BACKGROUND: Death burden of stroke is severe with over one-third rural residents in China, but there is still a lack of specific national and high-quality reports on the urban-rural differences in stroke burden, especially for subtypes. We aimed to update the understanding of urban-rural differences in stroke deaths. METHODS: This is a descriptive observational study. Data from the national mortality surveillance system, which covers 323.8 million with 605 disease surveillance points (DSPs) across all 31 provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions in China. All deaths from stroke as the underlying cause from 2015 to 2020 according to DSPs. Crude mortality rate and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were estimated through DSPs. Average annual percentage change was used to explain the change in mortality rate. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2020, the majority of deaths from all stroke subtypes occurred in rural areas. There were significant differences between the changes of urban and rural ASMRs. On the whole, the changes in urban areas were evidently better, and the ASMR differences were basically expanding. Stroke ASMR in urban China decreased by 15.5%. The rural ASMR of ischemic stroke increased by 12.9%. The rural and urban ASMRs of intracerebral hemorrhage decreased by 24.9% and 27.4%, and those of subarachnoid hemorrhage decreased by 29.5% and 40.4%, respectively. The highest ASMRs of all stroke subtypes and the increasing trend of ischemic stroke ASMR make rural males the focus of stroke management. CONCLUSIONS The death burden of stroke varies greatly between urban and rural China. Rural residents face unique challenges.
Humans ; China/epidemiology* ; Stroke/mortality* ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Male ; Female ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data* ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Adult

The lumbar intervertebral disc exhibits a complex physiological structure with interactions between various segments, and its components are extremely complex. The material properties of different components in the lumbar intervertebral disc, especially the water content (undergoing dynamic change as influenced by age, degeneration, mechanical loading, and proteoglycan content) - critically determine its mechanical properties. When the lumbar intervertebral disc is under continuous pressure, water seeps out, and after the pressure is removed, water re-infiltrates. This dynamic fluid exchange process directly affects the mechanical properties of the lumbar intervertebral disc, while previous isotropic modeling methods have been unable to accurately reflect such solid-liquid phase behaviors. To explore the load-bearing mechanism of the lumbar intervertebral disc and establish a more realistic mechanical model of the lumbar intervertebral disc, this study developed a solid-liquid biphasic, fiber-reinforced finite element model. This model was used to simulate the four movements of the human lumbar spine in daily life, namely flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending. The fluid pressure, effective solid stress, and liquid pressure-bearing ratio of the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus of different lumbar intervertebral discs were compared and analyzed under the movements. Under all the movements, the fluid pressure distribution was closer to the nucleus pulposus, while the effective solid stress distribution was more concentrated in the outer annulus fibrosus. In terms of fluid pressure, the maximum fluid pressure of the lumbar intervertebral disc during lateral bending was 1.95 MPa, significantly higher than the maximum fluid pressure under other movements. Meanwhile, the maximum effective solid stress of the lumbar intervertebral disc during flexion was 2.43 MPa, markedly higher than the maximum effective solid stress under other movements. Overall, the liquid pressure-bearing ratio under axial rotation was smaller than that under other movements. Based on the solid-liquid biphasic modeling method, this study more accurately revealed the dominant role of the liquid phase in the daily load-bearing process of the lumbar intervertebral disc and the solid-phase mechanical mechanism of the annulus fibrosus load-bearing, and more effectively predicted the solid-liquid phase co-load-bearing mechanism of the lumbar intervertebral disc in daily life.
Humans ; Finite Element Analysis ; Intervertebral Disc/physiology* ; Lumbar Vertebrae/physiology* ; Weight-Bearing/physiology* ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Stress, Mechanical ; Computer Simulation ; Models, Biological

