Objective: To observe the clinical efficacy and safety of Yiqi Tongluo Decoction in the intervention of early traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes after ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) intervention. Methods: From October 2020 to July 2023, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to include 60 patients with qi deficiency, blood stasis, and phlegm obstruction syndrome after ICVD interventional therapy. They were assigned to the Yiqi Tongluo Decoction treatment group (30 cases) and the TCM placebo routine treatment control group (30 cases) according to the randomized block design. Both groups received routine standardized treatment of Western medicine, including dual antiplatelet, lipid regulation, and control of risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. The treatment group was treated with Yiqi Tongluo Decoction based on the control group. The course of treatment was 60 days and follow-up was carried out 2 and 6 months after the operation. The improvement of qi deficiency syndrome, blood stasis syndrome, phlegm syndrome score and TCM syndrome score, modified Rankin score (mRS), Barthel index (BI) score, Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) level, incidence of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic stroke (IS) and incidence of adverse reactions, Head and neck CT angiography (CTA) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination were collected. The clinical efficacy of the patients 2 months after the operation was taken as the main outcome index to preliminarily evaluate the early and long-term efficacy of Yiqi Tongluo Decoction after the ICVD intervention. The early and long-term clinical efficacy and safety of Western medicine standardized treatment combined with TCM Yiqi Tongluo Decoction on patients with qi deficiency, blood stasis and phlegm obstruction syndrome after ICVD intervention were evaluated. The safety of Yiqi Tongluo Decoction in the treatment of patients after ICVD intervention with white blood cell (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen (FIB), plasminogen time (PT), recurrence of cerebral ischaemia and restenosis in patients at 2 and 6 months after treatment were evaluated. Results: Compared to the control group, the TCM syndrome scores for qi deficiency, blood stasis and phlegm syndrome in the treatment group reduced significantly, the clinical efficacy improved significantly, the mRS score and FABP4 were reduced, and the BI score was increased. Adverse events such as cerebral ischaemia were fewer in the treatment group than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant; levels of CRP, WBC and PT were reduced, and levels of FIB were reduced at 6 months post-treatment, all P<0.01, and images were intuitively compared. The treatment group was superior to the control group. Conclusion Yiqi Tongluo Decoction combined with Western medicine standard treatment can improve the early clinical efficacy of ICVD patients with qi deficiency, blood stasis and phlegm obstruction syndrome after interventional surgery, improve neurological impairment and daily living ability, reduce the state of qi deficiency syndrome, blood stasis syndrome and phlegm syndrome after interventional surgery, and improve the clinical efficacy of TCM. At the same time, it can reduce the level of FABP4, the target of atherosclerosis and restenosis after interventional surgery, reduce the level of inflammation after interventional surgery in patients with ICVD, regulate coagulation function, and reduce the incidence of long-term recurrence of cerebral ischemia after interventional surgery, with good safety.

