Although global brain science research has progressed rapidly in recent decades, several fundamental questions in neuroscience remain unresolved. In particular, the physical mechanism underlying neural signal transmission remains controversial, and the carriers responsible for neural information storage and retrieval have not yet been fully clarified. These unresolved issues motivate us to re-examine the processes of neural information generation, transmission, integration, storage, and retrieval from multiple perspectives. A key observation is that neural electromagnetic activities are closely associated with time. Their duration, temporal structure, and dynamic evolution play crucial roles in neural information processing. In this work, we analyze neural electromagnetic activities from the perspective of temporal scales (referred to here as the “time course”). By reviewing and integrating findings from previous studies, we examine the characteristic time requirements and dynamic features of neural processes occurring at different stages of information processing. These stages include neural signal generation, signal transmission along axons, synaptic integration, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation and retrieval. Based on this temporal analysis, we outline a framework describing neural electromagnetic activities across a wide range of time scales, spanning from microseconds to minutes, hours, or even longer periods associated with long-term memory, which suggests that neural information processing involves multiple physical processes operating at different time levels. Rapid electromagnetic events may occur on microsecond scales, whereas electrophysiological phenomena such as action potentials typically last on the order of milliseconds. Longer time scales are associated with synaptic plasticity and memory-related processes. From this perspective, we propose that the physical carrier of neural information may be transient electromagnetic pulses with durations on the microsecond scale. In this framework, action potentials can be interpreted as the macroscopic electrophysiological manifestation of underlying electromagnetic processes triggered by ionic currents across neuronal membranes. Rather than being the fundamental neural signal itself, the action potential may represent a measurable membrane-level response associated with the successful activation of these electromagnetic events. Moreover, we discuss a possible mechanism for long-term memory storage. Considering the apparent temporal contradiction between the millisecond-scale excitation of neurons and the long-term persistence of memories, we believe that long-term memory information may be stored within neural network topologies formed by electrical synapse coupling. Such structures, referred to as electrically coupled memory networks (ECMNs), may enable neurons within the same network to respond rapidly and synchronously to stimuli, thereby facilitating efficient memory retrieval. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of considering the temporal organization of neural electromagnetic activities when interpreting neural signaling mechanisms. It may provide new insights into the physical nature of neural information carriers and the mechanisms of memory storage and retrieval. Furthermore, highlighting the potential role of electromagnetic interactions in neural activity may contribute to the development of new theoretical frameworks and experimental approaches in neuroscience. Such perspectives may also offer valuable references for future research on neural coding, brain function mechanisms, and neuromodulation technologies.

Objective This study reports on the obligatory parasitism of water mites Arrenurus sp. on Anopheles messeae at the Manzhouli Port, Inner Mongolia, China. Methods Duing July 2024, a survey on the mosquito diversity was conducted at the Manzhouli Port. Captured mosquitoes and their ectoparasites were identified to species level. Results A total of 1840 adult mosquitoes were collected, representing species from three genera: Culex(Cx. modestus, Cx. pipiens pallens), Aedes(Ae. dorsalis, Ae. flavidorsalis, Ae. flavescens), and Anopheles (An. messeae). Among all the mosqutioes specimens,3 out of 150 captured An. messeae were found to carry ectoparasitic mites, with number of 2,4,27 mites separately. Morphological and molecular identification reached the same result as water mites(Hydrachnidiae, Hydracrina). COI gene sequence showed 94% similarity with the closest species Arrenurus truncatellus. Conlusions Literature review suggests water mites are host-specific parasitism of mosquito species and herein with the first record of Arrenurus sp. parasiting on An. Messeae in the most high-latitude region globally.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of male genital system lympho-ma(MGSL).Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological and immunophenotypic features and prognosis of 80 ca-ses of MGSL.Results:The onset age of the MGSL patients ranged from 4 to 85(median 62)years old.All the cases showed non-specificity of the imaging features and clinical manifestations.MGSL was located mainly in the testis(n=66),followed by the pros-tate(n=7),epididymis(n=3),scrotum(n=3)and penile glans(n=1).Diffused large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL)was the most common pathological type(n=62),next came extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)(n=7)and other rare types(n=12).During the 1-112-month follow-up of 10 of the 19 patients,1 died at 1 month af-ter diagnosed with prostatic B-lymphoblastic lymphoma(B-LBL)and another 1 died at 50 months after diagnosed with testicular DLBCL.Conclusion:MGSL is rare clinically,mainly of the DLBCL type pathologically,lacking specificity in clinical symptoms and imaging manifestation.The definite diagnosis of the malignancy depends on histopathology combined with related molecular exami-nation and immunohistochemical labeling,and R-CHOP chemotherapy is the first choice for its treatment.

