Objective:Ménière's disease（MD） is a common disorder of the inner ear. The fluctuating clinical symptoms and the absence of gold standards for diagnosis have posed serious problems for clinical diagnosis and treatment over the years. With the development of science and technology, artificial intelligence （AI） has been widely used in the field of medicine, and the potential of AI application to MD is demonstrated. The purpose of this review is to outline the use of AI in MD. Initially, specific instances where AI aids in differentiating MD from other causes of vertigo are presented. Furthermore, the role of AI in the evaluation of Endolymphatic Hydrops （EH）, particularly through imaging and biochemical assays, is highlighted due to its correlation with MD. Additionally, the effectiveness of AI in managing MD patients and forecasting disease progression is examined. In conclusion, the prevalent challenges hindering the clinical integration of AI in MD treatment are discussed, alongside potential strategies to surmount these barriers.
Humans ; Meniere Disease/diagnosis* ; Artificial Intelligence ; Endolymphatic Hydrops/diagnosis*

To analyze potential adverse drug events(ADEs) associated with ustekinumab and upadacitinib in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) based on an international authoritative database, thereby providing evidence for clinical medication safety.

Objective To investigate whether aberrant DNA methylation of ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase core protein 1(UQCRC1)is related to cognitive impairment caused by neonatal sevoflurane exposure.Methods A total of 94 SPF C57 mice of either sex,aged 6 d,and weighing 4～6 g,were randomly divided into 7 groups:control group(Con,n=6),sevoflurane-6 and-24 h exposure groups(Sev-6 and-24 h,n=6),control+DMSO group(Con+DMSO,n=19),control+5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine(5-AZA,methylation inhibitor)group(Con+5-AZA,n=19),sevoflurane+DMSO group(Sev+DMSO group,n=19),and sevoflurane+5-AZA group(Sev+5-AZA group,n=19).From 6 to 8 d after birth,the mice of the Sev-6 and-24 h exposure groups were exposed to 3％sevoflurane daily(with 97％oxygen,2 L/min,2 h per day),while those from the Con groups were given exposure of 100％oxygen(2 L/min,2 h per day).For the mice of the 5-AZA and DMSO groups,1 mg/kg of 5-AZA or an equal volume of DMSO was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before daily exposure.In 6 and 24 h after the last exposure to sevoflurane,6 mice from the Con,Sev-6 h,and Sev-24 h groups were euthanized for biochemical analysis,and in 24 h post-exposure,6 mice from the Con+DMSO,Con+5-AZA,Sev+DMSO,and Sev+5-AZA groups were randomly selected for biochemical analysis,while another 3 mice from above each group were also randomly selected for morphological analysis.The remaining 10 mice in these groups underwent behavioral testing(open field test,novel object test,and Y-maze test)at 30～33 d after birth to assess cognitive function,and were euthanized in 24 h after the final behavioral test.RT-qPCR and Western blotting were used to detect the hippocampal expression of UQCRC1,DNA methyltransferases(Dnmts),and methyl CpG binding protein 2(Mecp2)at mRNA and protein levels,respectively.Immunofluorescence assay was employed to observe the distribution and expression of UQCRC1 in the hippocampus.Bisulfite sequencing PCR(BSP)was applied to measure the methylation in the UQCRC1 promoter region.Results Compared with the Con group,the mRNA and protein levels of UQCRC1 were down-regulated(P<0.05),and the mRNA level of Dnmts was up-regulated(P<0.05)in both the Sev-6 h and Sev-24 h exposure groups,while the methylation level in the UQCRC1 promoter region was enhanced in the Sev-24 h exposure group(P<0.05).Additionally,the Sev+5-AZA group had obviously increased mRNA and protein levels of UQCRC1(P<0.05),and notable improvement in cognitive impairment(P<0.05)when compared with the Sev+DMSO group.Conclusion Hypermethylation of UQCRC1 promoter region and thus down-regulating its mRNA and protein expression might be the main mechanism by which repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure induces cognitive impairment later in life.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia（BPD）is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by developmental disorders and abnormal repair of lung tissue in premature infants.Its clinical manifestations are characterized by persistent respiratory distress syndrome，which can cause progressive lung function damage and significantly affect the quality of life and long-term prognosis of the affected children.Vitamin D has been proven to have multiple lung protective effects in recent years.It not only participates in regulating normal lung development，but also effectively inhibits inflammatory reactions，promotes the biosynthesis of pulmonary surfactant，regulates cell apoptosis，and maintains lung tissue function and structural integrity.The above physiological functions are significantly correlated with the pathophysiology of BPD，providing a new theoretical perspective for further elucidating the pathogenesis of BPD.Based on existing evidence，vitamin D may provide new treatment and research directions for BPD.

Objective To explore the pharmacokinetic changes of single dose of fentanyl in rats in a simulated high-altitude and contributing factors.Methods Thirty-six healthy female SD rats(6～8 weeks old,250±20 g)were randomly divided into high-altitude-acute-exposure group(group A),high-altitude-chronic-exposure group(group S)and control group(group C)through random number table,with 12 rats in each group.The group A and S were housed in a low-pressure chamber simulating the high altitude of 5000 m above sea level for 3 and 30 d respectively,and the group C was housed out of the chamber(at an altitude of 300 m).A single dose of fentanyl was administered through the femoral vein to 6 rats randomly selected from each group.Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)was used to detect blood concentrations of fentanyl and WinNonlin 8.2 software was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters,while blood samples were taken through the femoral artery before and in 1,2,4,8,15,30,60,120 and 180 min after administration.The remaining 6 rats were ultrasonographically assessed for portal vein internal diameter(PVD),peak flow velocity(PVV)and blood flow(PVF),and liver tissues were collected for CYP3A1 protein content assay.Results The blood drug concentrations of fentanyl in the group A and group S were significantly lower than those in the group C at 60,120,and 180 min(P=0.002,P＜0.001,P= 0.001).Compared with the group C,the clearance rate(CL)of the group A was increased by 54.06%(P=0.021),and the mean residence time(MRTlast)was shortened by 24.21%(P=0.033);CL of the group S was increased by 50.10%(P=0.041),the area under the concentration-time curve(AUC0-t,AUC0-∞)and MRTlast were reduced by 18.92%(P=0.039),27.54%(P=0.018)and 33.61%(P= 0.004),respectively.PVD and PVF in the group S increased by 10.87%(P=0.006)and 42.50%(P= 0.006)when compared with the group C.The CYP3A1 protein content in the group A was 28.74%,which was higher than that in the group C(P=0.048).Conclusion Fentanyl is cleared significantly faster after a single dose in rats in simulated high-altitude,which may be related to the increased liver blood flow and increased CYP3A1 protein expression in liver.