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Objective To evaluate the predictive value of triglyceride-glucose body mass index(TyG-BMI),atherogenic index of plasma(AIP),and postprandial glucose excursion(PPGE)for sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods An observational cohort trial was conducted on 590 hospitalized T2DM patients(322 males and 268 females)admitted to Department of Endocrinology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University between January 2023 and December 2024.General demographic data and key metabolic indicators,including fasting plasma glucose(FPG),postprandial 2-hour plasma glucose(PPG),triglyceride(TG)were collected,and then TyG-BMI,AIP,and PPGE were calculated.Based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia(AWGS)2019 criteria,they were divided into a sarcopenia group(n=140)and a non-sarcopenia group(n=450).After 1∶1 propensity score matching(PSM),102 patients with sarcopenia were matched with 102 without.Differences in metabolic indicators FPG,PPG,TyG-BMI,AIP and PPGE were compared between the 2 groups.Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to assess correlations of these indicators with sarcopenia.Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were plotted to assess predictive performance.An external validation cohort consisting of 192 T2DM patients from Department of Endocrinology of Jiangbei Branch of First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between January 2023 and December 2024 was included to validate the prediction model.Results After PSM,the baseline data of the 2 groups was balanced(P>0.05).The sarcopenia group showed higher levels of PPG,AIP,and PPGE,but lower TyG-BMI value than the non-sarcopenia group(all P=0.001).Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the TyG-BMI was negatively correlated(r=-0.404,P=0.001),whereas AIP and PPGE were positively correlated with concomitant sarcopenia(r=0.280,P=0.001;r=0.372,P=0.001)in the T2DM patients.Conditional logistic regression analysis identified AIP(OR=14.367)and PPGE(OR=1.245)as independent risk factors,while TyG-BMI(OR=0.966)as independent protective factors.ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve(AUC)of the combined model of TyG-BMI,AIP and PPGE in predicting sarcopenia was 0.918,and the AUC value was 0.954 in external validation,with good sensitivity and specificity.Conclusion TyG-BMI,AIP,and PPGE are important metabolic predictors in T2DM patients with sarcopenia.Their combination has good screening value for sarcopenia,and can be applied in external prediction for T2DM patients.

Organ transplantation has emerged as a therapeutic modality for children with end-stage organ failure.With advancements in surgical techniques,organ preservation methods,and immunosuppressive thera-pies,both the success rate of transplantation and the long-term quality of life of recipients have continued to im-prove.Initially applied primarily in cardiothoracic transplantation,extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)has gradually expanded its role in pediatric organ transplant recipients to include perioperative support for cardiopulmonary complications in abdominal organ transplants such as liver and kidney,as well as in the maintenance of deceased donors.With ongoing refinements in ECMO technology and equipment,its sig-nificance in supporting children with end-stage organ failure has become increasingly prominent,offering re-newed hope and survival for a growing number of pediatric patients with organ failure.

In the field of dental aesthetics,digital aesthetic design plays a crucial role in helping dentists to predict treatment outcomes vis-ually,as well as in enhancing the consistency of knowledge and understanding of aesthetic goals between dentists and patients.It serves as the foundation for achieving ideal aesthetic effects.However,there is no clear standard for this digital process currently in China and abroad.Many dentists lack of systematic understanding of how to carry out digital aesthetic design for treatment.To establish standardized processes for dental aesthetic design and to improve the homogeneity of treatment outcomes,Chinese Society of Digital Dental Industry(CSD-DI)convened domestic experts in related field to compile this consensus.This article elaborates on the key aspects of digital aesthetic data collection,integration steps,and the digital aesthetic design process.It also formulates a decision tree for dental aesthetics at macro level and outlines corresponding workflows for various clinical scenarios,serving as a reference for clinicians.

BACKGROUND:Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a refractory orthopedic disease that seriously affects the normal life of patients.Hip preservation is recommended for young patients due to the limited prosthesis longevity and revision.Accurate prediction of the mechanical properties of the necrotic area in the early stage and then intervention is the key to hip preservation. OBJECTIVE:To establish a dynamic contact mechanics finite element model of necrotic femoral head based on human hip CT data and predict effects of both necrotic volume magnitude and its position on biomechanics of the necrotic region under walking movement. METHODS:CT data of a volunteer were collected and then geometry model of the hip was rebuilt.Finite element model of the necrotic femoral head was established using the Abaqus software.Nine different necrotic femoral models were constructed by combined both three different necrotic volume magnitudes(small,medium and big volume)and three different necrotic positions(coincided with,medium deviated with and kept away from the line of the force).The Von Mises of the necrotic region for all models were predicted under both 3 000 N static load and dynamical loads of one whole ISO walking gait cycle.The collapse risk for all models was evaluated based on collapse criterion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)More approaching of the necrotic region to the line of force and bigger collapse volume made the maximum Von Mises increasing.This also enlarged the collapse risk of the necrotic region.(2)For different load types,walking movement increased the maximum Von Mises of the necrotic region than that of the value under static load under the same necrotic volume and location.(3)In conclusion,dynamic load would result in increasing of the maximum Von Mises of the necrotic region comparing to static load during exercise.Therefore,the risk of local collapse will increase due to greater Von Mises.However,the overall collapse risk is lower than that of static load due to the dynamic change of bearing area.This factor should be carefully considered by surgeons when they evaluate the mechanical performance of the necrotic femoral head.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of the treatment of recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder in soldiers with bipolar lesions by arthroscopic Bankart repair and Remplissage surgery.Methods From February 2019 to March 2022,15 patients with recurrent anterior dislocation of shoulder in our hospital were selected,all of whom were male;The age ranged from 18～33(23.07±4.39)years,Beighton score was(4.40±1.89).4 cases of left shoulder and 11 cases of right shoulder.Preoperative CT evaluation of Hill-Sachs injury was(16.93±2.17)%.The range of motion was recorded,and the function and stability of the shoulder was evaluated by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons(ASES)score and Constant-Murley score.Results All patients were followed up for 10～28(18.47±6.46)months.No patient had clinical complications such as infections,neurovascular injuries and redislocation.Shoulder flexion and lifting increased from(152.41±14.28)° pre-operatively to(167.48±10.23)° at the latest follow-up,and internal rotation,preoperative spinous process levels were T5 1 cases,T6 2 cases,T7 6 cases,T8 3 cases,T9 2 cases,T10 1 cases,postoperative spinous process levels were T5 1 cases,T6 1 cases,T7 3 cases,T8 6 cases,T9 4 cases,the average lateral external rotation and abduction 90° external rotation decreased from(60.31±13.43)°and(97.41±13.17)° pre-operatively to(51.23±14.27)° and(89.47±14.15)° at the latest follow-up,respectively.The ASES score and Constant-Murley score were significantly improved.Conclusion The clinical effect of rehabilitation of Bankart repair combined with Remplissage under arthroscopy in the treatment of recurrent dislocation of shoulder in soldiers with Bipolar lesions is satisfactory.Although the external rotation angle of shoulder is slightly decreased after operation,it can significantly reduce the recurrence rate of shoulder dislocations and return to the training.

