OBJECTIVE To investigate the current status of pharmaceutical care in medical institutions in China， and provide experience and suggestions for better development of pharmaceutical care. METHODS Questionnaire survey was used to investigate the development of pharmaceutical care in medical institutions in 31 provinces （autonomous regions and municipalities directly） in March 2023， and descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression analysis on the influencing factors of pharmaceutical care were conducted. RESULTS A total of 1 368 questionnaires were sent out， and 1 304 valid questionnaires were collected with the effective recovery rate of 95.32%. Pharmaceutical care was carried out in 671 medical institutions （51.46%）， and the rates of pharmaceutical care in tertiary， secondary， primary and other medical institutions were 74.79%， 27.97% and 7.35%， respectively. The average number of patients receiving pharmaceutical care was 2 638.96 per year， and there were 8.33 pharmacists in each medical institution to carry out pharmaceutical care， among which 93.68% were clinical pharmacists. The main departments covered by pharmaceutical care services included respiratory and critical care medicine， cardiology， intensive care unit， endocrinology， oncology， gastroenterology， obstetrics and gynecology and other departments. There were only 48 medical institutions （7.15%） with additional compensation for pharmaceutical care services. The main experiences of developing pharmaceutical care were to pay attention to talent cultivation and discipline construction， but the main difficulties were serious shortage of staff and qualified talents， low compensation level and low enthusiasm. Grade of medical institutions， the number of pharmacists engaged in clinical pharmacy， the number of qualified clinical pharmacists and the degree of information in the pharmacy department were the main influencing factors for carrying out pharmaceutical care （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS In recent years， pharmaceutical care in Chinese medical institutions has made certain progress， while that of primary medical institutions， secondary medical institutions and other medical institutions should be improved. In the future， it is still necessary to further enhance the implementation of pharmaceutical care， promote personnel training， and attach importance to demonstrating the value of pharmaceutical care， thereby promoting the sustainable and high- quality development of pharmaceutical care.

Objective To define the conceptual connotation of network dynamic collaboration capacity in medical surge response and construct its theoretical model.Methods A mixed concept analysis method was employed,integrating multidisciplinary literature and collecting empirical evidence through semi-structured expert interviews to extract the concept of network dynamic collaboration capacity in medical surge response.By integrating complex systems,network science,synergetics,and dynamic capability theory,and combining the interview results,the study used the analogy of flood control in hydraulic engineering to develop a"network-dynamic-collaboration"triangular capacity theoretical model.Results It reveals one antecedents(sudden external shocks have led to an abnormal and continuous surge in medical demand),six core attributes(information interconnection accessibility,dynamic resource adaptability,risk perception responsiveness,multi-party collaborative interactivity,service process adaptability elasticity,and learning iterative evolution),and four consequences(mitigation of crowding risk,protection of service continuity,minimization of crisis spillover,and enhancement of system resilience)for the network dynamic collaboration capacity in medical surge response.The theoretical model elucidates the coupling mechanisms among network structural resilience,dynamic regulation processes,and collaborative co-evolution in resisting medical surge.Conclusion The new concept and theoretical model proposed in this study deepen the understanding of medical surge response system mechanisms and offer a theoretical framework and practical guidance for strengthening the full-chain resilience of health emergency systems.

Objective To empirically analyze multiple pathways for enhancing medical surge response capacity and provide useful references for improving the resilience of health systems.Methods A comprehensive theoretical analysis framework for improving medical surge response capacity was constructed based on the 4S theory and collaborative governance theory.68 interview texts on medical surge response capacity conducted in July 2024 were selected as analysis samples.Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis(fsQCA),7 conditional variables were selected from four dimensions:management system,information system,materials,and personnel to analyze their impact on medical surge response capacity.Results(1)A single conditional variable does not constitute a necessary condition for improving medical surge response capacity;(2)After the combination of conditions,8 specific configuration paths for capacity improvement were identified.Through systematic and comprehensive refinement,they were summarized into three modes of comprehensive configuration capacity improvement paths,namely:rapid response and collaborative operation mode,information empowerment and precise response mode,and resource conditions and resilience construction mode.Conclusion It is necessary to explore and construct systematic,combined,modularized and path-oriented capacity building strategies,refine the operational implementation paths for improving China's medical surge response capacity,target the linkage and configuration modes of different conditional variables,promote the formulation and implementation of modular construction schemes oriented by key capacity,and make efforts from multiple aspects to enhance the resilience of the health system.

Objective To define the conceptual connotation of network dynamic collaboration capacity in medical surge response and construct its theoretical model.Methods A mixed concept analysis method was employed,integrating multidisciplinary literature and collecting empirical evidence through semi-structured expert interviews to extract the concept of network dynamic collaboration capacity in medical surge response.By integrating complex systems,network science,synergetics,and dynamic capability theory,and combining the interview results,the study used the analogy of flood control in hydraulic engineering to develop a"network-dynamic-collaboration"triangular capacity theoretical model.Results It reveals one antecedents(sudden external shocks have led to an abnormal and continuous surge in medical demand),six core attributes(information interconnection accessibility,dynamic resource adaptability,risk perception responsiveness,multi-party collaborative interactivity,service process adaptability elasticity,and learning iterative evolution),and four consequences(mitigation of crowding risk,protection of service continuity,minimization of crisis spillover,and enhancement of system resilience)for the network dynamic collaboration capacity in medical surge response.The theoretical model elucidates the coupling mechanisms among network structural resilience,dynamic regulation processes,and collaborative co-evolution in resisting medical surge.Conclusion The new concept and theoretical model proposed in this study deepen the understanding of medical surge response system mechanisms and offer a theoretical framework and practical guidance for strengthening the full-chain resilience of health emergency systems.