Abstract Modern western medicine typically focuses on treating specific symptoms or diseases, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) emphasizes the interconnections of the body’s various systems under external environment and takes a holistic approach to preventing and treating diseases. Phenomics was initially introduced to the field of TCM in 2008 as a new discipline that studies the laws of integrated and dynamic changes of human clinical phenomes under the scope of the theories and practices of TCM based on phenomics. While TCM Phenomics 1.0 has initially established a clinical phenomic system centered on Zhenghou (a TCM definition of clinical phenome), bottlenecks remain in data standardization, mechanistic interpretation, and precision intervention. Here, we systematically elaborates on the theoretical foundations, technical pathways, and future challenges of integrating digital medicine with TCM phenomics under the framework of “TCM phenomics 2.0”, which is supported by digital medicine technologies such as artificial intelligence, wearable devices, medical digital twins, and multi-omics integration. This framework aims to construct a closed-loop system of “Zhenghou–Phenome–Mechanism–Intervention” and to enable the digitization, standardization, and precision of disease diagnosis and treatment. The integration of digital medicine and TCM phenomics not only promotes the modernization and scientific transformation of TCM theory and practice but also offers new paradigms for precision medicine. In practice, digital tools facilitate multi-source clinical data acquisition and standardization, while AI and big data algorithms help reveal the correlations between clinical Zhenghou phenomes and molecular mechanisms, thereby improving scientific rigor in diagnosis, efficacy evaluation, and personalized intervention. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including data quality and standardization issues, shortage of interdisciplinary talents, and insufficiency of ethical and legal regulations. Future development requires establishing national data-sharing platforms, strengthening international collaboration, fostering interdisciplinary professionals, and improving ethical and legal frameworks. Ultimately, this approach seeks to build a new disease identification and classification system centered on phenomes and to achieve the inheritance, innovation, and modernization of TCM diagnostic and therapeutic patterns.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is lack of broadly approved therapeutic strategy except liver transplantation. As a glycogen metabolic intermediate, UDP-glucose (UDP-G) has been considered to accelerate liver repairment. Nevertheless, the role of UDP-G and its receptor P2Y purinoceptor 14 (P2Y₁₄R) in ALF remains unknown. The present study aims to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of UDP-G/P2Y₁₄R axis in ALF. In this study, hepatic P2Y₁₄R is significantly increased in TAA-induced and partial hepatectomy-induced ALF, while knockout of whole-body P2Y₁₄R aggravates liver failure, manifested by inhibiting β-Catenin-mediated liver regeneration. Consistently, P2Y₁₄R deficiency exhibits impaired liver regeneration in mice suffer partial hepatectomy. Importantly, only hepatocellular specific deletion of P2Y₁₄R (P2Y₁₄R ^flox/flox Alb ^cre/+ ) mice shows a similar phenomenon, rather than stellate cell specific deletion of P2Y₁₄R (P2Y₁₄R ^flox/flox Lrat ^cre/+ ) mice. Mechanistically, P2Y₁₄R induction regulates methylation of Dact-2 through CREB/DNMT3b signals in hepatocytes, subsequently inhibiting the expression of Dact-2 which is a stabilizer of β-Catenin degradation complex, leading to the activation of β-Catenin -mediated liver regeneration. Interestingly, the administration of exogenous UDP-G can accelerate liver regeneration and liver function recovery after partial hepatectomy in hepatocellular carcinoma mice. Together, the findings propose an unrecognized role of P2Y₁₄R in ALF and provide an effective adjuvant strategy for treatment of ALF.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pathogens distribution in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and their association with anti-β-glucan receptor-1 (Dectin-1)/spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) signaling pathway, and to provide scientific basis for formulating more effective treatment strategies and preventive measures. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted. 160 patients with VAP admitted to the department of critical care medicine of Xingtai People's Hospital from January 2021 to March 2023 were enrolled. The respiratory secretions of patients were collected for Candida colonization analysis, and then the bacteria in the respiratory secretions were identified by automatic microbial identification instrument. The expression levels of Dectin-1 and Syk in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by fluorescent immunopolymerase chain reaction. Clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) was performed based on imaging, clinical and microbiological criteria. The basic data, pathogen distribution, Dectin-1 and Syk expression levels and CPIS score of the two groups were compared. Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation between the expression levels of Dectin-1 and Syk and respiratory Candida colonization and CPIS score. RESULTS: 160 VAP patients, 97 were Candida colonized (colonized group) and 63 were not (non-colonized group). There were significantly differences in gender (males: 57.73% vs. 41.27%, P = 0.042) and age (years: 57.98±12.46 vs. 62.09±10.61, P = 0.029) between the colonized group and the non-colonized group, while there were no significantly differences in the data of duration of mechanical ventilation, underlying diseases and primary diseases. The distribution of pathogenic bacteria showed that the infection rate of Staphylococcus aureus in the colonized group was significantly higher than that in the non-colonized group (24.74% vs. 7.94%, P < 0.05), and there was no significantly difference in the infection rate of other G-positive and G-negative bacteria between the two groups. The CPIS score in the colonized group was significantly higher than that in the non-colonized group (8.73±0.43 vs. 7.31±0.39, P < 0.01), and the expression levels of Dectin-1 and Syk in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were significantly higher than those in the non-colonized group (Dectin-1/U6: 0.86±0.22 vs. 0.47±0.16, Syk/U6: 0.77±0.18 vs. 0.42±0.11, both P < 0.01). The expression levels of Dectin-1 and Syk in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of VAP patients were significantly positively correlated with the colonization of respiratory Candida (r values were 0.754 and 0.631, respectively, both P < 0.05), and were significantly positively correlated with CPIS score (r values were 0.594 and 0.618, respectively, both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The proportion of Staphylococcus aureus in VAP patients with respiratory Candida colonization is higher, and Dectin-1/Syk signaling pathway is significantly positively correlated with respiratory Candida colonization and CPIS score.
