ObjectiveTo investigate the therapeutic effect of sitravatinib on carbon tetrachloride （CCl₄）-induced liver fibrosis in mice. MethodsA total of 30 male C57BL/6J mice， aged 8 weeks， were randomly divided into control group， CCl₄ model group， and low- （5 mg/kg）， middle- （10 mg/kg）， and high-dose （20 mg/kg） sitravatinib groups. All mice except those in the control group were given intraperitoneal injection of CCl₄ for 4 consecutive weeks to induce liver fibrosis， and since the first day of modeling， the mice in the low-， middle-， and high-dose sitravatinib groups were given sitravatinib at the corresponding dose by gavage every day. The serum levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， and alanine aminotransferase （ALT） were measured for the mice in each group； hepatic hydroxyproline content was measured； HE staining， Masson staining， and Sirius Red staining were used to observe liver histopathological changes； quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot were used to measure the mRNA and protein expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） and collagen type I alpha 1 （Col1a1） in liver tissue. The therapeutic effect of sitravatinib was assessed based on the above results. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups， and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group had significant increases in the levels of TC， TG， and ALT （all P<0.05）， and there were no significant differences in the levels of TC， TG， and ALT between the model group and the low-， middle-， and high-dose sitravatinib groups （all P>0.05）. Hepatic hydroxyproline content decreased after sitravatinib intervention， with a significant difference between the middle-/high-dose sitravatinib groups and the CCl₄ model group （both P<0.05）. Histopathological staining showed that the sitravatinib treatment groups had a reduction in collagen deposition， along with thinning and fragmentation of fibrous septa， and in the high-dose sitravatinib group， 4 mice had a fibrosis stage of S0—S1 and 2 mice had a fibrosis stage of S2—S3， suggesting a certain degree of alleviation of liver fibrosis degree compared with the CCl₄ model group （mainly S3—S4）. The measurement of related molecules showed that sitravatinib downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of α-SMA and Col1a1 （all P<0.05）. ConclusionSitravatinib can effectively alleviate CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis in mice， possibly by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation and collagen synthesis.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) on postoperative pain in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 140 female patients scheduled for unilateral modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer undergoing general anesthesia were randomized into a TEAS group (70 cases) and a sham TEAS group (70 cases, 2 cases dropped out). Patients in both groups received TEAS or sham TEAS at bilateral Neiguan (PC6), Zusanli (ST36), and Danzhong (CV17), respectively, from 30 min before anesthesia induction until the end of surgery, and on 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days after surgery for 30 min a time, once a day. On 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days after surgery, the pain visual analogue scale (VAS) score was observed; on 3, 6, 12 months after surgery, the incidence rate of chronic pain was observed; before surgery, and on 1st, 3rd, and 7th days after surgery, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were detected; the number of analgesia pump press, rescue analgesia, and the occurrence of adverse reaction after surgery were recorded in the two groups. RESULTS: In the TEAS group, the VAS scores on 1st and 2nd days after surgery, and the incidence rates of chronic pain on 3 and 6 months after surgery were lower than those in the sham TEAS group (P<0.05). On 1st, 3rd, and 7th days after surgery, the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were increased compared with those before surgery in both groups (P<0.05, P<0.01); the above indexes in the TEAS group were lower than those in the sham TEAS group (P<0.05). The number of analgesia pump press and the incidence rate of rescue analgesia after surgery in the TEAS group were lower than those in the sham TEAS group (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions after surgery between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION TEAS can effectively improve both the postoperative acute pain and chronic pain in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer, the mechanism may relate to inhibiting the inflammatory reaction.
