Objective To investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of hamster primary cortical neurons by using the whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in a Mg2+-free cell model of epilepsy.Methods The cerebral cortex were isolated for primary neuron culture from neonatal Syrian hamsters 1-2 days after birth.After 12 days,primary neurons were exposed to normal external(Mg2+group)or Mg2+-free external(Mg2+-free group)respectively for 3 hours,followed by a 24-hour incubation in normal culture medium.Excitatory postsynaptic currents(EPSC)and excitatory postsynaptic potentials(EPSP)were recorded in voltage clamp mode and current clamp mode using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings,respectively.Results Compared to Mg2+group,the frequency of EPSC[(124.38±75.15)Hz vs.(33.93±22.32)Hz,P<0.001](P<0.001)and EPSP[(37.05±38.37)Hz vs.(5.63±9.52)Hz,P<0.01]in primary cortical neurons from the Mg2+-free group increased significantly.Meanwhile,there were no statistically significant differences in the amplitude,area under the curve and half-width of EPSC and EPSP between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The present study demonstrates an increase in excitability of primary hamsters cortical neurons after Mg2+depletion,suggesting that these neurons can be utilized to use to create cell models of epilepsy.

Objective:To develop and evaluate the efficacy and safety of a three-dimensional (3D) digestive endoscope for gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) through animal experiments.Methods:Two Dutch pigs were utilized from the Zhengzhou University Animal Experiment Center for the study. ESD procedures were performed by two senior endoscopists, one using 3D glasses and the other utilizing a 3D high-definition head display. The success of ESD was assessed based on predefined criteria, including completion of surgical steps, complete detachment of the presumptive lesion, and effective bleeding control during and after the surgery. The number of successful procedures and incidences of perforation were recorded. The stereoscopic experience of the endoscopists, including both the primary endoscopist and the assistant, was also evaluated. Furthermore, the assessment encompassed any reported symptoms of eye discomfort, such as eye fatigue, ocular pain, and blurred vision. Additionally, the confidence level of the endoscopists in the mechanical aspects of the operation, as well as encountered issues during the endoscopic procedures, were documented.Results:Two ESD were successful and no perforation occurred. Feedback from endoscopists suggested that 3D digestive endoscopy offered clear images with enhanced three-dimensionality during surgery, clear sense of distance and layering, allowing for a precise judgment of bleeding points, which surpassed 2D capabilities. No eye discomfort was experienced by endoscopists or assistants during or after the procedures. While endoscopists exhibited high confidence in 3D digestive endoscopy, they noted issues with image blurring when the camera was positioned less than 10 mm from the gastrointestinal tract wall.Conclusion:Preliminary results show that 3D digestive endoscopes can provide excellent stereo imaging, improved positioning accuracy, and safety during live animal stomach ESD procedures, without significantly increasing endoscopists' eye discomfort. Nevertheless, efforts are needed to address image blurring concerns when the camera is close to the gastrointestinal tract wall.

Inguinal hernia is one of the most common surgical diseases, mainly in men and elderly people, and its occurrence and development are related to many risk factors. At present, inguinal hernia can only be cured with surgery, which requires the selection of surgical methods based on patients′ conditions, medical resources and surgeons′ skills. With the aging of the popula-tion, it is expected that the number of inguinal hernia patients will continue to increase. The authors review the epidemiology, risk factors and characteristics of surgical treatment mode of inguinal hernia based on the epidemiological studies of inguinal hernia in recent years.

Bupleuri radix is the dried root of Bupleuri radix or narrow-leaved Bupleuri radix of the umbelliferae family,and it is the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicine,which was first published in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica.It has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory,antioxidant,hepatoprotective,antitumor,antidepressant,et al.In the modern study,the extract of Bupleuri radix mainly includes a variety of chemical components such as Bupleuri radix saponin,flavonoids and volatile oil.By reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad,this paper summarizes the research progress on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Bupleuri radix,and points out the future research direction to provide a certain reference basis for the subsequent research.

Objective To study the clinicopathological features of ovarian clear cell carcinoma to pro-vide a basis for the differential diagnosis of whether it originates from endometrioid cyst.Methods A total of 30 patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma receiving treatment in Jinjiang Municipal Hospital from January 2009 to December 2022 were collected as the research subjects.The patients not originating from endometrioid cysts were included in the control group(n=15)and the patients originating from endometrioid cysts were in-cluded in the observation group(n=15).Macroexamination,microscopic examination,hematoxylin-eosin stai-ning and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze the clinicopathological characteristics.The gener-al data and pathological examination results of the two groups were statistically analyzed.Results Among the two groups,there were 22 cases(73.33％)of clear cells,3 cases(10.00％)of shoe-tack like cells,2 cases(6.67％)with about half of each cell type,and 3 cases(10.00％)of hyaline bodies or eosinophils.There were 27 cases(90.00％)of aspartic acid peptidase A(Napsin-A)positive and 29 cases(96.67％)of hepatocyte nu-clear factor-1β(HNF-1β)positive.Staging,ascites,lymph node metastasis,abdominal/pelvic metastasis,CA125,complicating endometrioid cyst,coffee-colored fluid in the sac,uneven thickness of the cyst wall,men-strual disorders and infertility all were the influencing factors of ovarian clear cell carcinoma originating from endometrioid cyst(P＜0.05).Conclusion The relevant pathological features could provide an important ref-erence base for the clinical differential diagnosis of whether ovarian clear cell carcinoma originates from endo-metrioid cysts,and it is of great significance to improve the detection rate of ovarian clear cell carcinoma.

The cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has been accepted as a standard treatment for most locally advanced cervical cancer. Compared with radiation therapy alone, CCRT can increase tumor control and survival rates, whereas it also can increase the incidence of acute hematological toxicity, which results in the treatment interruption or delay, and may even affect clinical efficacy and prognosis of patients. Therefore, how to reduce the incidence and severity of acute hematological toxicity induced by CCRT is a hot spot of clinical research. Previous studies have demonstrated that the occurrence of hematological toxicity is associated with the volume and dose of irradiated pelvic bone marrow. With the development of modern radiotherapy technology, precise radiotherapy technologies, such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), not only guaranteed the enough dose for tumor, but also realized the protection of normal tissues. This article will focus on the feasibility of bone marrow sparing during CCRT for cervical cancer, and summarize the research progress in recent years.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of Qimai Qinlou prescription in the treatment of elderly community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） （non-severe） with Qi and Yin deficiency and phlegm-heat obstructing lung syndrome and its impact on immune-inflammatory factors. MethodA total of 120 eligible patients were randomly divided into an observation group （60 cases） and a control group （60 cases）. Both groups received intravenous cefoxitin sodium. In addition， the observation group received oral Qimai Qinlou prescription， while the control group received an oral placebo simulating Qimai Qinlou prescription. The treatment course was 14 days. The disappearance time of major clinical symptoms and signs was recorded. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome scores and the Clinical Research Outcome （CAP-CRO） scale scores for pneumonia of the two groups were compared. Chest computed tomography （CT） scans were performed， and peripheral blood levels of procalcitonin （PCT）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， serum amyloid A （SAA）， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）， CD4⁺， CD8⁺， and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ were measured. The conversion rate to severe condition during hospitalization， readmission rate within 30 days after discharge， and safety evaluation were recorded. ResultAfter treatment， the observation group showed significantly shorter time of fever， cough， expectoration， and disappearance time of lung moist rales than the control group （P<0.01）. The TCM syndrome scores， CAP-CRO scores in all dimensions， and total scores in both groups were significantly reduced as compared with those before treatment （P<0.01）. After treatment， the observation group had a more significant reduction than the control group （P<0.01）. The levels of PCT， IL-6， SAA， and hs-CRP in both groups were significantly reduced as compared with those before treatment （P<0.01）. After treatment， the observation group showed a more significant reduction than the control group （P<0.01）. There was no statistically significant difference in the changes of CD4⁺， CD8⁺， and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ in the control group before and after treatment. However， in the observation group， CD4⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ levels significantly increased （P<0.01）， while CD8⁺ level significantly decreased （P<0.01） after treatment. After treatment， CD4⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ in the observation group significantly increased （P<0.01）， and CD8⁺ significantly decreased as compared with those in the control group （P<0.01）. At 7， 10， and 14 days after treatment， the curative rates in the observation group were 53.33% （32/60）， 85.00% （51/60）， and 91.67% （55/60）， respectively， which were higher than 31.67% （19/60）， 61.67% （37/60）， and 68.33% （41/60） in the control group （χ²=5.763， 8.352， 10.208， P<0.05）. After treatment， the total effective rate of CT scanning in the observation group was 93.33% （56/60）， higher than 80.00% （48/60） in the control group （χ²=4.615， P<0.05）. The conversion rate to severe condition during hospitalization in the observation group was 3.33% （2/60）， lower than 15.00% （9/60） in the control group （χ²=4.904， P<0.05）. The readmission rate within 30 days after discharge in the observation group was 8.33% （5/60）， lower than 23.33% （14/60） in the control group （χ²=5.065， P<0.05）. No serious adverse drug reactions were observed in either group during the treatment period. ConclusionQimai Qinlou prescription can enhance immune function， alleviate inflammatory reactions， significantly relieve clinical symptoms， shorten the duration of the disease， improve the curative rate and CT scanning efficacy， prevent disease progression， reduce the readmission rate in the short term， and is clinically safe for the treatment of elderly patients with non-severe CAP with Qi and Yin deficiency and phlegm-heat obstructing lung syndrome. It is worthy of further research and application.