Humans ; Syk Kinase ; Lectins, C-Type/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated/metabolism* ; Prospective Studies ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Candida ; Aged

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and its prognosis in patients with severe craniocerebral injury. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted. Patients with severe craniocerebral injury admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College from January 2020 to December 2022 were enrolled as the study subjects. Patients were divided into VAP group and non-VAP group based on the occurrence of VAP. VAP patients were further stratified into low-risk group [sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score 0-5], moderate-risk group (SOFA score 6-8), and high-risk group (SOFA score ≥ 9). General data, serological indicators [interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)], and 28-day prognosis (with mortality as the endpoint event) were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for VAP and 28-day mortality. Linear regression was applied to analyze the correlations between risk factors and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 140 patients with severe craniocerebral injury were enrolled, including 49 in the VAP group and 91 in the non-VAP group. The primary cause of injury was traffic accidents, followed by falls and heavy object impacts. Among VAP patients, 38 survived and 11 died within 28 days; 112 were classified as low-risk, 25 as moderate-risk, and 12 as high-risk. Significant differences were observed in age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, serum albumin levels, and frequency of sputum suction among different subgroups. Serologically, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and STAT3 mRNA expression levels in the VAP group were significantly higher than those in the non-VAP group. Deceased VAP patients exhibited higher IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and STAT3 mRNA levels compared to survivors. These biomarkers progressively increased from low-risk to high-risk subgroups. Multivariate Logistic regression identified age [odds ratio (OR) were 0.328 and 0.318], BMI (OR were 0.340 and 0.268), hypertension (OR were 0.275 and 0.245), diabetes (OR were 0.319 and 0.307), hyperlipidemia (OR were 0.228 and 0.235), smoking history (OR were 0.255 and 0.240), length of hospital stay (OR were 0.306 and 0.230), duration of mechanical ventilation (OR were 0.247 and 0.219), frequency of sputum suction (OR were 0.325 and 0.228), IL-1β (OR were 0.231 and 0.259), TNF-α (OR were 0.308 and 0.235), IL-6 (OR were 0.298 and 0.277), and STAT3 (OR were 0.259 and 0.265) as independent risk factors for both VAP occurrence and 28-day mortality (all P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that serum albumin levels were negatively correlated with VAP occurrence and mortality (all P < 0.01), while other factors showed positive correlations (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Age, BMI, length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, frequency of sputum suction, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking history, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway activation are significantly associated with VAP development and poor prognosis in patients with severe craniocerebral injury, providing a scientific basis for targeted clinical interventions.
