ACL rupture patients.

Objective To explore the injury types,associated injuries,and correlations of the lateral meniscus posterior root(LMPR),and to improve the comprehensive understanding of LMPR and its associated injuries.Methods The patients with LMPR who underwent knee MRI examination were retrospectively selected.A total of 223 patients with LMPR injury were classified into 4 types.The integ-rity of the meniscofemoral ligament and the grading of the cartilage injuries in the lateral tibiofemoral compartment were recorded.The relationship between the types of LMPR injury and the lateral meniscus tear locations,as well as lateral meniscus extrusion were analyzed.The relationship between the integrity of the meniscofemoral ligament and lateral meniscus extrusion was analyzed.The correlation between the time to clinical presentation after injury and the grading of the cartilage injuries was analyzed in patients with anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)ruptures.Results The incidence of LMPR injury was 1.02％,with males affected 2.19 times more frequently than females.Among patients with ACL ruptures,the incidence was 13.17％.Both type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ LMPR inju-ries predominantly involved only the posterior root,while type Ⅲ injuries mainly affected the posterior root extending to the posterior horn and body.The incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion was higher in type Ⅲ LMPR injury than in type Ⅱ.When the menis-cofemoral ligament was not intact,the incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion increased.In patients with ACL ruptures,a longer time to clinical presentation after injury was associated with more severe cartilage injuries grading in the lateral tibiofemoral compart-ment.Conclusion Males are more susceptible to LMPR injuries than females.The classification of LMPR injuries is correlated with the location of the lateral meniscus tears and the incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion.The integrity of the meniscofemoral lig-ament is related to the incidence of the lateral meniscus extrusion.The time to clinical presentation after injury is related to the sever-ity of cartilage injury in ACL rupture patients.

Objective:To observe any therapeutic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with intermittent oroesophageal tube feeding (IOE) on dysphagia among ischemic stroke survivors.Methods:Eighty-four ischemic stroke survivors with dysphagia were randomized into an observation group and a control group, each of 42. In addition to conventional rehabilitation, swallowing training and IOE, the observation group received tDCS while the control group received sham stimulation. Before and after 14 days of this treatment, both groups′ swallowing, life quality and depression were evaluated using the Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS), the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), the Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI), and a 9-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9).Results:There were no significant differences between the two groups before the experiment in terms of their general data, their average PAS, FOIS, DHI or PHQ-9 scores, or the incidence of depression. After the treatment, significant improvement was observed in the above indicators among both groups, but with significantly better average PAS, FOIS, DHI [(51.25±6.78) vs. (44.78±5.75)] and PHQ-9 [(4.17±1.15) vs. (6.01±1.93)] scores and less depression (14.29% vs. 42.86%) in the observation group compared with the control group.Conclusions:Combining tDCS with IOE better improves swallowing function, depression, and life quality after an ischemic stroke.

Objective To investigate the classification,concomitant injuries,and their correlations of medial meniscus posterior root(MMPR)injuries through a large-sample analysis,to enhance the comprehensive understanding of MMPR and related injuries.Methods A total of 240 patients with MMPR injuries were divided into 5 types.The distance of the torn end separation and the value of meniscus protrusion of MMPR were measured,and the grading of cartilage injury in the medial tibiofemoral compartment was recorded.The relationships between MMPR injuries and meniscus tear location,tear type,meniscus protrusion,and grading of cartilage injury were analyzed.Results The incidence of MMPR injuries was 2.82％,with females being 3.14 times more affected than males.Medial meniscus tears in type 1 and type 4 MMPR injuries were predominantly located in the posterior horn and posterior root,while there were no statistical differences among types 2,3,and 5.Type 1 MMPR injuries were predominantly oblique tears,types 2,3,and 5 were predominantly radial and complex tears,and type 4 was predominantly complex tears.The incidence of meniscus protrusion was sig-nificantly higher in types 3 and 4 MMPR injuries compared to other types.The value of medial meniscus protrusion was greater in type 4 MMPR than in type 3.In type 3 MMPR injuries,a larger torn end separation distance correlated with a greater value of medial meniscus protrusion.The severity of MMPR injuries correlated positively with the grading of cartilage injury in the medial tibiofemo-ral compartment.Conclusion Females are more prone to MMPR injuries than males.The classification of MMPR injuries correlates with the location and type of medial meniscus tears,as well as medial meniscus protrusion.There is a positive correlation between the torn end separation distance and the value of meniscus protrusion in MMPR injuries.The severity of MMPR injuries correlates with the degree of cartilage injury in the medial tibiofemoral compartment.

Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular degradation pathway that degrades lipid droplets through a process called"lipophagy".Lipophagy can selectively recognize lipid substances and degrade them,promoting β oxidation and thereby maintaining the balance of intracellular lipid metabolism.The liver regulates lipid droplet metabolism through lipophagy signaling pathways or key molecules,thereby alleviating hepatic steatosis and improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).This article reviews the latest advances in the degradation of hepatic lipid droplets through the three autophagic pathways of macroautophagy,molecular chaperone-mediated autophagy,and microautophagy.The major signaling pathways of AMPK/mTOR-ULK1,ATGL-SIRT1,FGF21-JMJD3,and Akt are involved in the regulation of the lipophagy process and help to maintain the homeostasis of lipid metabolism in the liver,so as to provide new ideas for clinical prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Objective:To evaluate the surgical effect of repairing soft tissue defect of hand and foot with medial gastrocnemius fascia flap combined with skin graft.Methods:From January, 2018 to June, 2019, 10 patients were treated with transfers of free medial gastrocnemius fascia flaps combined with skin graft to repair soft tissue defect of hand and foot. The size of free fascial flap was 5.0 cm×8.0 cm-12.0 cm×15.0 cm. After successful transfer on the wound, the skin was grafted onto the fascial flap, and the donor site was sutured directly. The appearance and function of the recipient and donor sites were observed and the effect of the operation was evaluated. Sensory recovery was assessed by the standard set by British Medical Research Council (BMRC) at the last follow-up.Results:All the free medial gastrocnemius fascia flap survived. After 6-10 days of granulation tissue growing, the skin grafts were transferred and all survived. All patients entered follow-up for 3-9 months, with an average of 7.5 months. The tissue at the recipient sites were soft and wear-resistant without swelling or ulceration. According to the self-designed evaluation system of soft tissue defect reconstruction, 10 patients had score from 68 to 92 (average, 75.2) . At the last follow-up, sensory recovery was assessed by BMRC, 7 cases were excellent and 3 cases were good.Conclusion:The repair of hand and foot soft tissue defect by the free medial gastrocnemius fascia flap combined with skin graft has advantages in constancy of vascular anatomy of free fascia tissue, long vascular pedicle and for repair of various types of hand and foot defects. Skin of the recipient area is soft with good appearance without swelling after the reconstruction of fascia flap. It is a method of treatment in repair of soft tissue defect of hand and foot by avoiding the thinning of a flap in the second procedure.

Objective:To explore the effect of autologous fat transplantation based on the fine anatomy of the female perineum and aesthetic standards.Methods:From June 2015 to September 2020, 25 female patients with perineal cosmetology requirements in the Department of Plastic Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, aged from 28 to 55 years, with an average of 33.7 years. 50-80 ml of the patient＇s autologous fat were collected and filled according to the perineal anatomy and aesthetic standards. Postoperative anti-inflammatory treatment was implemented and sexual life was forbidden for 2 weeks.Results:25 patients were satisfied with the filling effect immediately after operation. Follow-up for 7 days, 1, 3, and 6 months after operation, 20 of 21 cases underwent pudendal filling operation were very satisfied with the postoperative morphology, and 1 case was less satisfied. Among the 20 cases underwent vaginal filling and labia major filling, 17 cases were very satisfied with the postoperative morphology, 2 cases were satisfied after the operation, and 1 case was less satisfied. Of the 10 cases underwent vaginal and G-spot injection, 6 cases were satisfied after the operation. The morphology was very satisfactory, 2 cases were more satisfactory, and 2 cases were less satisfactory. According to a survey of 25 cases of postoperative sexual life satisfaction, 19 cases (76%) had a significant improvement in their conscious sexual life, 3 cases had a more obvious improvement, 1 case had less improvement, and 2 cases had no conscious improvement.Conclusions:The autologous fat injection based on the fine anatomy and aesthetics of the perineum can significantly improve the aesthetic appearance of the perineum.