Objective To explore the prediction effect of communicative vocalization on expressive vocabulary in children with au-tism spectrum disorder(ASD).Methods From February,2021 to February,2022,40 children with ASD whose expressive vocabularies contained fewer than 20 words were recruited at East China Normal University.Communicative vocalization was assessed using a semi-structured play-based interaction at baseline.Twelve months later,expressive vocabulary was measured with the Putonghua Communicative Development Inventory.Results Communicative canonical syllable vocalization significantly and positively predicted expressive vocabulary in children with ASD(B=0.939,β=0.586,t=4.655,P<0.001).Conclusion Communicative canonical syllable vocalization in children with ASD may predict subsequent development in expressive vocabulary.Clinical interventions should place greater emphasis on fostering communicative canon-ical syllable vocalization in ASD.

Patients with specific language impairment(SLI)have normal intelligence but experience difficul-ties in language comprehension and expression.At present,the cause of the disease has not been determined,and only a few potential causes are being discussed,among which the relationship between auditory processing abilities and language problems of this group has attracted much attentions.An increasing number of studies employ electro-physiological techniques to investigate the auditory processing abilities of SLI patients,accumulating substantial evi-dence.Therefore,this study reviewed empirical research on the auditory processing abilities of SLI patients from the perspectives of auditory brainstem response,middle-latency response,and long-latency response.It aims to eluci-date the characteristics of auditory processing in SLI patients,analyze its relationship with language disorders,and offer insights into the diagnosis and treatment of SLI patients.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy(fNIRS)is an optical neuroimaging technology based on the principle of neurovascular coupling.Due to its non-invasive nature,high ecological validity,and high temporal and spatial resolution,it has great advantages in the study of children's speech and language disorders.Starting from the dimensions of speech perception and speech production,this paper summarizes the application status of fNIRS in the research of children's speech and language disorders in recent years.The application value of fNIRS in the early de-tection of children's speech and language disorders and auxiliary clinical intervention are prospected.

Objective To compile a comprehension assessment scale of double-conditional phrases for adults and to test its reliability and validity.Methods With reference to the compilation process of local and international word lists,a comprehension assessment scale of double-conditional phrases for adults was developed.The scale was used to assess 40 aphasia patients and 20 ordinary adults as subjects from four hospitals in Shanghai.The internal consistency reliability,split-half reliability,retest reliability and calibration validity of the scale were evaluated and analyzed[the western aphasia battery(WAB)as a calibrated measurcment instrument].Results The scale consists of 30 questions,including five types of phrases:coordinate phrases,verb-object phrases,subject-predicate phrases,endocentric phrases and interface-object phrases.Compared with the ordinary adult group,the total score of the scale and the scores of each dimension in the aphasia group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.001).The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score was 0.894,the half coefficient was 0.924,and the correlation coefficient for the retest reliability of the total score was 0.923,with retest reliability for each type of word group ranging from 0.731 to 0.903.With the exception of the repetition scores,correlation coefficients be-tween the scale and all other scores of WAB were all＞0.6(P＜0.01).Conclusion The self-developed"Adult Double Conditional Phrases Auditory Comprehension Assessment Scale"demonstrates good reliability and validity.It serves as a scientific and reliable tool for evaluating the auditory comprehension ability of adult patients.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of a novel initiation model on initiating behavioral requests in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). MethodsFrom November to December, 2022, 44 children with ASD were selected from Jiaxing Sunlight Rehabilitation Kindergarten, and divided into prelinguistic group (n = 23) and linguistic group (n = 21) according to the language function. The initiation-requested skills, and types and frequency of initiation-requested behaviors were observed under the novel initiation model and the conventional initiation model. ResultsBoth the groups scored higher in the novel initiation model than in the conventional initiation model for initiation-requested skills (|t| > 2.794, P < 0.05) and types of initiation-requested behaviors (|t| > 3.697, P < 0.01), and it increased for the frequency of the use of two- and three-behavioral initiation of requests (χ² > 7.986, P < 0.05). ConclusionThe novel initiation model can improve initiation request skills in children with ASD.

