Allergen-specific immunotherapy（AIT） remains the only therapeutic approach with the potential to modify the natural course of allergic rhinitis（AR）. Nevertheless, considerable inter-individual variability exists in patients'responses to AIT. To facilitate more reliable assessment of treatment efficacy, the China Rhinopathy Research Cooperation Group（CRRCG） convened young and middle-aged nasal experts in China to formulate the present consensus. The recommended subjective outcome measures for AIT comprise symptom scores, medication scores, combined symptom and medication scores, quality-of-life assessments, evaluation of disease control, and assessment of comorbidities. Objective indicators may supplement these measures. Currently available objective approaches include skin prick testing, nasal provocation testing, and allergen exposure chambers. However, these methods remain constrained by practical limitations and are not yet appropriate for routine implementation in clinical efficacy evaluation. In addition, several biomarkers, including sIgE and the sIgE/tIgE ratio, sIgG4, serum IgE-blocking activity, IgA, cytokines and chemokines, as well as immune cell surface molecules and their functional activity, have been shown to have associations with AIT outcomes. While these biomarkers may complement subjective assessments, they are subject to significant limitations. Consequently, large-scale multicenter trials and real-world evidence are required to strengthen the evidence base. The present consensus underscores the necessity of integrating patients'subjective experiences with objective testing throughout the treatment process, thereby providing a more comprehensive and accurate framework for efficacy evaluation. Looking forward, future investigations should prioritize the incorporation of multi-omics data and artificial intelligence methodologies, which hold promise for overcoming current limitations in assessment strategies and for advancing both the standardization and personalization of AIT.
Humans ; Allergens/immunology* ; China ; Consensus ; Desensitization, Immunologic ; Immunoglobulin E ; Quality of Life ; Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy* ; Treatment Outcome ; East Asian People

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children in Jiangsu Province from 2014 to 2023.Methods:The acute respiratory infection cases in children aged 0-14 years were selected from outpatient/emergency or inpatient departments in 2 surveillance sentinel hospitals, respectively, in Nanjing, Suzhou and Taizhou of Jiangsu from 1 July 2014 to 31 December 2023, and RSV nucleic acid test was conducted and the intensity of the RSV infection was accessed by WHO influenza epidemiological threshold method, and case information and clinical data were collected. χ2 test was used to compare the differences between groups, and the Bonferroni method was used for pairwise comparisons between groups. Results:In 4 946 cases of acute respiratory infections, the RSV positive rate was 8.21% (406/4 946), and the age M( Q1, Q3) of the cases was 1 (0, 3) years. The RSV positive rate was 10.92% (258/2 362) during 2014-2019 and 6.06% (118/1 948) during 2019-2023, the difference was significant ( χ2=31.74, P<0.001). RSV infection mainly occurred from October to March during 2014-2019, with the incidence peak in December and moderate or higher intensity. The seasonality of RSV infection was not obvious during 2019-2023, with low intensity. The RSV positive rate was highest in children in age group 0- years (17.85%, 151/846), and the positive rate declined gradually with age ( χ2=184.51, P<0.001). The RSV positive rate was higher in inpatient cases (9.84%, 244/2 480) than in outpatient/emergency cases (6.57%, 162/2 466) ( χ2=17.54, P<0.001). In the 155 RSV infection cases with complete clinical data, the clinical symptoms mainly included cough (99.35%, 154/155), fever (55.48%, 86/155), and shortness of breath (45.16%, 70/155). In the cases aged <6 months, the proportion of those with fever was low, but the proportion of those with shortness of breath, transferred to intensive care units, and receiving oxygen therapy were higher (all P<0.05). Children aged <6 months and those with underlying diseases were more likely to have severe RSV infection (all P<0.05). Conclusions:RSV infection in children in Jiangsu Province showed seasonal prevalence in winter from 2014 to 2019. Since 2020, the seasonal characteristics of the epidemic have changed, the epidemic period has been dispersed and the epidemic intensity has decreased. Infants <1 year old were at high risk for RSV infection, and those <6 months old and with underlying diseases might have severe infection.

During coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, the treatment of severe trauma has been impacted. The Consensus on emergency surgery and infection prevention and control for severe trauma patients with 2019 novel corona virus pneumonia was published online on February 12, 2020, providing a strong guidance for the emergency treatment of severe trauma and the self-protection of medical staffs in the early stage of the epidemic. With the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council renaming "novel coronavirus pneumonia" to "novel coronavirus infection" and the infection being managed with measures against class B infectious diseases since January 8, 2023, the consensus published in 2020 is no longer applicable to the emergency treatment of severe trauma in the new stage of epidemic prevention and control. In this context, led by the Chinese Traumatology Association, Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association, Trauma Medicine Branch of Chinese International Exchange and Promotive Association for Medical and Health Care, and Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Traumatology, the Chinese expert consensus on emergency surgery for severe trauma and infection prevention during coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic ( version 2023) is formulated to ensure the effectiveness and safety in the treatment of severe trauma in the new stage. Based on the policy of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council and by using evidence-based medical evidence as well as Delphi expert consultation and voting, 16 recommendations are put forward from the four aspects of the related definitions, infection prevention, preoperative assessment and preparation, emergency operation and postoperative management, hoping to provide a reference for severe trauma care in the new stage of the epidemic prevention and control.

