Objective To study the differences in intestinal flora of normal and type 2 diabetic mice, the effect of alcoholic extract of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt on mouse intestinal flora, and explore the possible relationship between alcoholic extract of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt, intestinal flora and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in mice.Methods Stool samples were collected from the normal control group (A), high dose (1.8 g/kg) (B) and moderate dose (1.2 g/kg) (C) alco-holic extract of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt model groups, metformin (0.2 g/kg) treatment group (D) and blank control (E) group.16S rDNA real-time quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the levels of Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in the stool samples.Pearson analysis method was used to analyze the correlation between the levels of tar-get bacterial species and the fasting blood glucose ( FBG) in the mice.Results 1.Compared with the normal control group, the levels of Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron in the T2DM model group were significantly low-ered (P=0.017, P=0.002).2.Compared with the model group, the levels of Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroides the-taiotaomicron of the high dose Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt alcohol extract group were significantly different ( 2 weeks: P =0.027, P=0.006;4 weeks:P=0.007, P=0.012).3.The levels of Clostridium coccoides and Bacteroides thetaiotaomi-cron were positively correlated with the FBG level in the mice.Conclusions The alcohol extract of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt has certain effect on the intestinal flora in type 2 diabetic mice and there is certain correlation between the effect of alcohol extract of Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt and their blood glucose level.

Objective To investigate the relationship between maximum blood pressure and the prognosis after discharged from the hospital,among patients with ischemic stroke.Methods A cohort study was conducted which including 471 cases of ischemic stroke patients that were collected from February 2014 to December 2014 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University.Values of everyday blood pressure were measured on each patient at the first six days after admitted to the hospital.Maximum blood pressure value of the 6 days was taken as an indicator of the blood pressure levels.The ability on daily living was measured by the modified Rankin score (mRs).Data were analyzed by Chi-square test,t test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results Confounding factors would include age,gender,culture,physical activity,income,smoking,alcohol,hypertension,diabetes,coronary heart disease,stroke history,hospitalization mrs,lipid parameters,homocysteine and blood sugar and were adjusted.Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the maximum SBP was associated with adverse outcomes.Compared with 140-159 mmHg for SBP,OR(95％CI) was 2.51 (1.30-4.85) for 160-179 mmHg,OR (95％ CI) was 2.68 (1.27-5.65) for those pressure levels higher than 180 mmHg,after multiple factors were adjusted.Compared with 90-99 mmHg for DBP,OR(95％CI) was 1.92 (1.00-3.67) for 100-109 mmHg,OR (95％ CI) was 2.78 (1.35-5.69) for the ones higher than 110 mmHg.Conclusion Maximum blood pressure during hospitalization might be associated with adverse outcome of ischemic stroke patients.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic potential of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Schwann cells(SCs) in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) and assess the effect and mechanism.Methods EAN model was established by immunization of Lewis rats with 400 μg of specific peptide P2(57-81)and complete Freund adjuvant.In the therapy group,the SCs (n =28) and the combination of BDNF administration and SCs (n =48) were labeled by the nuclear fluorescent dye injected into the intracerebroventricularly in 14 d after immunization.Transplanted cell migration tracking respectively were at 25,35 and 45 days after immunization.The rats were observed for signs of disease daily and subjected to clinical score,of which the sciatic nerves were subjected to histopathological examination (hematoxylin eosinstaining,luxol-fast-green and immunohistochemical staining).The inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination were assessed,and the CD4,CD8,CD68,S-100 and nerve growth factor (NGF) positive cells numbers were compared among the 3 different groups.Results AIl the rats had the neurological deficits.Compared with control group,there were no significant differences in SCs therapy group.In SCs + BDNF therapy group,the recovery of paralytic symptom was faster and the score was lower after immunization 45 d.After immunization 25 and 35 days,both the inflammatory cells infiltration (EAN model group:325.8 ±10.8,221.4 ± 35.2;SCs + BDNF transplantation group:307.3 ±4.6,197.2 ± 16.8; t =2.172,P =0.031 ;t=3.756,P=0.000) and the expression of CD4+,CD8+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages were reduced.After immunization 35,45 days,the demyelination degree (EAN model group:3.4 ± 0.5,2.9 ± 0.8 ; SCs +BDNF transplantation group:2.9 ±0.8,2.3 ±0.5) was reduced (t =-7.408,P =0.000;t =-6.092,P =0.000),the expression of S-100 is higher,and NGF was lower than the control group in each time point after immunization.Conclusions SCs transplanted into the cerebellar ventricle of animals can migrate into the sciatic nerve.The combination of BDNF administration and SCs transplantation may represent an effective strategy by reducing inflammation reaction,improving the expression of S-100 in the donor cell,and reducing NGF irritability heighten in sciatic nerve.However,delivery of SCs alone is inefficiency to the treatment of EAN.