The ocean plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle,and base on the"dual carbon"goals,ocean carbon sinks have received widespread attention.Shellfish aquaculture is one of the most important sources of carbon sinks in fisheries,which has an important impact on the offshore carbon cy-cle.As global temperature rises and ocean acidification intensifies,the capacity of the ocean to absorb CO2 will change.However,the effects of high temperature on the physiology and transcriptome related to carbon metabolism in Mytilus coruscus are not clear enough.This study investigated the effects of high temperatures on the total carbon content,carbon metabolism,antioxidant-related enzyme activities,and the transcriptome of Mytilus coruscus.The results showed that high temperature significantly inhibited the activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase,increased carbonic anhydrase activity(P＜0.05),de-creased the ATP content of digestive glands(P＜0.05),and affected glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle,leading to a significant decrease in the mussel's ability to sequester carbon.High temperature re-sulted in significant(P＜0.05)increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde,and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase.Observations by transmission electron microscopy showed that high temperatures damaged the subcellular structure of the digestive gland in Mytilus coruscus,resulting in the shrinkage of the nucleolus,swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum,and a significant reduction in the mitochondrial cristae.Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum,antigen pro-cessing and presentation,and MAPK signaling pathway.The downregulated DEGs were mainly enriched in necroptosis,DNA replication,and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway.In antioxidant-related DEGs,the upregulated DEGs include vitamin K epoxide reductase,peroxidases,heat shock protein 105 kD,heat shock protein 70 kD,and superoxide dismutase;The downregulated DEGs mainly included NADPH oxidase,glutathione reductase,cytochrome b-245,cytochrome P450,and quinone reductase.The up-regulated genes enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway included chitinase,phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase,phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,galactokinase,and inositol trisphosphate 3-kinase.The downregulated genes included aldose-1-epimerase,carbonic anhydrase,galactose mutaro-tase,acyl-CoA synthetase,alcohol dehydrogenase,and hexokinase.In conclusion,high temperature has an inhibitory effect on the activities of enzymes and the expression of genes related to carbon metabolism in Mytilus coruscus.The results of this study are intended to provide a scientific basis for the healthy de-velopment of mussel aquaculture and the assessment of carbon sinks.

Objective:To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of recombinant coagulation factor Ⅷ (Octocog alfa) in Chinese patients with hemophilia A (HA) enrolled in the International Antihemophilic Factor Hemophilia A Outcome Database (AHEAD) study (NCT02078427) .Methods:Enrollment of Chinese patients in the AHEAD study was completed by January 2021, and data were collected up to July 15, 2022. This study primarily assessed patients in terms of the Gilbert score, global gait score within the Hemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS), annualized bleeding rate (ABR), annualized joint bleeding rate, and adverse events.Results:A total of 168 male patients were included in this study, of which 113 received prophylactic treatment and 53 received on-demand treatment. The average age of the patients was 21.4±13.37 years. Compared with baseline, the global gait score within HJHS significantly decreased during the 1-year follow-up in patients with moderately severe HA in the prophylactic treatment group ( P=0.01) and on-demand treatment group ( P=0.008). The mean reduction in Gilbert score was greater in the prophylactic treatment group than in the on-demand treatment group (28.6% vs 8.2%). The average ABR decreased significantly during the 1-year follow-up (3.70 vs 7.78, P=0.01) in the prophylactic treatment group, particularly in patients with severe HA (2.14 vs 8.98, P=0.006) and pediatric patients (2.1 vs 4.73, P=0.03). The ABR score also decreased significantly in the moderate-dose prophylactic treatment group ( P=0.015). During the 1-year follow-up, 25 patients (14.9%) reported 39 adverse events, with only one patient developing treatment-related F Ⅷ inhibitor. Conclusion:Joint mobility improved in patients receiving either prophylactic or on-demand Octocog alfa. Bleeding episodes significantly reduced in patients receiving prophylactic treatment, particularly in pediatric patients and those with severe HA.