Humans ; Female ; Acupuncture Points ; Pain, Postoperative/blood* ; Middle Aged ; Breast Neoplasms/surgery* ; Adult ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical/adverse effects* ; Interleukin-6/blood* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood* ; Interleukin-10/blood* ; Aged

Objective:To investigate the effect of the antioxidant Tempol on the skin depigmentation of a vitiligo-like mouse model induced by the combination of the endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) producer AAPH and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) -180 nonapeptide.Methods:A vitiligo-like skin depigmentation model was established by immunizing mice with injections of a TRP2-180 nonapeptide mixture into the foot pads twice and into the tails twice, with the injection interval being 1 week. After the first injection, 12 immune-induced mouse models of vitiligo were randomly divided into 4 groups (3 mice per group) : a model group, an AAPH group, a Tempol group, and a combined treatment group; additionally, 3 untreated mice injected with an ovalbumin (OVA) 257-264 peptide served as a sham control group. Mice in the AAPH group, the Tempol group, and the combined treatment group were subcutaneously injected with AAPH into the tails, intraperitoneally injected with Tempol, and received the above both treatments, respectively, while mice in the model group and the sham control group received phosphate-buffered saline injections into the tail and/or abdomen. Drug interventions were carried out 3 times per week for 3 consecutive weeks. Six weeks after the last immunization, mice were sacrificed. The area of depigmented macules on the tail was measured using a point-counting method, X-gal staining and double immunofluorescence staining were performed to assess the distribution and number of melanocytes, mast cells, and CD8 + T cells in depigmented macules on the tail. HaCaT cells were in vitro co-cultured with AAPH and/or Tempol, and a conventional culture group served as the control. Cellular ROS levels were measured by dichlorofluorescin diacetate labeling and flow cytometry; Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and stem cell factor (SCF) in cell lysates, and to detect soluble SCF levels in the culture supernatant. Comparisons among multiple groups were conducted using one-way analysis of variance, and multiple comparisons were performed using least significant difference- t test. Results:Depigmented macules were observed on the tails of mice in all groups except the sham control group. The area of depigmented macules was significantly larger in the AAPH group (7.27 ± 0.31 cm 2) than in the model group and combined treatment group (3.53 ± 0.21 cm 2, 4.07 ± 0.40 cm 2; t = 13.48, 11.56, respectively, both P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference between the Tempol group (3.30 ± 0.40 cm 2) and the model group ( P = 0.424). X-gal staining and double immunofluorescence staining showed that the number of melanocytes in the normal skin around the depigmented macules was significantly lower in the AAPH group and the combined treatment group than in the model group ( t = 6.31, 5.16, respectively, both P < 0.001), and no significant difference was observed between the AAPH group and the combined treatment group ( P = 0.516). The numbers of CD8 + T cells and mast cells were significantly higher in the AAPH group than in the model group and the combined treatment group (all P < 0.001). The numbers of the 3 types of cells mentioned above in the Tempol group did not differ from those in the model group (all P > 0.05). The ROS levels in HaCaT cells in the AAPH group were the highest, and significantly higher than those in the control group and the combined treatment group (both P < 0.001). Western blot analysis showed that the MMP9 level in the cell lysates and soluble SCF level in the culture supernatant were significantly higher in the AAPH group than in the control group and the combined treatment group (all P < 0.05) ; no significant difference was observed in the membrane-bound SCF level in cell lysates among the groups ( F = 0.06, P = 0.977) . Conclusion:The antioxidant Tempol could inhibit the formation of skin depigmented macules in vitiligo-like mouse models under AAPH-induced oxidative stress.

