As an important setting for the administration of vaccinations, the reasonable setting up and standardized management of vaccination clinics will enhance immunization service quality, public satisfaction, and improve the vaccination rate to protect people′s health. In recent years, various provinces in China are continuously promoting the standardized construction and management of vaccination clinics. However, the level of standardization management remains unbalanced, and the capacity of vaccination services needs to be further improved. This paper reviews the standardized management process of vaccination clinics, summarizes the practice and achievements in various regions, and analyzes the challenges and issues during these processes, to provide reference for improving the standardized management level of vaccination clinics in the future.

As an important setting for the administration of vaccinations, the reasonable setting up and standardized management of vaccination clinics will enhance immunization service quality, public satisfaction, and improve the vaccination rate to protect people′s health. In recent years, various provinces in China are continuously promoting the standardized construction and management of vaccination clinics. However, the level of standardization management remains unbalanced, and the capacity of vaccination services needs to be further improved. This paper reviews the standardized management process of vaccination clinics, summarizes the practice and achievements in various regions, and analyzes the challenges and issues during these processes, to provide reference for improving the standardized management level of vaccination clinics in the future.

Background Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath are closely associated with respiratory diseases and are linked to various metabolic reactions in the human body. A quantitative analytical method can provide technical support for studying VOCs related to various diseases. Objective To establish a thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) method for the determination of 27 VOCs in exhaled breath. Methods VOCs in exhaled breath were collected using a Bio-VOC sampler and enriched with Tenax TA thermal desorption tubes before TD-GC-MS analysis. Standards were collected using thermal desorption tubes and optimized for thermal desorption conditions as well as chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions: The separation of the 27 VOCs was achieved by an optimized temperature program, the improvement of sensitivity by optimizing quantitative ions, and the increase of VOCs desorption efficiency by optimizing thermal desorption time and temperature. Limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, and stability of the proposed method were investigated by spiking with a blank gas bag, and exhaled breath samples from 20 healthy individuals were collected for an application study of the proposed method. Results The thermal desorption temperature was 280 ℃, and desorption time was 6 min. A VF-624ms chromatographic column was selected for the separation of target substances. The initial temperature of heating program was 35 ℃, maintained for 1 min, and then increased to 100 ℃ at a heating rate of 3 ℃·min⁻¹ for 1 min, followed by increasing to 210 ℃ at a heating rate of 28 ℃·min⁻¹ for 5 min. A quantitative analysis was conducted with a single ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Under these conditions, the 27 VOCs showed good linear relationships in their respective concentration ranges and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9990. The limits of detection of the method were in the range of 0.01-0.13 nmol·mol⁻¹, the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.02-0.44 nmol·mol⁻¹, and the spiked recoveries were in the range of 80.1%-120.5%, with intra-batch and inter-batch precision ≤ 18.8% and 17.9% respectively. All substances can be stored at room temperature (23-28 °C) for 7 d and at 4 °C for 14 d. The proposed method was applied to exhaled breath samples from 20 subjects with detection rates≥ 80% (except for trans-2-pentene and decane) and a concentration range of 0.00-465.50 nmol·mol⁻¹. Conclusion The established TD-GC-MS method for quantification of VOCs in exhaled breath is characterized by high sensitivity and good accuracy, and is suitable for quantitative determination of VOCs in exhaled breath, which can provide technical support for the study of exhaled breath VOCs.

Malocclusion,identified by the World Health Organization(WHO)as one of three major oral diseases,profoundly impacts the dental-maxillofacial functions,facial esthetics,and long-term development of～260 million children in China.Beyond its physical manifestations,malocclusion also significantly influences the psycho-social well-being of these children.Timely intervention in malocclusion can foster an environment conducive to dental-maxillofacial development and substantially decrease the incidence of malocclusion or reduce the severity and complexity of malocclusion in the permanent dentition,by mitigating the negative impact of abnormal environmental influences on the growth.Early orthodontic treatment encompasses accurate identification and treatment of dental and maxillofacial morphological and functional abnormalities during various stages of dental-maxillofacial development,ranging from fetal stages to the early permanent dentition phase.From an economic and societal standpoint,the urgency for effective early orthodontic treatments for malocclusions in childhood cannot be overstated,underlining its profound practical and social importance.This consensus paper discusses the characteristics and the detrimental effects of malocclusion in children,emphasizing critical need for early treatment.It elaborates on corresponding core principles and fundamental approaches in early orthodontics,proposing comprehensive guidance for preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment,serving as a reference for clinicians engaged in early orthodontic treatment.