Microglial surveillance plays an essential role in clearing misfolded proteins such as amyloid-beta, tau, and α-synuclein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases. However, due to the complex structure and ambiguous pathogenic species of the misfolded proteins, a universal approach to remove the misfolded proteins remains unavailable. Here, we found that a polyphenol, α-mangostin, reprogrammed metabolism in the disease-associated microglia through shifting glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, which holistically rejuvenated microglial surveillance capacity to enhance microglial phagocytosis and autophagy-mediated degradation of multiple misfolded proteins. Nanoformulation of α-mangostin efficiently delivered α-mangostin to microglia, relieved the reactive status and rejuvenated the misfolded-proteins clearance capacity of microglia, which thus impressively relieved the neuropathological changes in both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease model mice. These findings provide direct evidences for the concept of rejuvenating microglial surveillance of multiple misfolded proteins through metabolic reprogramming, and demonstrate nanoformulated α-mangostin as a potential and universal therapy against neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of split domino donor auxiliary liver transplantation.Methods:The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinco-pathological data of 3 liver transplantation recipients who were admitted to Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School and 1 liver transplantation recipient who was admitted to external hospital in September 2018 were collected. The first case was male, aged 22 years, who was diagnosed as type II citrullinemia (CTLN2). The second case undergoing liver transplantation in external hospital was male, aged 59 years, who was diagnosed as decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis. The third case was female, aged 52 years, who was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma of right lobe of liver. The fourth case was female, aged 51 years, who was diagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma of right lobe of liver. The donor liver from a brain and cardiac death donor was split in vitro into the left liver and the right liver, in which the right liver without middle hepatic vein, and the modified piggyback liver transplantation using the left liver and the classical orthotropic liver transplantation using the right liver was conducted on the first and the second case, respectively. The original liver of the first case was split in vivo into the left liver and the right liver, and the piggyback auxiliary liver transplantation using the left liver and the piggyback auxiliary liver transplantation using the right liver was conducted on the third and the fourth case who underwent extended right hemihepatectomy, respectively. Observation indicators: (1) intraoperative situations; (2) follow-up. Follow-up was conducted using outpatient examination and telephone interview to detect liver function, liver imaging, complication and survival of recipients up to October 2021.Results:(1) Intraoperative situations. Liver transplantation was conducted successfully on the first, third and fourth case, with the operation time, the volume of intraoperative blood loss, the donor liver cold ischemia time, the graft-to-recipient weight ratio were 400 minutes, 370 minutes, 390 minutes, 600 mL, 1 300 mL, 1 600 mL, 230 minutes, 152 minutes, 135 minutes, 1.2%, 0.8%, 1.1%. (2) Follow-up. B-ultrasound examination of the first, third and fourth case after liver transplantation showed that the blood flow was normal, and all the 3 cases discharged and were followed up at postoperative 1, 6 and 12 month. The liver function, the level of blood ammonia and citrulline were normal of the first, third and fourth case at postoperative 1 week. Imaging examina-tion showed normal liver morphology of the first and third case, and a transplanted liver atrophy caused by portal vein steal of the fourth case. ① The level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil), direct bilirubin (DBil) of the first case before liver transplantation, at postoperative 1 day, 2 day, 3 day, 7 day, 10 day, 6 month and 1 year were 22.8 U/L, 404.1 U/L, 355.5 U/L, 289.6 U/L, 31.0 U/L, 23.1 U/L, 42.1 U/L and 25.8 U/L, 31.5 U/L, 517.7 U/L, 327.6 U/L, 172.9 U/L, 15.9 U/L, 21.4 U/L, 47.5 U/L and 29.7 U/L, 3.8 μmol/L, 92.1 μmol/L, 87.4 μmol/L, 79.7 μmol/L, 90.1 μmol/L, 130.6 μmol/L, 33.8 μmol/L and 25.4 μmol/L, 2.3 μmol/L, 47.0 μmol/L, 44.1 μmol/L, 47.1 μmol/L, 57.4 μmol/L, 70.9 μmol/L, 24.7 μmol/L and 9.7 μmol/L, respectively. The level of citrulline and blood ammonia of the first case before and after liver transplantation were 999.0 μmol/L, 196.0 μmol/L and 14.6 μmol/L, 9.0 μmol/L, respectively. The first case was followed up for 3 