Objective:To investigate effects of rutin on ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) -induced human dermal fibroblast (FB) senescence and melanogenesis in mouse ear skin.Methods:The third- to fifth-passage FBs were divided into 4 groups: a blank control group, a UVR group, a rutin group, and a combined treatment group. In the UVR group, FBs were irradiated using an ultraviolet irradiator at a single dose of 0.6 J/cm 2 UVA combined with 0.03 J/cm 2 UVB once daily for 5 consecutive days; FBs in the rutin group were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 50 μmol/L rutin for 5 days; the combined treatment group received both UVR and the treatment with 50 μmol/L rutin for 5 days; the blank control group underwent no treatment. β-Galactosidase staining was performed to assess the senescence of FBs, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure the telomere length in FBs, and Western blot analysis to detect the expression levels of stem cell factor (SCF) in FB cell lysates and culture supernatants. FB culture supernatants were collected from each group, and mixed with M254 medium at a ratio of 3∶1 to prepare conditioned medium, which was then used to treat PIG1 melanocytes for 24 hours. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the tyrosinase (TYR) expression in PIG1 melanocytes in each group, while the 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay was applied to assess the proliferative activity of PIG1 cells in each group. Ten Dct-LacZ transgenic mice were divided into a control group and a UVR group. For each mouse, 5% rutin-containing cream was topically applied to the right ear after UVR, while the left ear treated with the cream base alone served as a control. Skin biopsies were performed after 4 weeks, followed by X-gal staining and Avidin/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) staining to count the numbers of melanocytes and mast cells in mouse ear skin. Results:In the UVR group, the number of senescent FBs (25.67 ± 2.89), relative protein expression levels of SCF (1.95 ± 0.22), and relative levels of SCF in the cell culture supernatant (1.52 ± 0.34) were all significantly higher than those in the blank control group (5.67 ± 1.56, 0.95 ± 0.11, 1.01 ± 0.31, respectively), while these indicators were significantly lower in the combined treatment group (12.00 ± 1.63, 1.32 ± 0.19, 1.15 ± 0.32, respectively) than in the UVR group (all P < 0.05). The relative telomere length in FBs was significantly shorter in the UVR group (0.49 ± 0.12) than in the blank control group (0.94 ± 0.11; LSD- t = 3.15, P = 0.021), but significantly longer in the combined treatment group (0.81 ± 0.13) than in the UVR group (LSD- t = 4.30, P = 0.034). After the treatment with FB conditioned medium, the relative expression level of TYR in PIG1 melanocytes and the number of EdU-positive cells were significantly higher in the UVR group (2.54 ± 0.21, 33.54 ± 3.21, respectively) than in the blank control group (0.97 ± 0.19, 21.45 ± 2.51, respectively; both P < 0.001), but significantly lower in the combined treatment group (1.63 ± 0.12, 18.54 ± 3.87, respectively) than in the UVR group (both P < 0.001). X-gal staining and Avidin/FITC staining showed that the numbers of melanocytes and mast cells in the mouse left ear skin in the UVR group (5.00 ± 1.22, 98.60 ± 8.47, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the mouse left ear skin in the control group (1.80 ± 0.45, 53.80 ± 5.76, respectively) and those in the mouse right ear skin treated with the rutin-containing cream in the UVR group (2.80 ± 0.45, 69.60 ± 8.89, respectively) (all P < 0.05) . Conclusion:Rutin may inhibit UVR-induced skin melanogenesis by suppressing the senescence of dermal FBs and paracrine secretion of SCF.