Objective To empirically analyze multiple pathways for enhancing medical surge response capacity and provide useful references for improving the resilience of health systems.Methods A comprehensive theoretical analysis framework for improving medical surge response capacity was constructed based on the 4S theory and collaborative governance theory.68 interview texts on medical surge response capacity conducted in July 2024 were selected as analysis samples.Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis(fsQCA),7 conditional variables were selected from four dimensions:management system,information system,materials,and personnel to analyze their impact on medical surge response capacity.Results(1)A single conditional variable does not constitute a necessary condition for improving medical surge response capacity;(2)After the combination of conditions,8 specific configuration paths for capacity improvement were identified.Through systematic and comprehensive refinement,they were summarized into three modes of comprehensive configuration capacity improvement paths,namely:rapid response and collaborative operation mode,information empowerment and precise response mode,and resource conditions and resilience construction mode.Conclusion It is necessary to explore and construct systematic,combined,modularized and path-oriented capacity building strategies,refine the operational implementation paths for improving China's medical surge response capacity,target the linkage and configuration modes of different conditional variables,promote the formulation and implementation of modular construction schemes oriented by key capacity,and make efforts from multiple aspects to enhance the resilience of the health system.

In modern society,the diversity of risk causes,the complexity of risk trans-mission paths and the cascading effect of risk consequences make the uncertainty of the run risk of medical and health system increase sharply,and risk governance has become a rising topic in the academic circle.However,the traditional risk management system is riddled with difficulties,which has been difficult to meet the needs of modern governance,and resilient governance provides a new perspective for improving the governance capacity of the medical and health system run risk,and promotes risk management to"turn brittle into tough".How to empower the technical advantages of resilience governance to manage the run risk of the healthcare system,break the obstruction of the traditional governance mechanism,and explore its internal mechanism and driving mechanism are the key issues to realize the innovation of resilient governance and the modernization of governance capacity.

Defensive medicine is a complex clinical decision-making phenomenon caused by the change of medical system and the generalization of medical risk.Based on the multi-dimensional driving perspective decon-structs defensive medicine into three types:quality improvement behaviorassurance behavior and avoidance behaviorintegrates event system theory,affective event theory,social cognition theory,self-worth orientation the-oryand builds a multi-dimensional driving chain of"environment-event-emotion-cognitive-attitudinal behavior".Systematically deconstruct the formation mechanism of defensive medicine.The multi-dimensional driving analysis shows that the intensitytime and space of the event jointly trigger the behavior adjustment;Emotional factors af-fect decision-making directly or indirectly through attitude mediating;Environmentcognition and behavior interacted with each other to form a cycle.Behavior is differentiated by attitudinal orientation.On this basis collaborative gover-nance strategies such as optimizing dispute handling mechanismcreating doctor-patient trust atmosphereand im-proving value incentive system are proposed to provide theoretical support and practical path for improving doc-tor-patient relationship and medical quality.

In modern society,the diversity of risk causes,the complexity of risk trans-mission paths and the cascading effect of risk consequences make the uncertainty of the run risk of medical and health system increase sharply,and risk governance has become a rising topic in the academic circle.However,the traditional risk management system is riddled with difficulties,which has been difficult to meet the needs of modern governance,and resilient governance provides a new perspective for improving the governance capacity of the medical and health system run risk,and promotes risk management to"turn brittle into tough".How to empower the technical advantages of resilience governance to manage the run risk of the healthcare system,break the obstruction of the traditional governance mechanism,and explore its internal mechanism and driving mechanism are the key issues to realize the innovation of resilient governance and the modernization of governance capacity.

Defensive medicine is a complex clinical decision-making phenomenon caused by the change of medical system and the generalization of medical risk.Based on the multi-dimensional driving perspective decon-structs defensive medicine into three types:quality improvement behaviorassurance behavior and avoidance behaviorintegrates event system theory,affective event theory,social cognition theory,self-worth orientation the-oryand builds a multi-dimensional driving chain of"environment-event-emotion-cognitive-attitudinal behavior".Systematically deconstruct the formation mechanism of defensive medicine.The multi-dimensional driving analysis shows that the intensitytime and space of the event jointly trigger the behavior adjustment;Emotional factors af-fect decision-making directly or indirectly through attitude mediating;Environmentcognition and behavior interacted with each other to form a cycle.Behavior is differentiated by attitudinal orientation.On this basis collaborative gover-nance strategies such as optimizing dispute handling mechanismcreating doctor-patient trust atmosphereand im-proving value incentive system are proposed to provide theoretical support and practical path for improving doc-tor-patient relationship and medical quality.

The construction of a medication safety culture is important for medication safety management and rational drug use.The construction of medication safety culture standards is formulated based on relevant national policies and regulations,accreditation standards for hospitals,expert opinions,the current situation,and the development trend of the healthcare industry.With scientificity,general applicability,instructive guidance,and practicality,they standardized basic requirements,management processes,and improvement of the construction of medication safety culture.To facilitate understanding and the implementation of the standards,we describe the process of standards formulation and explain the key points of the standards.