Traditional treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus （T1DM） primarily involves insulin replacement， yet some patients encounter issues such as significant blood glucose fluctuations， high risk of hypoglycemia， and weight gain. In recent years， the adjuvant therapeutic role of non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs in T1DM has gradually gained attention. This article reviews the mechanisms of action and clinical research progress of five types of non-insulin hypoglycemic drugs in the treatment of T1DM： amylin analogues （pramlintide）， biguanides （metformin）， sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor， dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor， and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. It is found that these drugs can enhance clinical benefits for T1DM patients by improving insulin sensitivity， delaying gastric emptying， promoting urinary glucose excretion， and regulating incretin levels， thereby reducing glycated hemoglobin levels， decreasing insulin dosage， and managing body weight. Simultaneously， these drugs also present limitations such as low patient compliance due to complex dosing regimens， increased risk of diabetic ketoacidosis， and heterogeneity in glycemic control. Future research could focus on developing individualized treatment strategies， combining pharmacogenomics with novel biomarkers to precisely identify subpopulations of patients who may benefit， and delving into the potential value of these drugs in delaying diabetic vascular complications and improving patients’ quality of life.

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible mechanism of Shufeng Jiedu capsules （SFJD） in alleviating influenza A （H1N1） virus pneumonia and focus on its effect on Toll-like receptor （TLR） signaling pathway in respiratory epithelial cells. MethodsA mouse model of viral pneumonia was established via the A/PR/8/34 （PR8） strain of influenza A virus. Mice were randomly divided into a normal group， a PR8 infection （PR8） group， and an SFJD group （8.4 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in each group. The day of infection was designated as day 1. The SFJD group was administered intragastrically at a volume of 20 mL·kg^-1 daily， while the normal and PR8 groups were given an equal volume of deionized water. Micro-computed tomography （Micro-CT） was performed on day 5， and the mice were dissected to collect their lungs， after which the lung index was calculated to verify the therapeutic effect of SFJD. Single-cell sequencing was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in respiratory epithelial cells. Multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of TLR， tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 （TRAF6）， and myeloid differentiation factor 88 （MyD88） proteins in epithelial cell adhesion molecule （EpCAM）-positive cells， and the proportion of respiratory epithelial cells expressing TLR pathway proteins was calculated. Respiratory epithelial cells were then sorted by flow cytometry， and Western blot was used to detect the expression of TLR， MyD88， TRAF6， Toll-interleukin receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β （TRIF）， inhibitor of κB kinase α （IKKα）， and nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） in the sorted epithelial cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to measure the levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in lung tissue. ResultsAt the transcriptional level， SFJD reversed the expression of TLR signaling pathway genes in respiratory epithelial cells， downregulating multiple TLR signaling pathway-related genes （P<0.01）. At the protein level， SFJD significantly reduced the proportion of respiratory epithelial cells expressing TLR3 （P<0.05）， the expression levels of TLR2， TLR3， TLR4， TRIF， TRAF6， IKKα， and NF-κB in epithelial cells（P<0.05， P<0.01）， as well as the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in lung tissue （P<0.01）. ConclusionSFJD may alleviate viral pneumonia by suppressing the expression of TLR in respiratory epithelial cells and their subsequent signaling cascades.

This study identified 8 members including NjBIN2 of the GSK3 family in Nardostachys jatamansi by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree revealed that the GKS3 family members of N. jatamansi had a close relationship with those of Arabidopsis. RT-qPCR results showed that NjBIN2 presented a tissue-specific expression pattern with the highest expression in roots, suggesting that NjBIN2 played a role in root growth and development. In addition, the application of epibrassinolide or the brassinosteroid(BR) synthesis inhibitor(brassinazole) altered the expression pattern of NjBIN2 and influenced the photomorphogenesis(cotyledon opening) and root development of N. jatamansi, which provided direct evidence about the functions of NjBIN2. In conclusion, this study highlights the roles of BIN2 in regulating the growth and development of N. jatamansi by analyzing the expression pattern and biological function of NjBIN2. It not only enriches the understanding about the regulatory mechanism of the growth and development of N. jatamansi but also provides a theoretical basis and potential gene targets for molecular breeding of N. jatamansi with improved quality in the future.
Brassinosteroids/metabolism* ; Steroids, Heterocyclic/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects* ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Phylogeny ; Nardostachys/metabolism* ; Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology* ; Plant Roots/drug effects*