Objective To investigate the effects of dapagliflozin on the risk of malignant ventricular arrhythmia(MVA)during hospitalization in patients with acute myocardial infarction(AMI).Methods A retrospective study was conducted to select patients with AMI who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)in the department of cardiology of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2018 and November 2023.Clinical datas collected during hospitalization included demographics(gender,age),baseline vital signs(systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,heart rate),comorbidities(hypertension,diabetes mellitus),body mass index(BMI),smoking,alcohol consumption,ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI),Killip class≥3,laboratory parameters[white blood cell count(WBC),neutrophil percentage(NEU%),serum creatinine(SCr)],procedural data(number of coronary stents implanted,culprit vessels being the left main coronary artery,left anterior descending artery,right coronary artery,left circumflex artery and intraoperative hypotension),medications[angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensinⅡreceptor blocker(ACEI/ARB),β-blockers,aspirin,ticagrelor,clopidogrel,platelet glycoproteinⅡb/Ⅲa receptor antagonists,Statin],and electrocardiogram characteristics[the number of cases frequent ventricular premature contractions(premature beats)and the number of cases of sinus rhythm].The study endpoint was the occurrence of MVA during hospitalization among enrolled patients.Patients were categorized into the MVA group and the non-MVA group based on the occurrence of MVA during their hospital stay.Differences in clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were employed to evaluate the impact of dapagliflozin use on the risk of MVA in patients with AMI.Results A total of 2 893 eligible AMI patients were enrolled and 145 patients(5.01%)experienced MVA during hospitalization.Compared with the MVA group,the proportion of patients taking dapagliflozin was higher in the non-MVA group[13.2%(363/2 748)vs.6.2%(9/145),P=0.014],the proportion of males was higher[74.3%(2 042/2 748)vs.66.9%(97/145),P=0.048],the age was younger(years:64.82±13.91 vs.69.78±14.07,P<0.001),the heart rate at admission was slower(beats/min:80.09±15.72 vs.84.31±20.92,P=0.002),the proportion of patients with Killip grade≥3 was lower[11.5%(317/2 748)vs.38.6%(56/145),P<0.001],the proportion of smoking patients was higher[48.0%(1 319/2 748)vs.33.8%(49/145),P<0.05],SCr level was lower(μmol/L:84.73±58.52 vs.102.87±59.47,P<0.001),and the proportion of patients taking ACEI/ARB and β-blockers was higher[64.9%(1 783/2 748)vs.49.0%(71/145),65.1%(1 788/2 748)vs.53.8%(78/145),both P<0.05],the rate of frequent premature ventricular beats was lower[1.0%(28/2 748)vs.11.7%(17/145),P<0.05],and the proportion of patients with intraoperative hypotension was lower[3.2%(86/2 748)vs.10.6%(15/145),P<0.05].After adjusting numerous confounding factors,multifactorial Logistic regression analysis showed that dapagliflozin may significantly reduced the risk of MVA in patients with AMI after PCI[odds ratio(OR)=0.417,95%confidence interval(95%CI)was 0.200-0.880,P=0.022].Subgroup analysis suggested that there were 1 042 AMI patients with diabetes mellitus,of whom 348 took dapagliflozin,and 8 patients(2.30%)had MVA.The risk of MVA was reduced in patients taking dapagliflozin(Log-Rank:χ2=11.983,P=0.001).Conclusion The use of dapagliflozin significantly reduced the risk of MVA during hospitalization in patients with AMI.

The buttocks constitute a pivotal component of physical aesthetics. The achievement of graceful buttocks’ shape through body sculpture is the collective pursuit among patients and plastic surgeons. Gluteal ptosis is a prevalent factor detrimentally impacting the aesthetic integrity of the buttocks. The damages of infragluteal fold often precipitate gluteal ptosis which proves challenging to rectify due to its unique and sophisticated anatomy. There is an inadequacy in researches of the supporting structures associated with buttock sagging, the diagnosis of unfavorable shapes and corrective surgical interventions both domestically and internationally. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of both the diagnosis and corrective surgical method of gluteal ptosis, with description of indications, advantages and disadvantages, as well as surgical principles of related procedures, to provide a substantive reference for plastic surgeons in clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate effects of rutin on ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) -induced human dermal fibroblast (FB) senescence and melanogenesis in mouse ear skin.Methods:The third- to fifth-passage FBs were divided into 4 groups: a blank control group, a UVR group, a rutin group, and a combined treatment group. In the UVR group, FBs were irradiated using an ultraviolet irradiator at a single dose of 0.6 J/cm 2 UVA combined with 0.03 J/cm 2 UVB once daily for 5 consecutive days; FBs in the rutin group were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium containing 50 μmol/L rutin for 5 days; the combined treatment group received both UVR and the treatment with 50 μmol/L rutin for 5 days; the blank control group underwent no treatment. β-Galactosidase staining was performed to assess the senescence of FBs, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure the telomere length in FBs, and Western blot analysis to detect the expression levels of stem cell factor (SCF) in FB cell lysates and culture supernatants. FB culture supernatants were collected from each group, and mixed with M254 medium at a ratio of 3∶1 to prepare conditioned medium, which was then used to treat PIG1 melanocytes for 24 hours. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the tyrosinase (TYR) expression in PIG1 melanocytes in each group, while the 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assay was applied to assess the proliferative activity of PIG1 cells in each group. Ten Dct-LacZ transgenic mice were divided into a control group and a UVR group. For each mouse, 5% rutin-containing cream was topically applied to the right ear after UVR, while the left ear treated with the cream base alone served as a control. Skin biopsies were performed after 4 weeks, followed by X-gal staining and Avidin/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) staining to count the numbers of melanocytes and mast cells in mouse ear skin. Results:In the UVR group, the number of senescent FBs (25.67 ± 2.89), relative protein expression levels of SCF (1.95 ± 0.22), and relative levels of SCF in the cell culture supernatant (1.52 ± 0.34) were all significantly higher than those in the blank control group (5.67 ± 1.56, 0.95 ± 0.11, 1.01 ± 0.31, respectively), while these indicators were significantly lower in the combined treatment group (12.00 ± 1.63, 1.32 ± 0.19, 1.15 ± 0.32, respectively) than in the UVR group (all P < 0.05). The relative telomere length in FBs was significantly shorter in the UVR group (0.49 ± 0.12) than in the blank control group (0.94 ± 0.11; LSD- t = 3.15, P = 0.021), but significantly longer in the combined treatment group (0.81 ± 0.13) than in the UVR group (LSD- t = 4.30, P = 0.034). After the treatment with FB conditioned medium, the relative expression level of TYR in PIG1 melanocytes and the number of EdU-positive cells were significantly higher in the UVR group (2.54 ± 0.21, 33.54 ± 3.21, respectively) than in the blank control group (0.97 ± 0.19, 21.45 ± 2.51, respectively; both P < 0.001), but significantly lower in the combined treatment group (1.63 ± 0.12, 18.54 ± 3.87, respectively) than in the UVR group (both P < 0.001). X-gal staining and Avidin/FITC staining showed that the numbers of melanocytes and mast cells in the mouse left ear skin in the UVR group (5.00 ± 1.22, 98.60 ± 8.47, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the mouse left ear skin in the control group (1.80 ± 0.45, 53.80 ± 5.76, respectively) and those in the mouse right ear skin treated with the rutin-containing cream in the UVR group (2.80 ± 0.45, 69.60 ± 8.89, respectively) (all P < 0.05) . Conclusion:Rutin may inhibit UVR-induced skin melanogenesis by suppressing the senescence of dermal FBs and paracrine secretion of SCF.

Objective:By combining image memory with educational games, electrocardiogram (ECG) images were integrated with card games to simplify complex ECG knowledge and visualize abstract concepts. This approach stimulated students' motivation to learn within the game, thereby enhancing their cognitive abilities and aiding them in mastering ECG-related knowledge.Methods:Through literature search and brainstorming, ECG learning flash cards and game process were designed. Using the convenience sampling method, 55 medical students from a university were selected to conduct the self-designed questionnaire before and after using ECG flash cards to evaluate the efficacy of flash cards in enhancing ECG learning outcomes. A descriptive qualitative study was conducted on the satisfaction with the flash cards.Results:Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the score of students from different majors. For students who had studied ECG within 1 month and 6 months, the difference in correct recognition rate between them was relatively small, which were 57.50% and 54.51%, respectively. For students who had not studied ECG, the correct recognition rate after training was only 18.06%. After the intervention, 42 valid questionnaires were collected. The overall correct rate of ECG recognition increased by 17.86%. The correct recognition rate of ventricular fibrillation increased significantly from 30.91% to 64.29%; the correct recognition rate of supraventricular tachycardia was improved only by 5.50%. The correct ECG recognition rate was significantly higher after the intervention than before the intervention ( P<0.01). The results of qualitative interviews indicated that the ECG game cards were interesting, practical, and generalizable. However, there was room for improvement in the distinctiveness of key graphics, the richness of information on cards, and the diversity of rule design. Conclusions:ECG recognition is hard to master for beginners. The use of ECG flash cards simplifies the process of ECG recognition and stimulates students' initiative in learning, thus improving the overall correct ECG recognition rate.