years and survived without any liver transplantation related complication. ② The level of ALT, AST, TBil, DBil of the third case before liver transplantation, at postoperative 1 day, 2 day, 3 day, 7 day, 10 day, 6 month and 1 year were 21.3 U/L, 143.9 U/L, 182.0 U/L, 132.0 U/L, 17.2 U/L, 10.1 U/L, 17.6 U/L and 16.8 U/L,20.0 U/L, 291.0 U/L, 227.5 U/L, 106.4 U/L, 15.8 U/L, 10.8 U/L, 17.1 U/L and 19.4 U/L, 6.8 μmol/L, 50.9 μmol/L, 45.0 μmol/L, 34.0 μmol/L, 32.4 μmol/L, 22.3 μmol/L, 12.8 μmol/L and 14.9 μmol/L, 2.5 μmol/L, 18.4 μmol/L, 17.2 μmol/L, 14.9 μmol/L, 14.8 μmol/L, 12.1 μmol/L, 3.6 μmol/L and 4.4 μmol/L. The level of citrulline and blood ammonia of the third case after liver transplantation were 24.9 μmol/L and 16.0 μmol/L. The third case was followed up for 3 years and survived without any liver transplantation related complication. ③ The level of ALT, AST, TBil, DBil of the fourth case before liver transplantation, at postoperative 1 day, 2 day, 3 day, 7 day, 10 day, 6 month and 1 year were 35.0 U/L, 268.7 U/L, 682.0 U/L, 425.8 U/L, 57.5 U/L, 34.0 U/L, 29.4 U/L and 18.1 U/L, 37.0 U/L, 419.1 U/L, 436.2 U/L, 139.5 U/L, 35.2 U/L, 32.4 U/L, 54.7 U/L and 32.8 U/L, 7.1 μmol/L, 64.2 μmol/L, 41.4 μmol/L, 17.6 μmol/L, 34.2 μmol/L, 48.7 μmol/L, 14.1 μmol/L and 21.8 μmol/L, 2.8 μmol/L, 18.9 μmol/L, 16.1 μmol/L, 6.0 μmol/L, 14.6 μmol/L, 26.7 μmol/L, 3.9 μmol/L, 11.8 μmol/L. The level of citrulline and blood ammonia of the fourth case after liver transplantation were 8.4 μmol/L and 47.0 μmol/L. One week after surgery, the transplanted right liver of the fourth case occurred atrophy due to blood stealing from the right branch of the portal vein. B-ultrasound examination showed that the reflux of the hepatic artery and hepatic vein was unobstructed. Immunosuppressants were discontinued 3 months after operation on the fourth case and there was no complication such as rejection, bile leakage, biliary stricture, thrombosis and vascular stricture during follow-up. The fourth case died of lung metastasis 19 months after operation.Conclusion:Split domino donor auxiliary liver transplantation can be used for the treatment of metabolic liver disease and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Objective:To investigate the clinical outcome of arthroscopic suture-button Bristow procedure using suture-button fixation for treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability.Methods:A retrospective case series study was conducted to analyze 28 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability admitted to Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital from March 2015 to September 2018，including 26 males and 2 females，aged 18-36 years ［（24.1 ± 3.2）years］. Preoperative MRI showed Bankart injury and three-dimensional CT showed glenoid bone defect > 15%. The Hill-Sachs injury was found in 27 patients. Arthroscopic Bristow procedure was used to fix coracoid process graft with the suture-button plate and glenoid labial complex was repaired with the suture anchor to treat anterior instability of the shoulder joint. The visual analogue scale （VAS），American shoulder and elbow surgeon （ASES） scale，Constant score and Rowe score were used to evaluate the shoulder joint function preoperatively，at postoperative 3，6，12 months and at the last follow-up. The postoperative infection，neurovascular injury，redislocation and other complications were recorded，and the incidence rate was calculated. The bone resorption and bone healing of coracoid process graft were analyzed by CT.Results:All patients were followed up for 22 - 36 months ［（24.5 ± 6.3） months］. Three months after operation，the VAS，ASES scale and Constant score were not significantly different from those before operation （ P > 0.05）. In comparison，the Rowe score was significantly higher than that before operation （ P < 0.05）. Six and twelve months after operation，the VAS，ASES scale，Constant score and Rowe score were significantly improved from those before operation （ P < 0.05）. At the last follow-up，the VAS decreased from （2.7 ± 1.5）points preoperatively to （0.8 ± 0.3）points，the ASES scale increased from （78.6 ± 12.7）points preoperatively to （92.4 ± 8.4）points，the Constant score increased from （43.4 ± 5.2） points preoperatively to （81.6 ± 6.7） points，the Rowe score increased from （52.3 ± 7.1）preoperatively to （92.7 ± 5.4） points （ P < 0.05）. During the follow-up，there was no infection，neurovascular injury，re-dislocation and other complications. In addition，24 （86%） out of the 28 patient showed healing of coracoid process grafts，and the overall bone resorption rate was （18.4 ± 6.1）%. No patients had glenohumeral joint osteoarthritis. Conclusion:Arthroscopic Bristow procedure using suture-button fixation for treatment of recurrent anterior shoulder instability has advantages of a low rate of postoperative complications and a high union rate，indicating an effective and safe surgical procedure.