Humans ; Risk Factors ; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated ; Prognosis ; Prospective Studies ; Craniocerebral Trauma/complications* ; Interleukin-6/blood* ; Male ; Female ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/blood* ; Interleukin-1beta/blood* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Logistic Models

Objective:To observe the effects of adipose-derived stem cells(ADSC)combined with acellular scaffold(AS)on the ultrastructure of dorsal root ganglion and the protein and mRNA expression levels of ciliary neurotrophic factor(CNTF),Janus kinase 2(JAK2),phosphorylated JAK2(p-JAK2),signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3)and phosphorylated STAT3(p-STAT3)in the rats with sciatic nerve injury(SNI),and to clarify the protective effect of ADSC combined with AS on dorsal root ganglion in the SNI rats and its possible mechanism.Methods:The rat ADSCs were isolated and cultured and their multidirectional differentiation potential was detected.The AS of rats was prepared,and ADSCs were injected into the AS to construct tissue-engineered nerve.A total of 36 rats were randomly divided into control group,model group,AS group,and ADSC+AS group.The rats in control group were routinely fed,and the rats in other groups were used to establish the SNI models by resecting 10 mm of right sciatic nerve.The rats in model group received no further treatment,while the rats in AS group and ADSC+AS group were bridged with AS and the constructed tissue-engineered nerve at the two ends of the injured nerve,respectively.At 6 weeks after surgery,transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructure of dorsal root ganglion of the rats in various groups;immunofluorescence method was used to detect the protein expression levels of CNTF,p-JAK2,and p-STAT3 in dorsal root ganglion of the rats;real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of CNTF,JAK2,and STAT3 in dorsal root ganglion of the rats in various groups.Results:After 7 d of primary ADSC culture,a large number of large and long spindle-shaped cells were observed under the inverted microscope,arranged in clusters or whirlpools;red lipid droplets were observed with oil red O staining under microscope,and calcified nodules were observed with Alizarin red staining under microscope,indicating that the isolated and cultured cells had multidirectional differentiation ability.Compared with normal nerve tissue,the level of DNA in AS of rats was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with control group,the nuclear membrane of dorsal root ganglion cells in model group was uneven and serrated,the number of organelles in the cytoplasm was decreased,mitochondria were swollen with broken or missing cristae and unclear structure;the CNTF protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.01),the p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expression levels were significantly increased(P<0.01),and the JAK2 and STAT3 mRNA expression levels were significantly increased(P<0.01).Compared with model group,the serrated change of nuclear membrane of the dorsal root ganglion cells in AS group was significantly alleviated,the number of organelles in the cytoplasm was increased,and mitochondrial swelling was reduced;in ADSC+AS group,the nuclear membrane of dorsal root ganglion cells tended to be intact,the number of organelles was increased,and mitochondrial swelling and vacuolization were significantly reduced;the CNTF protein and mRNA expression levels in the dorsal root ganglion in AS group and ADSC+AS group were significantly increased(P<0.01),the p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the JAK2 and STAT3 mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Compared with AS group,the CNTF protein and mRNA expression levels in ADSC+AS group were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),the p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 protein expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the JAK2 and STAT3 mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:The application of ADSC combined with AS can improve the ultrastructure of dorsal root ganglion in the SNI rats,and the mechanism may be related to the increased CNTF expression and decreased activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the dorsal root ganglion by ADSC combined with AS application.

This article outlines the formulation process of the local standard of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chronic Disease Management Guideline for Menopausal Women with Emotional Disorders(DB44/T 2547-2024;hereafter referred to as the"Guideline").By analyzing its structural framework and content,this study elucidates the TCM-specific chronic disease management strategies incorporated in the Guidelines,aiming to supply references to the development of similar standards and provide guidance for TCM chronic disease management practices.The development for the Guideline involved a multi-dimensional evidence collection process,including literature review,summary of expert experience,and expert consultations.By employing a multi-dimensional evidence-based approach,the Guideline has effectively integrated diverse evidence sources,and ensures the standard formulation being scientific and precise.The Guideline proposes the requirements for TCM-specific chronic disease management of menopausal women with emotional disorders firstly.By incorporating TCM lifestyle regulation,TCM emotional management,TCM dietary therapy,medication guidance,exercise therapies,and distinctive external treatments,the Guideline has developed into a comprehensive TCM chronic disease management system for prevention,treatment,rehabilitation and health preservation.The integrated approach effectively reduces the recurrence of emotional disorder and enhances quality of life of the patients.