Background: Hemangioma is a vasogenic benign tumor commonly seen in the head and neck. However, it is rare in gastrointestinal tract and can cause symptoms such as gastrointestinal bleeding and abdominal pain, and it also can be life-threatening in severe cases. Aims: To analyze the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of gastrointestinal hemangioma, and to provide appropriate therapy for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal hemangioma. Methods: The patients with gastrointestinal hemangioma from August 2011 to October 2021 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were collected, and the clinical data, examination results, treatment and prognosis were analyzed retrospectively. Results: A total of 51 patients with gastrointestinal hemangioma were included, the ratio of male to female was 1.43:1, and the average age was (46.2±19.2) years old. Single gastrointestinal hemangioma was found in 45 patients (88.24%), and 18 lesions (35.29%) were in the esophagus, followed by the stomach (15.69%), small intestine (15.69%), colon (11.76%), and rectum (9.80%). The majority of patients were asymptomatic (50.98%), while 15 patients (29.41%) were presented by gastrointestinal bleeding. Thirty-two patients (62.75%) underwent endoscopic treatment, including 25 patients underwent endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), 6 patients underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and 1 patient underwent endoscopic ligation. Nineteen patients (37.25%) underwent surgical surgery, including 5 patients underwent transrectal lesion resection, 1 patient underwent small intestinal lesion resection and 13 patients underwent resection of digestive tract. All patients recovered well after surgery. The average follow-up period was (61±32) months. One patient relapsed 1 year after surgery, 4 patients died of other diseases, and the remaining patients did not occur tumor recurrence, and 5 patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal hemangioma is rare and has no specific clinical symptoms. Endoscopy is important for its diagnosis, and endoscopic therapy is safe and effective for patients with indications.

Owing to the inherent shortcomings of traditional therapeutic drugs in terms of inadequate therapeutic efficacy and toxicity in clinical treatment, nanomedicine designs have received widespread attention with significantly improved efficacy and reduced non-target side effects. Nanomedicines hold tremendous theranostic potential for treating, monitoring, diagnosing, and controlling various diseases and are attracting an unfathomable amount of input of research resources. Against the backdrop of an exponentially growing number of publications, it is imperative to help the audience get a panorama image of the research activities in the field of nanomedicines. Herein, this review elaborates on the development trends of nanomedicines, emerging nanocarriers, in vivo fate and safety of nanomedicines, and their extensive applications. Moreover, the potential challenges and the obstacles hindering the clinical translation of nanomedicines are also discussed. The elaboration on various aspects of the research trends of nanomedicines may help enlighten the readers and set the route for future endeavors.

Objective:To investigate the surgical treatment of mesh infection after lapa-roscopic inguinal hernia repair.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 32 patients with mesh infection after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair who were admitted to the Affiliated Beijing Chaoyang Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2018 to December 2020 were collected. There were 30 males and 2 females, aged 59(range, 19-81)years. All patients underwent debridement. Observation indicators: (1) surgical and postopera-tive situations; (2) follow-up. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was conducted using the independent sample t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range). Count data were described as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between was conducted using Fisher exact probability. Results:(1) Surgical and postoperative situations. All 32 patients underwent debridement success-fully, with the operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss as 110(range, 45-220)minutes and 24(range, 5-200)mL. Of the 32 patients, there were 6 cases undergoing open debridement, 26 cases undergoing laparoscopic exploration with 12 cases clarified the cause of infection, in which 4 cases had intestinal fistula by mesh infection breaking through the peritoneum and invading the intestinal tract and underwent laparoscopic intestinal fistula repair, 3 cases had significant amount of residual medical glue, 3 cases had mesh wrinkling and curling, 2 cases underwent peritoneum suturing with black silk thread. There were 18 cases undergoing complete removal of infected mesh and 14 cases undergoing partial mesh removal. There were 18 cases undergoing removal of infected mesh by laparoscopic posterior approach and 14 cases undergoing removal of infected mesh by open anterior approach. Twenty-nine of the 32 patients had bacterial culture and drug allergy testing, including 24 cases with positive cultures, while 5 cases with negative cultures. The duration of hospital stay of the 32 patients was 27.0(range, 9.0-85.0)days. (2) Follow-up. All 32 patients were followed up for 37.9(range, 18.7-52.5)months. There were 5 cases and 2 cases with postoperative incision infection in the 18 patients undergoing complete removal of infected mesh and 14 cases undergoing partial mesh removal, respectively, showing no significant difference between them ( P>0.05). There were 7 cases, 4 cases with seroma, recurrent sinus in the 18 patients undergoing complete removal of infected mesh and 5 cases, 6 cases in the 14 cases undergoing partial mesh removal, respectively, showing no significant difference between them ( P>0.05). None of patient in the two groups had hematoma, recurrent inguinal hernia or chronic pain. The 7 patients with incision infec-tion recovered effectively after symptomatic treatment. The 12 patients with seroma received no special treatment. The 10 patients with recurrent sinus underwent debridement, in which 9 cases did not experience any further abdominal wall infections and 1 case underwent the third debride-ment. Conclusion:The management of mesh infection following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair necessitates the expertise of hernia specialists to complete remove the infected mesh or partial remove the infected mesh based on the specific clinical scenario.