Objective To study the influence of different support heights, support numbers and cross-sectional dimensions on support performance of NiTi thoracic aortic stents. Methods Twenty-seven scaffold models with different parameters were established by using AutoCAD 2016 and SoildWorks 2014 software. HyperMesh 14.0 was used for tetrahedral mesh division, and ABAQUS 2017 was used for support performance simulation analysis. Results With the decrease of support height, the support stiffness would increase; a larger cross-section size would lead to a larger support stiffness; with the increase of support numbers, the support stiffness would increase. Among the influencing factors of support performance, the order of influence degree was support height＞section size＞support numbers. Conclusions The research findings have certain guiding significance for the development and research of thoracic aortic stents, and provide theoretical basis for the selection and optimization of clinical stents.

A novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) epidemic has occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province since December 2019, caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) never been seen previously in human. China has imposed the strictest quarantine and closed management measures in history to control the spreading of the disease. However, severe trauma can still occur in the NCP patients. In order to standardize the emergency treatment and the infection prevention and control of severe trauma patients with hidden infection, suspected or confirmed infection of 2019-nCoV, Trauma Surgery Branch of Chinese Medical Doctors' Association organized this expert consensus. The consensus illustrated the classification of the NCP patients, severe trauma patients in need of emergency surgery, emergency surgery type, hierarchical protection for medical personnel and treatment places. Meanwhile, the consensus standardized the screening, injury severity evaluation, emergency surgical treatment strategy and postoperative management strategy of severe trauma patients during the epidemic period of NCP, providing a basis for the clinical treatment of such kind of patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of phonosurgery combined with botulinumtoxinof type A in-jection in adults with vocal nodules .Methods A total of 76 adults with diagnosis of vocal nodules were studied in this experiment .They were divided into two group according to the different treatments :the surgery group (n=40) ,and the group with the combined botulinum toxin of type A injection (n=36) .Preoperative and postoperative examinations consisted of electronic laryngoscope ,stroboscopic laryngoscope ,voice assessments of subjective and objective evaluations using GRBAS classification and voice disorder index (VHI) .The evaluation parameters were the longest phonation time (MPT) ,jitter and shimmer and dysphonia severity index (DSI) .The results from the two groups were compared .Results There were 5 cases cured ,28 cases improved and 7 cases of now effects in the surgery group .The effective rate was 82 .5％ .There were 30 cases cured and 6 cases improved in the combined in-jection group with the effective rate of 100％ .There were 22 cases with good glottis closure and 18 cases with incom-plete closure in the surgery group postoperatively ;in the combined injection group ,30 cases glottis closed well and 6 cases still closed incompletely .The differences of postoperative VHI ,MPT ,jitter ,shimmer and DSI in addition to G were significant different between the two groups .Conclusion Phonosurgery combined with botulinum toxin of type A injection is an effective way for the treatment of vocal fold nodules in adults .

Objective: To investigate the significance of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). Methods: Twenty-four patients with HNSCC treated between October 2016 and July 2017 in our department were selected (experimental group), including 23 males and 1 females, aged 47-81 years. There were 14 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of larynx and 10 cases of hypopharynx, including I-Ⅱ stage (5 cases) and Ⅲ- Ⅳ stage (19 cases). All patients were primary and/or relapsed after treatment. Nine healthy volunteers were selected as control group. A novel in vivo capture technique (CellCellector system) was used to detect CTC. SPSS23.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The total capture rate of CTC in patients with HNSCC before treatment was 70.8% (17/24), with 40% (2/5) for patients at I-Ⅱ stage, and 78.9% (15/19) for patients at Ⅲ- Ⅳ stage, and was 0 in patients of control group. The total capture rate of CTC in patients with HNSCC after treatment was 50% (8/16). There was no significant correlation between CTC and age, sex, location of tumor or lymph node metastasis (P>0.05). CTC was related to tumor staging and tumor differentiation (P<0.05). The positive rate of EGFRVⅢ in CTC was 26.3% (5/19). Conclusions The CellCollector system is a very efficient way of detecting CTC, and CTC plays an important role in the occurrence, progression and metastasis of HNSCC.