Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

Traditional Chinese medicine,ancient Greek medicine,Ayurvedic medicine,and Arab medicine are recognized as the four major traditional medicines in the world.It reviews the education and training systems of the four major traditional medicines and finds that traditional Chinese medicine focuses on the teacher-student relation-ship and the combination of theory and practice;Ancient Greek medicine was mainly characterized by strong theoreti-cal research and experimental observation;Ayurveda highly values cultural identity as its main characteristic;Arab medicine attaches great importance to cultural exchange and practical promotion.It suggests promoting innovative de-velopment,strengthening practical teaching,improving teaching quality,strengthening international exchanges and cooperation,and increasing public acceptance abroad.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the determination of brucine concentration in plasma of rats,and to compare the pharmacokinetic differences between brucine and its nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC) in rats. METHODS:Sixteen male SD rats were randomly divided into brucine NLC solution group and brucine solution group(using normal saline as solvent, and containing brucine 1.28 mg/mL),with 8 rats in each group. They were given relevant solution 10 mg/kg via tail vein. Blood sample 0.5 mL was collected from fundus venous plexus capillary before medication and 15,20,30,40,45,60,90,120,150, 180,210,240,480 min after medication. HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Dikma C18column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-water containing acetic acid and triethylamine(30∶70,V/V)at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 265 nm,and column temperature was 30 ℃. Sample size was 10 μ L. Pharmacokinetic parameters of rats in 2 groups were calculated by using DAS 2.0 software,and the difference of them were compared by F test. RESULTS:The linear range of brucine plasma concentration were 1.03-66.00 μg/mL(R2＝0.999 6);the limit of quantitation was 1.03 μg/mL,and lowest detection limit was 0.515 μg/mL. RSDs of intra-day and inter-day were lower than 5%;method recoveries were 84.90%-100.88%, extraction recoveries were 80.60%-91.98%(all RSDs were lower than 10%). Average plasma concentration-time curve of single administration of brucine NLC solution and brucine solution were all in line with two-compartment model after medication via tail vein. The pharmacokinetic parameters included t1/2αwere(0.24±0.11)and(0.06± 0.03)h;t1/2 βwere (2.90 ± 0.22) and (0.57 ± 0.32)h;AUC0-twere (88.00 ± 6.98) and (28.50 ± 5.87)μg·h/mL;AUC0-∞were (109.96±7.99)and(45.06±6.66)μg·h/mL. Compared with brucine solution group,t1/2 α,t1/2 β,AUC0-tand AUC0- ∞of brucine NLC solution group were increased significantly;while CL, k10and k12were decreased significantly, with statistical significance (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). There was no statistical significance in k21between 2 groups (P＞0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Established HPLC method is simple, specific,sensitive,precise and highly recoverable. It can be used for the determination of plasma concentration and phamacokinetic study of brucine in rats. After brucine NLC is prepared,the pharmacokinetic parameters of brucine change significantly;retention time of brucine is significantly prolonged and the clearance rate decreases significantly.

AIM To investigate the tissue distribution of brucine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in mice in vivo.METHODS Mice were intravenously injected with suspension of prepared brucine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and marked by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).The in vivo tissue distribution of nanoparticles was analyzed by having the brucine contents in various tissues (heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney and bone) determined by HPLC,after which fluorescence confocal laser endomicroscopy was used for further detection.RESULTS Brucine had its the highest (1.64) relative intake efficiency (Re) in mice liver,and the nanoparticles shared all over one value of targeting efficiencies (Te) in various tissues,manifesting a much stronger selectivity to liver than that of brucine solution.With the extension of time,the FITC-narked nanoparticles displayed a rich extracellular to intracellular distribution indicating a positive correlation.CONCLUSION Brucine's increased distribution in the liver tissue of mice due to its solid lipid nanoparticle form shows obvious for liver targeting.