We changed the form of literature reading from simple reading and translation to comprehensive lecture,analysis,discussion and exchange under the guidance of teachers in order to promote postgraduates' capability of learning professional English and to enhance their overall quality.The new form not only improves students' English proficiency but also enhances their overall quality,such as literature quality,teaching ability,competitive consciousness,psychological quality,etc.At the same time,it is also beneficial for teachers.

Objective To investigate the correlation between neuronal injury and the expression of caspase-3 and caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease (CAD) after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats, also to study the effect of caspase-3 particular inhibitor. Methods The focal cerebral ischemia model (occluding middle cerebral artery of the rats) was made by using modified inserting thread method and reperfusion after embolizing for one hour. Using HE staining, TUNEL staining and microscopy to observe the morphological changes of ischemic neurons at six different time points including 6,12,24,48 and 72 h, using immunohistochemistry to observe the changes of caspase-3 and CAD protein in two groups (model group and interfere group). Results There was no significant difference between the two groups using HE staining and microscopy. While there was difference of TUNEL staining positive cells in all time points, except 6 h time point; Both the two groups reached the expression peak of caspase-3 in 24 h, and the number was 2. 360± 0. 318 and 0. 804 ± 0. 206 respectively(t' = 10. 039, P < 0. 01), there was statistical significance from 12 h to 48 h between the two groups ; The expression peak time of CAD protein in two groups was 48 h, and the number was 3.061 ± 0. 567 and 0. 812 ± 0. 240 respectively (t' = 8. 960, P < 0. 01), there was statistical significance from 12 to 72 h between two groups. Conclusions Caspase-3-CAD-DNA degradation is one important way of neuronal injury in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion of rats, caspase-3 inhibitor can protect neuron in a certain degree.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have received great attention in the studies of therapeutic methods of cerebral ischemia in recent years. This article reviews its research Status Quo and some unsolved problems.

BACKGROUND: Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) is an important transcription factor, which can promote the transcription of many target genes after activated.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of NF-κB in local cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and the influence of the pretreatment of the N-acetylcysteine.DESIGN: Randomized grouping experiment with animals as subjects.SETTING: Department of Neurology, the Second Clinical Medical College, Harbin Medical University.MATERIALS: The experiment was finished in the Animal Experimental Center and Laboratory of Pathology of Harbin Medical University. Ninetynine male healthy Wister rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Sham-operated group(n=l 1), saline control group(n=44), N-acetylcysteine group(n=44).METHODS: Rat models of cerebral ischemia were made with the method of thread blocking improved by Longa et al in rats of the three groups. A nylon line with a smooth spherical captular end of 0.26 mm in diameter made by heating was inserted through the cut of crotch of the common carotid artery. The prepared line for common carotid artery was tied tightly and the arteriole clamp of internal carotid artery was unclamped. The nylon line entered the common carotid artery and the inserted length of the saline control group and the N-acetylcysteine group from the crotch of the internal and external carotid artery was calculated about (18.5±0.5)mm in order to obstruct the blood supply of the middle cerebral artery. The inserted depth in sham-operated group was less than 15 mm and the blood supply of the middle cerebral artery was kept normal. Intraperitoneal injection of N-acetylcysteine was given with 150 mg/kg at 30 minutes before ischemia in N-acetylcysteine group and injection of normal saline was given with equal volume at 30 minutes before ischemia in saline control group.Eleven rats each time in saline control group and N-acetylcysteine group were killed by cutting off heads at the time points of ischemia 6, 24 hours,and reperfusion 1 hour after ischemia 6, 24 hours. The express of NF-κB of brain tissue was observed with immunchistochemical method. Percentage of cerebral infarction of rats in each group was determined by dyeing of tetrachloro red tetrazoline. Apoptosis of brain tissue cells was detected with terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL).MAIN OUTCOME MESURES: Percentage of cerebral infart volume of rats in each group, the activity of combination of the NF-κB and apoptosis of cells.RESULTS: Ninety-nine animals attended the experiment, all of them entered the final analysis. ① Percentages of infarct volume at 1 hour of ischemia and 6, 24 hours of reperfusion in N-acetylcysteine group were (8.39±2.54)%, (24.54±6.02)% respectively, and that of corresponding saline control group were (15.50±4.18)%,(32.22±3.99)%. The focus of infartion with ischemia for 24 hours in each group was increased as compared with that for 6 hours and the infarct volume in group with N-acetylcysteine was obviously decreased as compared with that in saline control group (P ＜ 0.01). ② NF-κB p56 transfered from the kytoplasm to the nucelus after the ischemia and reperfusion. The rates of p56 masculine cells in N-acetylcysteine group of ischemia for 6 and 24 hours were (0.462±0.022)%, (0.452±0.015)% respectively, the express of which was decreased as compared with that in saline control group [(0.563±0.028 )%,(0.554±0.013)%] (P ＜ 0.01 ). ③ Cells of apoptosis pretreated with N-acetylcysteine were obviously decreased as compared with that pretreated with normal saline.CONCLUSION: Focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion can activate NF-κB p65, which participate in the damage of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. NF-κB can inhibit the express of p65, and relieve the nerve injury and so have the effct of protection for brain.