ObjectiveTo observe the clinical efficacy of Shengmaisan combined with polymyxin B in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacillus infection with sepsis complicated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. MethodA total of 90 patients suffering from carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacillus infection with sepsis complicated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group， with 45 cases in each group. The control group was treated with polymyxin B， and the observation group was treated with Shengmaisan combined with polymyxin B. The treatment course of both groups was seven days. The infection-related indicators ［white blood cell （WBC） count， procalcitonin （PCT）， neutrophil apolipoprotein （HNL）］， inflammatory factors ［interleukin-6 （IL-6）， serum chemokine ligand 2 （CXCL2）］， and T lymphocyte subpopulations （CD3⁺， CD4⁺， CD8⁺， and CD4⁺/ CD8⁺ value）， acute physiological and chronic health Ⅱ （APACHE Ⅱ） score before and after treatment， as well as bacterial clearance rate and 28-day survival rate after treatment were observed. Result① The experiment was completed， and 81 cases were included， including 41 cases in the observation group and 40 cases in the control group. The general data of the two groups were comparable. ② The bacterial clearance rate of the observation group and the control group was 75.6% （31/41） and 52.5% （21/40）， respectively， and the observation group was higher than the control group （χ²=4.7， P<0.05）. ③ The WBC count， PCT， HNL， IL-6， CXCL2， and APACHE Ⅱ scores of the observation group and the control group all decreased after treatment （P<0.05）. Except for the WBC count， the PCT， HNL， IL-6， CXCL2， and APACHE Ⅱ scores of the observation group were lower than those of the control group （P<0.05）. ④ The values of CD3⁺， CD4⁺， and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ in the observation group were increased after treatment （P<0.05）， and CD8⁺ was decreased （P<0.05）. In the control group， only CD3⁺ value was increased （P<0.05）. The values of CD3⁺， CD4⁺， and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ in the observation group were higher than those in the control group， and the value of CD8⁺ was lower than that in the control group （P<0.05）. ⑤ The 28-day survival rate in the observation group was higher than that in the control group （χ²=4.3， P<0.05）. ConclusionShengmaisan combined with polymyxin B in the treatment of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacillus infection with sepsis complicated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome can better clear bacteria， control infection， reduce the level of inflammatory factors， regulate the immune state of the body， and improve the short-term prognosis.

Objective Based on the PDCA cycle theory,it explores the application mode of scenario simulation teaching method in clinical basic skills training.Methods The 96 students majoring in clinical medicine from the First Af-filiated Hospital of Harbin Medical University in 2019 were selected as the research objects,and the experimental group and the control group were set up respectively,with 48 students in each group,and skills training was car-ried out from March to December 2022.The control group was trained in the traditional way,and the experimental group was trained in the scenario simulation teaching method based on the PDCA cycle.The training effect and training satisfaction of the control group and the experimental group were compared and analyzed.Results In the sur-vey of the training effect of the students in the experimental group,the evaluation results of the basic clinical skills operation were higher than those in the control group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.01).In terms of the appropriate and safe operation mode,There was no significant difference be-tween the two groups(P＞0.05).In the training satisfaction survey,students in the experimental group were signifi-cantly more satisfied with the training than those students who are in the control group.The difference was statistical-ly significant(P＜0.01).Conclusion The application of scenario simulation teaching method based on PDCA cycle in clinical basic skills training helps to improve the quality of clinical basic skills training and student satisfaction.