Objective To explore the impact of different moving patterns during the dip-coating process on thickness distributions of polymer heart valves.Methods Based on the volume of fluid(VOF)multiphase flow model,the Eulerian wall-film(EWF)model,and dynamic mesh technology,the dip-coating manufacturing process of polymer heart valves were numerically simulated.The effects of vertical,horizontal,and circular moving patterns on flow characteristics of the surface impregnation liquid and liquid film distributions under self-rotation conditions of the models were mainly studied.Subsequently,seven identical test points were set on each valve leaflet to collect thickness data,and the coefficient of variation(CV)was calculated to evaluate the uniformity of the liquid film thickness.Given that the vertical and horizontal patterns had fewer moving planes,limiting the optimization space,the circular pattern(45°)with richer moving planes was selected as the basis for optimization,and comparative analysis of numerical simulation was conducted.Results In the vertical pattern,the peak CV was 0.461 3;in the horizontal pattern,the CV was 0.060 8;and in the circular pattern,the CV at 30°,45° and 60° were 0.457 5,0.272 8,and 0.255 6,respectively.After optimization,the CV for the circular pattern(45°)decreased to 0.052 5,representing an 80.7％reduction compared to the pre-optimization value.Conclusions The moving patterns significantly affect the uniformity of dip-coating thickness distributions.The horizontal pattern demonstrates the best uniformity,while the vertical pattern shows the poorest uniformity.The CV for the circular pattern decreases as the angle increases,with its uniformity between that of the vertical and horizontal patterns.Optimization of moving pattern parameters based on simulation results has improved the uniformity of thickness distributions.

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ciprofol in the anesthesia of elderly patients undergoing bronchoscopy.Methods A total of 96 elderly patients(≥65 years old)undergoing fiberoptic bronchos-copy under sedation and anesthesia were randomly assigned to either the ciprofol group(Group C,n=48)or the propofol group(Group P,n=48).In Group C,anesthesia was induced with an intravenous injection of sufentanil at 0.1 μg/kg and ciprofol at 0.3 mg/kg.In Group P,anesthesia was induced with an intravenous injection of sufent-anil at 0.1 μg/kg and propofol medium/long-chain fat emulsion at 1.5 mg/kg.Hemodynamic parameters,including heart rate(HR),mean arterial pressure(MAP),and peripheral oxygen saturation(SpO2),were recorded at five time points:before anesthesia induction(T1),immediately after the bronchoscope passed through the glottis(T2),immediately after it reached the carina(T3),immediately after the bronchoscope was withdrawn from the nostril post-procedure(T4),and upon full consciousness after leaving the recovery room(T5).Additionally,the success rate of sedation and anesthesia,cough severity scores,induction time(t1),bronchoscopy duration(t2),recovery time(t3),and orientation recovery time(t4)were documented for both groups.Intraoperative complications,such as hypotension,hypoxemia(SpO2<90%),injection pain during induction,airway interventions(e.g.,jaw support,mask ventilation),and the number of additional sedative doses administered,were also recorded.Results Compared with T1,MAP in both groups decreased at T2 and T3(P<0.05).Compared with group P,group C exhibited a higher MAP at T2 and T3(P<0.05).between the two groups in terms of sedation success rate,induction time,cough score,examination time,recovery time,and orientation recovery time(P>0.05).Compared with group P,group C demonstrated lower incidences of hypotension,hypoxemia,injection pain,and fewer airway intervention events(P<0.05).Conclusions Compared with propofol,ciprofol in combination with sufentanil demonstrates superior circulatory stability,a lower incidence of respiratory system-related adverse reactions,and reduced injection pain.Therefore,it can be safely and effectively utilized for painless bronchoscopic diagnosis and treatment in elderly patients.