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a newly discovered proinflammatory cytokine in recent years. It has wide biological activities; therefore it may be one of the important factors in the occurrence and development of certain diseases. The article mainly reviews the current situation of the study on the related roles of IL-17 in nervous system diseases.

5-lipoxygenase-activating protein Gene (ALOX5AP) on chromosome 13q12-13 encodes 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). The latter plays a key role in regulating the synthesis of leukotriene. Studies have suggested that the subjects who carry this gene may increase stroke risk by two times. Therefore, ALOX5AP plays an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have proven the existence of the regeneration of central nervous tissue. But abjective results,such as lacked of neurogenesis after injury,also have been found in many experiments. The greatest difficulty in conventional brain transplantation or brain tissue transplantation has been the survival and development of the graft. Additionally,the stability of therapeutic effects and the rehabilitation of brain functions also need confirmation.OBJECTIVE: To investigate an approach to intrathecal injection of neural stem cells(NSCs) in stroke therapy,and observe therapeutic effects and side effects as well,so as to make the evaluation of the safety and feasibility.DESIGN: A confirmative before-after study based on stroke patients.SETTING: A neurology department in a municipal hospital and a microbiology and immunology department affiliated to a university hospital.PARTICIPANTS: From November 2002 to September 2003,26 stroke inpatients in the Neurology Department of Anyang Municipal People' s Hospital were selected. Of all the c ases,3 were diagnosed as acute cerebral hemorrhage,and the other 23 had been suffering strokes for durations ranging from 3months to 30 years,an average of (4.2 ± 6. 6) years. They were 20 male and 6female between the ages from 36 -72 years old,an average of(56.3 ± 12.7)years old. Fifteen of them were ischemic and 11 were hemorrhagic. Nineteen were associated with hypertension,2 with coronary heart disease,4 with diabetes and 4 associated with hyperlipodemia.INTERVENTIONS: On each of the 3 patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage (hematoma volume,35 - 40 mL),a microinvasive intracerebral hematoma puncture was performed,and then a suspension of NSCs were conducted to the stroke by a drainage tube. For the rest of the patients,suspensions were intrathecally administered into the subarachnoid and then flowed to the cerebral surface through cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) circulation. Afterwards,physical therapy(PT),occupational therapy (OT) and speech therapy(ST) were jointly applied to facilitate the rehabilitation of the stroke patients. Therapeutic effects was calculated according to the European stroke scale(ESS) and the Barthel Index(BI) . If ESS index went beyond or equal to 1 score,the case would be defined as effective; otherwise,it would be defined as not effective. Additionally,CT,MRI,EEG,chest x-ray,and blood biochemical variables were also measured.MAIN OUTCOMEMEASURES: Therapeutic effects and side effects were taken as main outcomemeasurements.RESULTS: Of the 23 patients who ntrathecal administration,19had positive therapeutic effect and 4 did not. Post-transplantation ESS was higher than that of pre-transplantation(54. 1 ±21.2 vs 51.4 ±21.1,t = 5.8,P = 0. 000 007 6),while post-transplantation BI also increased significantly as compared with that of pre-transplantation(41.1 ± 31.3 vs 36. 1 ± 32. 1,vasive intracerebral hematoma puncture had successful rehabilitation and regained self-care ability. Of all the patients,4 got a transitory fever and 2felt slight post-operation headache.CONCLUSION: Conclusion can be drawn from the study that stroke patients are ameliorated to various extents after neural stem cell transplantation which has no toxicity or side effects. It shows that neural stem cell transplantation is viable and feasible in improving the motor function and self-care ability in stroke patients.