Objective To analyze the differences in bone serum protein between patients with osteoporosis accompanied by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS)and those with osteoporosis only using proteomics.Methods A total of 80 osteoporosis patients who attended our hospital between June 2022 and June 2024 were enrolled.Based on their polysomnography results,the participants were divided into an OSAS and osteoporosis comorbidity(OSAS-osteoporosis)group(n=42)and an osteoporosis only group(n=38).Propensity score matching was applied to incorporate covariates in logistic regression so that the individual characteristics of the two groups of patients were generally balanced.Following the matching procedure,a final cohort of 20 matched pairs was obtained and subsequently utilized for further analysis.The mass spectrum was obtained using laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry.Principal component analysis(PCA)was performed to assess differences in metabolic patterns between groups.Partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA)and orthogonal PLS-DA(OPLS-DA)were employed for further data analysis.Variable importance in projection(VIP)scores of each substance were calculated with OPLS-DA to screen the metabolites showing inter-group differences.Heatmaps were generated to visualize metabolic profile differences between the OSAS-osteoporosis group and the osteoporosis group.Enrichment pathway analysis was conducted on the differential identified metabolites.Results After propensity score matching,individual characteristics between the groups were well balanced.Mass spectrometry revealed significant differences between the OSAS-osteoporosis and osteoporosis groups.In the PCA score plot,the separation trend of the two groups was not significant.The PLS-DA score plot showed a discernible separation trend,with R2 and Q2 lower than those of the corresponding results of the real model,confirming the reliability of the model.OPLS-DA showed that the total R2X of the model was 0.635,R2Y was 0.879,and O2Y was 0.728,showing obvious separation trends between the two groups.A total of 16 differential metabolites were identified,including stearyl-oleyl-glycerol phosphate choline,phosphate choline,L-histidine,erucamide,2'-deoxyuridine,1-palmitoyl glycerol,thymine,tyramine,L-pyroglutamic acid,L-glutamic acid,myristate,glycerol-3-phosphate,caprylic acid,pregnenolone,L-arginine,D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine,and isobutyric acid.Heatmaps showed significant differences in metabolic profiles between the OSAS-osteoporosis group and the osteoporosis group.Pathway enrichment analysis showed that 27 metabolic pathways were involved.27 metabolic pathways.Under the conditions of P<0.05 and pathway impact>0.2,the three most significant metabolic pathways identified included mainly alanine,aspartate,and glutamate metabolism,arginine biosynthesis,and histidine metabolism.Conclusion Significant differences were observed in the metabolic profiles between patients with both OSAS and osteoporosis and those with osteoporosis alone.

Objective: To investigate the protective effects and mechanisms of acellular nerve allografts (ANA) on motor neurons in the spinal cord anterior horn of sciatic nerve injury ( SNI) rats . Methods: SPF grade male SD rats were randomly divided into normal , model , ANA-bridged (bridge group) , and autologous nerve transplantation groups (autograft group) , with 6 rats in each group . The SNI rat model was established using the right sciatic nerve clamp method for 10 mm . In the bridge group , the ANA was bridged to the two severed ends of the injured sciatic nerve , and in the autograft group , the autologous nerves were flipped head to tail and then bridged to the two se- vered ends . A spectrophotometer was applied to determine the DNA content in normal nerves and ANA . The foot- print test was used to determine the sciatic nerve function index (SFI) of the rats in each group , the wet weight ra- tio of the anterior tibialis muscle was calculated . The morphology and structure of the anterior horn motor neurons of the spinal cord of each group were observed by HE staining. The immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to detect Apaf-1 , Caspase-3 , Bcl-2 , Bax , and Cyt-C proteins expression in the L4-6 segment of the spinal cord . Results: The DNA content in the ANA prepared in this study was significantly lower than that in normal nerves (P < 0. 05) . Compared with the normal group , the SFI and wet weight ratio of the anterior tibialis muscle were re- duced in the model group (P < 0. 001) ; compared with the model group , both SFI and wet weight ratio of the ante- rior tibialis muscle significantly increased in the bridge group and the autografts group ( P < 0. 