ObjectiveTo review the interoceptive assessment tools in terms of structure, content and psychometric properties, based on the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). MethodsThe literature on interoceptive evaluation tools was retrieved from databases of CNKI, PubMed, Medline and EBSCO. The principal structures and contents of the assessment tools were analyzed based on the ICF framework, and the quality of the psychometric properties were appraised using COSMIN. ResultsA total of 13 interoceptive assessment tools were ultimately included, involving 16 literature references. There were five interoceptive sensitivity tools, four accuracy tools and four awareness tools. In terms of content, interoceptive sensitivity tools involved 33 categories of body functions, six categories of activities and participation, and one of environmental factors; while interoceptive accuracy tools only involved seven categories of body function, and two of activities and participation items; interoceptive awareness tools involved 30 categories of body function, four categories of activities and participation, and three of environmental factors. In terms of psychometric properties, Body Perception Questionnaire-Short Form (BPQ-SF) was the sensitivity tool with the best reliability and validity (qualified rate of 7/8), followed by Interoceptive Sensitivity Questionnaire (ISQ) (qualified rate of 6/8). Most of the accuracy tools adopted standardized measurement methods, but lacked sufficient reliability and validity verification. The awareness tools were good in reliability and validity (qualified rate above 5/8), especially Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-1) and Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ) (qualified rate of 8/8). ConclusionBPQ-SF and ISQ are recommended for interoceptive sensitivity assessment, Water-loading Test and Heart-beat Tracking Task for interoceptive accuracy assessment, and MAIA-1 and BAQ for interoceptive awareness assessment.

Objective To explore the prediction effect of communicative vocalization on expressive vocabulary in children with au-tism spectrum disorder(ASD).Methods From February,2021 to February,2022,40 children with ASD whose expressive vocabularies contained fewer than 20 words were recruited at East China Normal University.Communicative vocalization was assessed using a semi-structured play-based interaction at baseline.Twelve months later,expressive vocabulary was measured with the Putonghua Communicative Development Inventory.Results Communicative canonical syllable vocalization significantly and positively predicted expressive vocabulary in children with ASD(B=0.939,β=0.586,t=4.655,P<0.001).Conclusion Communicative canonical syllable vocalization in children with ASD may predict subsequent development in expressive vocabulary.Clinical interventions should place greater emphasis on fostering communicative canon-ical syllable vocalization in ASD.