Objective:To investigate the associations between thyroid homeostasis and risk of carotid plaque in healthy euthyroid individuals.Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, 4 726 healthy euthyroid adults who received health examination two times or more in the Health Promotion Center of the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University from January 2018 to December 2024 and had no carotid artery plaques at the baseline were selected. Data encompassed demographics, physical and laboratory tests, carotid ultrasound, and calculated thyroid sensitivity indices [thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI), thyroid hormone resistance index (TT4RI), thyroid-stimulating hormone index (TSHI), and free triiodothyronine (FT3)/free thyroxine (FT4) ratio] were recorded. The participants were divided into two groups based on whether they had newly-developed carotid plaques. The associations between thyroid homeostasis indices and risk of carotid plaque were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression and restricted cubic splines.Results:During 11 459 person-years of follow-up, the cumulative incidence of carotid plaque was 16.84%, with an incidence density of 6.95 cases per 100 person-years. After multivariable adjustment, FT3 ( HR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.68-0.93) and FT4 ( HR=0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.98) were inversely associated with risk of carotid plaque. TSH and thyroid hormone sensitivity showed no significant association with the occurrence of carotid plaques. Subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant interaction between thyroid function indicators and risk of carotid plaque among different subgroups, but the decreased FT3 and FT4 levels significantly increased the risk of new-onset carotid plaques in individuals aged<60 years, without diabetes, without hypertension, or without lipid-lowering medication use. Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated that when TFQI (nonlinear P=0.028, node value was 0.29) and TT4RI (nonlinear P=0.014, node value was 54.95) exceeded specific thresholds, their increase were associated with a reduced risk of carotid plaque. Conclusions:The reduction of FT3 and FT4 in healthy euthyroid adults is associated with an increased risk of carotid plaque. When TFQI and TT4RI are higher than specific thresholds, their increase are associated with a reduced risk of new-onset plaques.

Objective:To summarize the clinical and genetic characteristics of pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia caused by COMP gene variants in pediatric patients.Methods:This retrospective study concluded 15 pediatric patients with COMP-related pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia at Shanghai Children′s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from July 2013 to August 2024. This paper analyzed clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and genetic testing.Results:This cohort comprised 15 pediatric patients (8 males and 7 females) with a diagnostic age of 5.3 (1.8,9.3) years. The major clinical presentations included abnormal gait (15/15), brachydactyly (11/15), genu varum (12/15), irregular metaphyseal changes (14/14) and epiphyseal dysplasia (14/14). Genetic analysis revealed 13 cases of pseudoachondroplasia and 2 multiple epiphyseal dysplasias cases associated with COMP gene variants. Fifteen variants were identified (8 pathogenic and 7 likely pathogenic), including 2 novel variants (c.1223A>G, c.1378G>C). Thirteen of these patients had variations clustered in exons 8-14 encoding the calmodulin-like domains, with c.1414_1419dupGACGAC emerging as a hotspot variant.Conclusions:COMP-related pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia predominantly manifest with gait abnormalities and skeletal deformities. COMP gene pathogenic variations were mainly located in calmodulin-like domains.