05 , P < 0. 001) , and the SFI and wet weight ratio of the anterior tibialis muscle in the autograft group were higher than those in the bridge group (P < 0. 001 , P < 0. 01) . The results of HE staining showed that the motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord of the normal group were structurally intact and had clear cytosolic boundaries; the neurons in the model group were lysed and necrotic , with blurred cytosolic boundaries; the neurons in the bridge group were less lysed and necrotic , but the nuclear translocation phenomenon could still be seen; the neurons in the autograft group were morphologically and structurally intact with clear cytosolic boundaries . Compared with the normal group , the expression of Apaf-1 , Caspase-3 , Bax and Cyt-C proteins significantly increased in the model group (P < 0. 001 , P < 0. 01 , P < 0. 01 , P < 0. 05) . Compared with the model group , the expression of Apaf-1 , Caspase- 3 , Bax , and Cyt-C proteins significantly decreased (P < 0. 001 , P < 0. 05 , P < 0. 05 , P < 0. 05) ; but the expres- sion of Bcl-2 protein significantly increased in the bridge group and the autograft group (P < 0. 05) . The expression of Apaf-1 , Caspase-3 , Bax and Cyt-C proteins in the autografts group was lower than that in the bridge group (P < 0. 001 , P < 0. 05 , P < 0. 05 , P < 0. 05) . Conclusion ANA can exert a protective effect on motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord of SNI rats by improving the morphology and structure of neurons , increasing the ex- pression of Bcl-2 protein , but decreasing the expression of Cyt-C , Bax , Caspase-3 , and Apaf-1 proteins in the spi- nal cord . The mechanism of ANA may be related to the Bcl-2/Cyt-C/Apaf-1-mediated mitochondrial apoptosis sig- naling pathway .

AIM: To explore the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment experience and the distribution characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms of primary canaliculitis, and provide reference for its diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Retrospective clinical study. A total of 119 cases(120 eyes)diagnosed as primary canaliculitis in the department of ophthalmology of Wuxi No.2 People's Hospital from June 2019 to February 2023 were included. The treatment methods were mainly divided into conservative treatment(removing canaliculus stones through lacrimal punctum combined with injecting antibiotic eye ointment into the tube)and surgical treatment. The inspection methods of pathogenic microorganisms included secretion smear microscopy and microbial culture.RESULTS: Primary canaliculitis was more common in middle-aged and older female, mainly manifested by long-term red eye and increased secretion; however, the majority was not accompanied by tearing. Totally, 118 cases(99.2%)had monocular disease, while 63 cases(63 eyes; 52.5%)had inferior lacrimal canaliculus disease. Laboratory examination: Among 119 cases(120 eyes), 4 cases(4 eyes)did not undergo laboratory examination, and the other 115 cases(116 eyes)were as follows: Gram staining microscopy of secretion smear showed that Actinomyces were detected in 102 cases(103 eyes; 88.8%), while no fungus was detected; Microbial culture: 85 cases(86 eyes; 74.1%)were positive for bacterial culture. A total of 111 bacterial strains were cultured, which contained 26 types of bacteria. Among them, 32 strains were aerobic(28.8%); 26 strains were anaerobic(23.4%); and 53 strains were facultative anaerobic(47.7%). The most common bacteria were streptococcus(20 strains), staphylococcus(13 strains), Propionibacterium(10 strains), and capnocytophaga(10 strains). Only 4 cases(4 eyes; 3.4%)of microbial cultures were positive for Actinomyces. Fungus was negative in all microbial cultures. Treatment: Of the 119 cases(120 eyes), 114 cases(115 eyes; 95.8%)were cured by conservative treatment of removing lacrimal canaliculus stones through lacrimal punctum and intracanalicular ointment infiltration(IOI), while 5 cases(5 eyes)were not effective in conservative treatment; however, all of them were cured after surgical treatment, and the cure rate for primary canaliculitis was 100.0%.CONCLUSION: The incidence of primary canaliculitis is low, and it is prevalent in middle-aged and older female. Single lacrimal canaliculus is more common, which could be missed and misdiagnosed in clinic. Actinomyces is the major pathogen observed mostly in mixed infections, with heterogeneous strains, mainly anaerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are the most common whereas fungal canaliculitis is rare. The cure rate of primary canaliculitis is high after diagnosis, and IOI method is recommended as the initial treatment of canaliculitis.