Objective To investigate the association of estimated glucose disposal rate(eGDR)with metabolic dysfunction-associated liver steatosis and fibrosis,and to analyze the difference of the association in different population.Methods A total of 10,549 participants from 2017 to 2020 in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)database who underwent vibration-controlled transient elastography(VCTE)were included.eGDR was calculated based on waist circ-umference,hypertension,and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c).The controlled attenuation parameter(CAP)≥248 dB/m was used as diagnostic criterion for liver steatosis,and liver stiffness measure-ment(LSM)≥ 8.2 kPa was used as criterion for liver fibrosis.Multivariable Logistic regression a-nalysis was conducted to assess the relationship between eGDR and liver steatosis and fibrosis,with subgroup analysis and interaction tests performed.Results After adjusting for confounding factors,eGDR level was significantly negatively associated with the risks of both liver steatosis and fibrosis.The participants were divided into tertiles based on eGDR levels(Q1,Q2,Q3).Compared with the Q1 group,the risk ratios for liver steatosis in the Q2 and Q3 groups were 0.485(95％CI,0.394 to 0.597)and 0.286(95％CI,0.239 to 0.343),respectively(P＜0.001);the risk ratios for liver fibrosis were 0.457(95％CI,0.363 to 0.576)and 0.162(95％CI,0.100 to 0.263),respective-ly(P＜0.001).Subgroup analysis showed that the negative association between eGDR and liver steatosis differed among populations of different ages and smoking statuses,with statistically signifi-cant differences in interaction tests(P for interaction＜0.001);similarly,the negative association between eGDR and liver fibrosis differed among populations with different levels of physical activity,with statistically significant differences in interaction tests(P for interaction＜0.001).The associa-tions of eGDR levels with liver steatosis and fibrosis remained stable(P for interaction＞0.05).Conclusion eGDR levels are closely associated with the risks of liver steatosis and fibrosis and can serve as an effective indicator for assessing liver metabolic abnormalities.This finding provides new insights into early screening,risk stratification,and prognosis assessment for liver steatosis and fibrosis.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of auditory recognition ability of Chinese phonetics in children with intellectual disabilities.Methods A total of 22 children aged 8 to 18 years(mean age 13.5±1.89 years)with intellectual disability and 22 typically developing children aged 3 to 6 years(mean age 4.54±0.77 years)were selected as subjects.The intelligence level of the children in the two groups was matched,and the audi-tory recognition ability of the children in the two groups was investigated by using 36 pairs of core phonemes includ-ed in the Articulation and Speech Ability Assessment Tool.Independent sample t test was used to compare the differences in the auditory recognition ability between the two groups.Results ① In consonant auditory recogni-tion,the total consonant phoneme contrast of the children with intellectual disability was 86.03％±6.98％,which was significantly lower than that of typically developing children(95.52％±2.86％)(t(42)=-5.898,P＜0.01).The scores of the other 7 items were significantly lower than those of typically developing children(P＜0.05),ex-cept for the constrast between fricative vs non-fricative,affricate vs fricative.② In vowel auditory recognition,the total phoneme contrast of children with intellectual disability was 88.18％±8.71％,which was significantly lower than that of typically developing children 96.36％±3.24％(t(42)=-4.129,P＜0.01).Among them,the phoneme contrast scores of anterior and posterior nasal vowels were significantly lower than those of typically developing chil-dren(t(42)=-3.196,P＜0.01).③ In tone auditory recognition,the total tone phoneme contrast of children with intellectual disability was 90.40％±12.02％,which was significantly lower than that of typically developing chil-dren 98.48％±3.90％(t(42)=-2.998,P＜0.01).Among them,the contrast between the first and third tones was significantly lower than that of typically developing children(t(42)=-3.196,P＜0.01).Conclusion Children with intellectual disabilities exhibit varying clegrees of difficulty in recognizing consonants,vowels,and tones in Chinese phonetics.Among them,the barrier in consonant recognition is reflected in the contrast recognition of most consonant phoneme pairs.The difficulty of vowel recognition is reflected in the contrast recognition between anterior and posterior nasal vowel.The difficulty of tone recognition is reflected in the contrast recognition between the first and third tone.

Objective To compile a comprehension assessment scale of double-conditional phrases for adults and to test its reliability and validity.Methods With reference to the compilation process of local and international word lists,a comprehension assessment scale of double-conditional phrases for adults was developed.The scale was used to assess 40 aphasia patients and 20 ordinary adults as subjects from four hospitals in Shanghai.The internal consistency reliability,split-half reliability,retest reliability and calibration validity of the scale were evaluated and analyzed[the western aphasia battery(WAB)as a calibrated measurcment instrument].Results The scale consists of 30 questions,including five types of phrases:coordinate phrases,verb-object phrases,subject-predicate phrases,endocentric phrases and interface-object phrases.Compared with the ordinary adult group,the total score of the scale and the scores of each dimension in the aphasia group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.001).The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the total score was 0.894,the half coefficient was 0.924,and the correlation coefficient for the retest reliability of the total score was 0.923,with retest reliability for each type of word group ranging from 0.731 to 0.903.With the exception of the repetition scores,correlation coefficients be-tween the scale and all other scores of WAB were all＞0.6(P＜0.01).Conclusion The self-developed"Adult Double Conditional Phrases Auditory Comprehension Assessment Scale"demonstrates good reliability and validity.It serves as a scientific and reliable tool for evaluating the auditory comprehension ability of adult patients.