Objective This study aims to explore the application value of spectral CT and perfusion CT parameters in the pathological classification and prognostic assessment of lung cancer.Methods A total of 94 lung cancer patients confirmed by pathology at Shanghai Chest Hospital from January 2023 to November 2024 were included in the study,including 49 cases of lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD),30 cases of lung squamous cell carci-noma(LUSC),and 15 cases of small cell lung cancer(SCLC).All patients underwent spectral CT combined with perfusion scanning using a 256-slice Revolution Apex from GE.Two radiologists independently measured the spectral and perfusion parameters of the three groups of images,including spectral curve slope(K),iodine concentration in the lesion area(ICL),effective atomic number(Zeff),surface permeability(PS),and perfusion index(PI),and established a lung cancer pathological subtype discrimination prediction model based on spectral CT radiomics features.All subjects were randomly divided into a training group and a validation group at a ratio of 3∶1.The discrimination efficacy of the spectral discrimination model between different pathological subtypes and the discrimination efficacy of arterial and venous phase images were compared in multiple dimensions.The performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results Statistical analysis showed that the spectral curve slope,ICL,NIC,and Zeff of LUAD patients were significantly higher than those of LUSC and SCLC patients(P<0.05),while there were no significant differences in these parameters between LUSC and SCLC patients(P>0.05).Among the perfusion CT parameters,surface permeability(PS)showed significant differences among the three groups(P<0.05),while blood volume(BV),blood flow(BF),perfusion index(PI),time to peak(TTP),and mean transit time(MTT)did not show statistical differences.The multi-factor logistic regression model based on spectral parameters showed strong discriminatory performance:the area under the curve(AUC)of the LUAD and LUSC discrimination model was 0.806/0.77(training group/test group)in the arterial phase and 0.867/0.9(training group/test group)in the venous phase;the AUC of the LUAD and SCLC discrimination model was 0.885/0.883(training group/test group)in the arterial phase and 0.851/0.776(training group/test group)in the venous phase.Conclusion This study indicates that the multi-dimensional functional metabolic analysis indicators of spectral and perfusion CT imaging have significant value in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer pathological subtypes.The diagnostic model constructed by combining multiple spectral parameters can significantly improve the discrimination efficacy of lung adenocarcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma,and small cell lung cancer,providing precise imaging evidence for the formulation of individualized treatment plans.

ObjectiveTo dynamically observe the clinical symptoms and pathological changes in a rat model of vinorelbine-induced phlebitis via injection into the dorsalis pedis vein. MethodsTwenty-eight 11-week-old male SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into a model group (n=20) and a control group (n=8). The model group received a single injection of 0.1 mL vinorelbine solution (4 mg/mL) via the right hind limb dorsalis pedis vein, while the control group received an equal volume of normal saline via the same method. The occurrence and grading of phlebitis in both groups were observed and recorded daily. The volume of the injured limb was measured by the drainage method to calculate the swelling rate. The weight-bearing ratio of the injured limb was assessed using a bipedal balance pain meter, and the skin temperature of the injured limb was measured by infrared thermal imaging. These measurements were conducted for 9 consecutive days. Starting from day 1, three rats from the model group were euthanized every other day. A 1-cm segment of the vein extending proximally from the injection site was collected. Pathological changes in the vein tissue were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and ultrastructural changes of the vascular endothelium were observed using scanning electron microscopy. ResultsCompared to the control group, the injected hindlimb of model rats showed redness and swelling on day 1, with the swelling rate peaking at (81.89±15.75) % on day 3 (P<0.001), then gradually alleviating and decreasing to (15.41±0.33) % by day 9 (P<0.01). Pain was observed in the affected limbs of model rats on day 1 and worsened markedly on day 3, with the weight-bearing ratio decreasing to (36.35±4.91)% (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the skin temperature of the lesion site increased, reaching (36.36±0.40) ℃ on day 5 (P<0.001). Both pain and fever returned to near normal levels by day 9. Phlebitis grading in the model group showed that 75.0% of rats were grade Ⅱ on day 1; grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ each accounted for 37.5% on day 3; from days 5 to 9, most rats exhibited cord-like veins, predominantly grade III. Venous tissue showed peripheral edema and inflammatory cell infiltration on day 1, which gradually progressed to intimal rupture, vessel wall thickening, and even lumen narrowing from day 3 to 9. The venous intima exhibited destruction of tight junctions between endothelial cells and adhesion of blood cells, progressing to roughened, wrinkled, and protruding intimal surfaces. ConclusionThe vinorelbine-induced phlebitis of dorsal foot vein in rat model is characterized by local redness, swelling, warmth, and pain from days 3 to 5, which largely resolve by day 9, although cord-like veins can still be observed. With disease progression, venous tissue develops edema, vessel wall thickening, and lumen narrowing. The venous intima shows rupture, roughening, and in some cases, complete loss.