Tooth extraction is a common and widely employed therapeutic procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery.Minimally invasive tooth extraction can reduce both physical and psychological trauma to the patients,and is widely recommended as a first-line clinical treatment.But currently no guidelines or consensus has been available to provide a systematic introduction of minimally invasive tooth extraction to guide the clinical practices.To address this issue,this consensus,based on a comprehensive literature review and clinical experiences of experts,systematically summarizes the indications,target patients,and contraindications of minimally invasive tooth extraction,the overall workflow of this procedure(preoperative preparation,surgical steps,postoperative management,postoperative instructions,medications,and follow-up),and its common postoperative complications to provide a comprehensive guidance for clinical application of this technique.

Tooth extraction is a common and widely employed therapeutic procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery.Minimally invasive tooth extraction can reduce both physical and psychological trauma to the patients,and is widely recommended as a first-line clinical treatment.But currently no guidelines or consensus has been available to provide a systematic introduction of minimally invasive tooth extraction to guide the clinical practices.To address this issue,this consensus,based on a comprehensive literature review and clinical experiences of experts,systematically summarizes the indications,target patients,and contraindications of minimally invasive tooth extraction,the overall workflow of this procedure(preoperative preparation,surgical steps,postoperative management,postoperative instructions,medications,and follow-up),and its common postoperative complications to provide a comprehensive guidance for clinical application of this technique.

Objective To explore whether the environmental pollutant triclosan(TCS)has negative effects on the various biological characteristics of dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs),as well as the distribution and hazards of TCS in rat dental pulp tissue in vivo,which will provide a basis for the clinical application of DPSCs and the safety of TCS.Methods Tooth collection was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology.Human DPSCs were extracted,cultured,and identified.Up to 0.08 mmol/L of TCS was added to the in vitro culture medium of DPSCs.The proliferation ability of DPSCs was detected by CCK-8.The migration ability of DPSCs was detected via scratch assay.The differentiation ability of DPSCs was detected by inducing trilineage differenti-ation.The gene or protein expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-10(IL-10),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)in DPSCs were detected.The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)generated by DPSCs was analyzed using fluorescence staining.Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential of DPSCs were detected using a fluorescent probe.The activity of PI3K/Akt/mTOR,p38,and JNK pathways of DPSCs were detected.Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Wuhan University of Science and Technology.A rat model of short-term oral exposure to 50 mg/kg/d of TCS for 2 months was established,and the TCS concentration in the liver,brain,and dental pulp tissues of rats was detected through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results TCS at 0.02 mmol/L,0.04 mmol/L,and 0.08 mmol/L significantly inhibited the proliferation ability of human-derived DPSCs on the 5th and 7th days of contact.TCS at 0.04 mmol/L and 0.08 mmol/L significantly inhibited the migration ability and tri-lineage differentiation ability of DPSCs on the 3rd day of contact.TCS induced the gene or protein expression of proinflammatory factors including TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6,and iNOS,induced the gene or protein expression of TGF-β,and inhibited the protein expression of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10.On day 1,TCS at 0.04 mmol/L and 0.08 mmol/L induced the production of ROS in DPSCs and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of DPSCs.On day 3,TCS at these levels inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway activity and enhanced p38 pathway activity of DPSCs,without affecting the pathway activity of JNK.After short-term intragastric exposure of rats to TCS,TCS was detected in liver(430 ng/mL)and brain(41.4 ng/mL)tissues but not in the dental pulp.The TCS concentration was highest in the liver,but no obvious histopathological changes were observed.Conclusion TCS inhibits a variety of biological characteristics of DPSCs and poses a potential risk to the organism.No TCS exists in the dental pulp tissue of rats exposed to TCS for a brief period of time,and the health of the rats is not damaged.

Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease(AD),particularly in the early stages of the disease.The multiplicity advantages of stem cell transplantation make it fascinating therapeutic strategy for many neurodegenerative diseases.We herein demonstrated that human dental pulp stem cells(hDPSCs)mediated oxidative stress improvement and neuroreparative effects in in vitro AD models,playing critical roles in regulating the polarization of hyperreactive microglia cells and the recovery of damaged neurons.Importantly,these therapeutic effects were reflected in 10-month-old 3xTg-AD mice after a single transplantation of hDPSCs,with the treated mice showing significant improvement in cognitive function and neuropathological features.Mechanistically,antioxidant and neuroprotective effects,as well as cognitive enhancements elicited by hDPSCs,were at least partially mediated by Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and downstream antioxidant enzymes expression through the activation of the AKT-GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway.In conclusion,our findings corroborated the neuroprotective capacity of hDPSCs to reshape the neuropathological microenvironment in both in vitro and in vivo AD models,which may be a tremendous potential therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.

Objectives:This study aimed to analyze the clinical and molecular characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) bloodstream infection (BSI) in patients with hematological diseases and to explore prognostic risk factors.Methods:This retrospective study included patients with hematologic diseases with CRE BSI at the Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital from January 2015 to December 2022. The clinical features, carbapenemase test results, antimicrobial treatments, and outcomes were analyzed.Results:A total of 120 patients developed CRE BSI. Escherichia coli (58/120, 48.3%) was the most prevalent Enterobacteriaceae, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (52/120, 43.3%). A total of 93 CRE strains were tested for carbapenemase, of which 75 strains produced carbapenemase (metalloenzyme: 51 strains; serine enzyme: 24 strains). The 30-day mortality rate after BSI was 24.2% (29/120). Univariate analysis revealed significantly lower mortality in patients treated with the ceftazidime-avibactam-containing regimen than in those treated with other antibiotics (7.8% vs 36.2%, P<0.001). Moreover, initiating active therapy within 24 h of BSI onset significantly reduced mortality (15.0% vs 33.3%, P=0.019). The proportion of patients with CRE colonization receiving active therapy within 12 and 24 h was significantly higher compared with patients without colonization (12 h: 14.5% vs 34.1%, P=0.012; 24 h: 40.8% vs 65.9%, P=0.008). Multivariate analysis revealed that septic shock ( HR=24.436, 95% CI 4.148 - 143.966, P<0.001) and pulmonary infection ( HR=9.346, 95% CI 2.718-32.140, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for death within 30 days. Appropriate therapy was initiated within 24 h ( HR=0.225, 95% CI 0.059 - 0.851, P=0.028), and treatment with the ceftazidime-avibactam-containing regimen ( HR=0.082, 95% CI 0.018-0.362, P=0.001) significantly reduced mortality. Conclusion:The prognosis of CRE BSI in patients with hematological diseases is poor. Timely, appropriate therapy and receipt of a ceftazidime-avibactam-containing regimen can improve survival and prognosis.

Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease(AD),particularly in the early stages of the disease.The multiplicity advantages of stem cell transplantation make it fascinating therapeutic strategy for many neurodegenerative diseases.We herein demonstrated that human dental pulp stem cells(hDPSCs)mediated oxidative stress improvement and neuroreparative effects in in vitro AD models,playing critical roles in regulating the polarization of hyperreactive microglia cells and the recovery of damaged neurons.Importantly,these therapeutic effects were reflected in 10-month-old 3xTg-AD mice after a single transplantation of hDPSCs,with the treated mice showing significant improvement in cognitive function and neuropathological features.Mechanistically,antioxidant and neuroprotective effects,as well as cognitive enhancements elicited by hDPSCs,were at least partially mediated by Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and downstream antioxidant enzymes expression through the activation of the AKT-GSK3β-Nrf2 signaling pathway.In conclusion,our findings corroborated the neuroprotective capacity of hDPSCs to reshape the neuropathological microenvironment in both in vitro and in vivo AD models,which may be a tremendous potential therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.