Objective:The aim of this study is to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of endocrinotherapy combined with Shenqi Pills on hormone-sensitive prostate cancer(HSPC).Methods:Eighty patients who were diagnosed with HSPC and renal-yang deficiency at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Hospital of Traditional Chi-nese Medicine of Mayang Miao Autonomous County from 1st April 2021 to 30th April 2024 were randomly divided into 2 groups.The patients in the control group were treated with androgen deprivation therapy(ADT).And the patients in treatment group were treated with Shenqi Pills orally on the basis of the control group.The baseline data of the two groups were analyzed.After 36 months of treat-ment,the differences between the two groups were compared in terms of overall survival(OS),prostate-specific antigen(PSA)level,PSA response rate,Functional Assessment Scale for Prostate Cancer Therapy(FACT-P),Chinese medicine evidence scores,testoster-one level and safety.Results:A total of 80 study subjects were included in this study,including 42 cases in the treatment group and 38 cases in the control group.There was no statistical difference in the baseline data between the two groups before treatment(P＞0.05).At the end of the observation period,a statistically significant difference in OS was found in the treatment group compared to the control group in the subgroup of patients with a disease duration ranged of 0-6 months(P＜0.05).There was no statistically signif-icant difference in PSA levels in the treatment group at 3 months(P＞0.05).And the differences in the proportion of PSA50(98.1％vs 91.4％),PSA90(92.9％ vs 84.6％)and the proportion of decrease in PSA(56.7％vs 33.8％)in the treatment group were found compared to those in the control group after 6 months of tre atment.After 12 months of treatment,the scores of FACT-4 and re-nal-yang deficiency in the treatment group were(95.28±7.93)and(15.73±5.70)respectively,compared to the scores in the con-trol group([85.46±10.12]and[18.20±4.27](P＜0.05).However,there was no significant difference in serum testosterone([0.60±0.24]nmol/L vs[1.09±2.10]nmol/L)between the two groups(P＞0.05).After 24 months of treatment,there were significant differences in in the FACT-4 total score([97.95±7.54]vs[80.33±8.58]),renal-yang deficiency syndrome score([14.64±5.15]vs[24.94±8.75])between the treatment group and the control group(P＜0.05).However,there was no signifi-cant difference in serum testosterone([0.73±1.01]nmol/L vs[0.59±0.25]nmol/L)between the two groups(P＞0.05).Bet-ter therapeutic results were showed in the treatment group in terms of total FACT-P score,physical situation score,social and family situation score,emotional state score,functional state score,additional score and renal-yang deficiency symptom score(P＜0.05).After treatment,there was no serious adverse reaction in the course of treatment,and no obvious abnormality was found in the liver and kidney function of the patients from two groups.Conclusion:Endocrinotherapy combined with Shenqi Pills is safe and effective in HSPC and can reduce the risk of death in HSPC patients,and the earlier the intervention,the longer the overall survival of the pa-tients.In addition,this treatment regimen can increase the PSA response rate,improve patients'quality of life,and reduce the renal-yang deficiency syndrome score without the risk of elevating serum testosterone levels.

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of the gastrointestinal endoscopic super minimally invasive surgery (eSMIS) and the laparoscopic minimally invasive procedure (LS) for the treatment of gastric glomus tumors(GGT).Methods:This study retrospectively included 15 patients with GGT who underwent eSMIS at the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital from May 2014 to May 2024. Data on demographic characteristics, surgical indexes, efficacy evaluation indexes, postoperative medical disposition, health economics indexes and postoperative laboratory indexes were collected and analyzed, the patients were followed up for survival outcomes and the postoperative quality of life, efficacy and safety of the two groups were compared.Results:The amount of bleeding in the eSMIS group was lower than that in the LS group: 1.25 (0, 3.75) ml vs. 41.56 (10.00, 50.00) ml, and the surgical cost in the eSMIS group was lower than that in the LS group: 10 792.87 (8 424.90, 12 730.30) yuan vs. 21 773.06 (19 940.60, 24 843.10) yuan, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). The surgical efficacy, postoperative laboratory indicators and medical treatment convenience between the two groups had no statistical differences ( P>0.05). Conclusions:In the choice of surgical procedures for the treatment of GGT, eSMIS is superior to LS in terms of bleeding and surgical cost, and not inferior to LS in other indicators. This suggested that the treatment of GGT with eSMIS is feasible, safe and effective.