ObjectiveTo dynamically observe the clinical symptoms and pathological changes in a rat model of vinorelbine-induced phlebitis via injection into the dorsalis pedis vein. MethodsTwenty-eight 11-week-old male SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into a model group (n=20) and a control group (n=8). The model group received a single injection of 0.1 mL vinorelbine solution (4 mg/mL) via the right hind limb dorsalis pedis vein, while the control group received an equal volume of normal saline via the same method. The occurrence and grading of phlebitis in both groups were observed and recorded daily. The volume of the injured limb was measured by the drainage method to calculate the swelling rate. The weight-bearing ratio of the injured limb was assessed using a bipedal balance pain meter, and the skin temperature of the injured limb was measured by infrared thermal imaging. These measurements were conducted for 9 consecutive days. Starting from day 1, three rats from the model group were euthanized every other day. A 1-cm segment of the vein extending proximally from the injection site was collected. Pathological changes in the vein tissue were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and ultrastructural changes of the vascular endothelium were observed using scanning electron microscopy. ResultsCompared to the control group, the injected hindlimb of model rats showed redness and swelling on day 1, with the swelling rate peaking at (81.89±15.75) % on day 3 (P<0.001), then gradually alleviating and decreasing to (15.41±0.33) % by day 9 (P<0.01). Pain was observed in the affected limbs of model rats on day 1 and worsened markedly on day 3, with the weight-bearing ratio decreasing to (36.35±4.91)% (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the skin temperature of the lesion site increased, reaching (36.36±0.40) ℃ on day 5 (P<0.001). Both pain and fever returned to near normal levels by day 9. Phlebitis grading in the model group showed that 75.0% of rats were grade Ⅱ on day 1; grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ each accounted for 37.5% on day 3; from days 5 to 9, most rats exhibited cord-like veins, predominantly grade III. Venous tissue showed peripheral edema and inflammatory cell infiltration on day 1, which gradually progressed to intimal rupture, vessel wall thickening, and even lumen narrowing from day 3 to 9. The venous intima exhibited destruction of tight junctions between endothelial cells and adhesion of blood cells, progressing to roughened, wrinkled, and protruding intimal surfaces. ConclusionThe vinorelbine-induced phlebitis of dorsal foot vein in rat model is characterized by local redness, swelling, warmth, and pain from days 3 to 5, which largely resolve by day 9, although cord-like veins can still be observed. With disease progression, venous tissue develops edema, vessel wall thickening, and lumen narrowing. The venous intima shows rupture, roughening, and in some cases, complete loss.

Objective This study aims to explore the application value of spectral CT and perfusion CT parameters in the pathological classification and prognostic assessment of lung cancer.Methods A total of 94 lung cancer patients confirmed by pathology at Shanghai Chest Hospital from January 2023 to November 2024 were included in the study,including 49 cases of lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD),30 cases of lung squamous cell carci-noma(LUSC),and 15 cases of small cell lung cancer(SCLC).All patients underwent spectral CT combined with perfusion scanning using a 256-slice Revolution Apex from GE.Two radiologists independently measured the spectral and perfusion parameters of the three groups of images,including spectral curve slope(K),iodine concentration in the lesion area(ICL),effective atomic number(Zeff),surface permeability(PS),and perfusion index(PI),and established a lung cancer pathological subtype discrimination prediction model based on spectral CT radiomics features.All subjects were randomly divided into a training group and a validation group at a ratio of 3∶1.The discrimination efficacy of the spectral discrimination model between different pathological subtypes and the discrimination efficacy of arterial and venous phase images were compared in multiple dimensions.The performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results Statistical analysis showed that the spectral curve slope,ICL,NIC,and Zeff of LUAD patients were significantly higher than those of LUSC and SCLC patients(P<0.05),while there were no significant differences in these parameters between LUSC and SCLC patients(P>0.05).Among the perfusion CT parameters,surface permeability(PS)showed significant differences among the three groups(P<0.05),while blood volume(BV),blood flow(BF),perfusion index(PI),time to peak(TTP),and mean transit time(MTT)did not show statistical differences.The multi-factor logistic regression model based on spectral parameters showed strong discriminatory performance:the area under the curve(AUC)of the LUAD and LUSC discrimination model was 0.806/0.77(training group/test group)in the arterial phase and 0.867/0.9(training group/test group)in the venous phase;the AUC of the LUAD and SCLC discrimination model was 0.885/0.883(training group/test group)in the arterial phase and 0.851/0.776(training group/test group)in the venous phase.Conclusion This study indicates that the multi-dimensional functional metabolic analysis indicators of spectral and perfusion CT imaging have significant value in the differential diagnosis of lung cancer pathological subtypes.The diagnostic model constructed by combining multiple spectral parameters can significantly improve the discrimination efficacy of lung adenocarcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma,and small cell lung cancer,providing precise imaging evidence for the formulation of individualized treatment plans.

【Objective】 To explore a transfusion therapeutic plan for hemolytic disease of the newborn(HDN) caused by anti-c antibodies in mother of Asian-type DEL. 【Methods】 The ABO blood type and Rh phenotype of the mother and child were determined using the saline tube method. The mother′s RhD negativity was confirmed through classical anti-human globulin testing and RhD adsorption-elution test. The mother′s unexpected antibodies were screened and their titers were measured using classical anti-human globulin testing, antibody card test and polyamine method. Cross-matching was conducted. The three hemolysis tests were performed by antibody card test. The mother′s RHD gene typing was conducted using a commercially available RHD negative identification gene detection kit (PCR-SSP method). 【Results】 The mother exhibited a CCee Rh serological phenotype, and the DEL gene test confirmed the presence of RHD*1227A, indicating the production of anti-c antibodies. The infant displayed a DCcEe Rh serological phenotype, positive for direct antiglobulin test and red cell elution. Based on the mother′s obstetric history, clinical manifestations of the infant and blood examination results, the diagnosis was HDN caused by anti-c antibodies. 【Conclusion】 For infants with HDN caused by anti-c antibodies in mother of Asian-type DEL, DCCee Rh phenotype red blood cell transfusion is recommended, while CCee Rh phenotype deglycerolized red blood cell transfusion is recommended for the mother.

Peptide‒drug conjugates (PDCs) are drug delivery systems consisting of a drug covalently coupled to a multifunctional peptide via a cleavable linker. As an emerging prodrug strategy, PDCs not only preserve the function and bioactivity of the peptides but also release the drugs responsively with the cleavable property of the linkers. Given the ability to significantly improve the circulation stability and targeting of drugs in vivo and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs, PDCs have already been extensively applied in drug delivery. Herein, we review the types and mechanisms of peptides, linkers and drugs used to construct PDCs, and summarize the clinical applications and challenges of PDC drugs.

LIN28 is an RNA binding protein with important roles in early embryo development, stem cell differentiation/reprogramming, tumorigenesis and metabolism. Previous studies have focused mainly on its role in the cytosol where it interacts with Let-7 microRNA precursors or mRNAs, and few have addressed LIN28's role within the nucleus. Here, we show that LIN28 displays dynamic temporal and spatial expression during murine embryo development. Maternal LIN28 expression drops upon exit from the 2-cell stage, and zygotic LIN28 protein is induced at the forming nucleolus during 4-cell to blastocyst stage development, to become dominantly expressed in the cytosol after implantation. In cultured pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), loss of LIN28 led to nucleolar stress and activation of a 2-cell/4-cell-like transcriptional program characterized by the expression of endogenous retrovirus genes. Mechanistically, LIN28 binds to small nucleolar RNAs and rRNA to maintain nucleolar integrity, and its loss leads to nucleolar phase separation defects, ribosomal stress and activation of P53 which in turn binds to and activates 2C transcription factor Dux. LIN28 also resides in a complex containing the nucleolar factor Nucleolin (NCL) and the transcriptional repressor TRIM28, and LIN28 loss leads to reduced occupancy of the NCL/TRIM28 complex on the Dux and rDNA loci, and thus de-repressed Dux and reduced rRNA expression. Lin28 knockout cells with nucleolar stress are more likely to assume a slowly cycling, translationally inert and anabolically inactive state, which is a part of previously unappreciated 2C-like transcriptional program. These findings elucidate novel roles for nucleolar LIN28 in PSCs, and a new mechanism linking 2C program and nucleolar functions in PSCs and early embryo development.
Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism* ; Embryonic Development ; Mice ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism* ; RNA, Messenger/genetics* ; RNA, Ribosomal ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism* ; Transcription Factors/metabolism* ; Zygote/metabolism*

Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular catabolic process used to degrade cytoplasmic components. In recent years, it has attracted much attention because of its importance in the pathogenesis and targeted therapy of acute and chronic kidney disease. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining renal homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions. The study of conditional autophagy related gene knockout specific to various renal cells has gradually revealed the role of autophagy in renal diseases. Recent studies have found that autophagy deficiency may play a key role in different pathological states of the kidney. Activated autophagy shows cytoprotective function in both glomerulus and renal tubulointerstitium, suggesting that the up regulation of autophagy may become a potential therapeutic strategy. However, there is also contrary evidence that autophagy may be harmful, which poses a great challenge to the development of therapeutic strategies for up-regulated autophagy.

Objective:To explore the effect of information support and management complementary model in lung cancer patients with immunotherapy.Methods:From April 2019 to May 2021, convenience sampling was used to select 314 lung cancer patients who received immunotherapy in Henan Cancer Hospital as the research object. The patients were divided into the control group ( n=156) and the observation group ( n=158) according to the random number table method. The patients in the control group received routine nursing, and the patients in the observation group were given the information support and management complementary model on the basis of the control group. The Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS) , Strategies Used by People to Promote Health (SUPPH) , and Nursing Satisfaction Scale scores were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. Results:After the intervention, the MUIS score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, and the scores of each dimension of SUPPH and each dimension of the Nursing Satisfaction Scale were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The information support and management complementary model can reduce the disease uncertainty, and improve the self-management efficiency and nursing satisfaction in lung cancer patients with immunotherapy.