The chemical constituents were systematically separated from the roots of Berberis polyantha by various chromatographic methods, including silica gel column chromatography, HP20 column chromatography, polyamide column chromatography, reversed-phase C_(18) column chromatography, and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The structures of the compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic techniques(1D NMR, 2D NMR, UV, MS, and CD). Four phenylpropanoids were isolated from the methanol extract of the roots of B. polyantha, and they were identified as(2R)-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1), methyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoate(2),(+)-syringaresinol(3), and syringaresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(4). Compound 1 was a new compound, and other compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activity of these compounds was evaluated based on the release of nitric oxide(NO) in the culture of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. At a concentration of 10 μmol·L~(-1), all the four compounds inhibited the LPS-induced release of NO in RAW264.7 cells, demonstrating potential anti-inflammatory properties.
Plant Roots/chemistry* ; Animals ; Mice ; Berberis/chemistry* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Macrophages/immunology* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification* ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism* ; Molecular Structure ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification*

Qualitative and quantitative analysis methods for chemical components of different processed products of Corni Fructus were established to systematically characterize and identify these components, and the content of the main differential components was determined. The chemical components of different processed products of Corni Fructus were collected using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Through analysis of self-built databases, literature, and reference standards, a total of 93 components were obtained, including 19 iridoids, 15 flavonoids, 16 organic acids, eight triterpenoids, eight tannins, four amino acids, two polysaccharides, five olefins, and 16 other compounds. Additionally, by using multivariate statistical methods, the differential components between different processed products of Corni Fructus were screened under the conditions of VIP>1.0 and FC<0.5 or FC>2.0 and P<0.05. The PCA and OPLS-DA results showed differences in the chemical components between different processed products of Corni Fructus. A total of 21 differential components were screened, including tartaric acid, morroniside, and rutin. On this basis, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of 10 main common differential components, including gallic acid, morroniside, ursolic acid, loganin, swertiamarin, rutin, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, cornuside Ⅰ, quercetin, and oleanolic acid. The above 10 components showed a good linear relationship within the determined concentration range, with the precision, stability, repeatability, and sample recovery rate all meeting the requirements. Compared with that in Corni Fructus, the content of iridoid glycosides in wine-prepared Corni Fructus and wine-and honey-prepared Corni Fructus decreased, while the content of gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid increased. Compared with wine-prepared Corni Fructus, wine-and honey-prepared Corni Fructus showed varying degrees of increase in all other components, except for a slight decrease in gallic acid content. In summary, this study clarified the influence of different processing methods on the chemical components of Corni Fructus, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific connotation, overall quality evaluation, and clinically rational application of Corni Fructus processing in the future.
Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Cornus/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Fruit/chemistry*

Macroporous resin adsorption column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, ODS column chromatography, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, combined with analytical methods such as NMR and MS, were employed to separate and identify compounds from the 70% ethanol extract of Ajania purpurea. A total of 30 compounds were isolated and identified, including 13 phenolic acids, 7 coumarins, 2 lignans, 1 flavonoid, 2 sesquiterpenes, 1 steroid, and 4 others. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were newly discovered compounds, and compounds 4, 6, 8, 12, 14-23, 25, 28, and 30 were isolated from Ajania plants for the first time. Bioactivity screening showed that multiple compounds significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, compound 2 elevated the levels of glutathione in LPS-induced BEAS-2B cells, reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interleukin(IL)-6, and IL-1β, enhanced the mRNA of GPX4, HMOX1, NFE2L2, and enhanced protein levels of GPX4, HO-1, Nrf2, and SLC7A11, demonstrating potential anti-ferroptotic effect.
Mice ; Animals ; Lignans/isolation & purification* ; RAW 264.7 Cells ; Humans ; Nitric Oxide ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification* ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Macrophages/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/immunology*

This study investigated the chemical constituents of Rhododendri Mollis Flos. The n-butanol fraction of 95% ethanol extract of Rhododendri Mollis Flos was separated and purified using chromatographic techniques, including normal-phase silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques. Seven compounds were isolated and identified as rhodomollein LXⅦ(1), rhodomollein X(2), nivalenol(3),(3S,6S)-cis-linalool-3,7-oxide-β-D-glucopyranoside(4), thymidine(5), cyclo(Ala-Tyr)(6), and(S)-5-hydroxypyrrolidin-2-one(7). Among them, compound 1 was identified as a new compound, and compound 3 was isolated from this plant for the first time. The analgesic activity of compound 1 was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test. At a dose of 5.0 mg·kg~(-1), compound 1 showed a 75.4% inhibition rate in the writhing test, indicating significant analgesic activity.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification* ; Rhododendron/chemistry* ; Animals ; Flowers/chemistry* ; Mice ; Male ; Analgesics/isolation & purification* ; Molecular Structure

OBJECTIVE: To investigate lymph node metastasis (LNM) in the prostatic anterior fat pad (PAFP) of PCa patients after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), and analyze the clinicopathological features and prognosis of LNM in the PAFP. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological data on 1 003 cases of PCa treated by RARP in the Department of Urology of PLA General Hospital from January 2017 to December 2022. All the patients underwent routine removal of the PAFP during RARP and pathological examination, with the results of all the specimens examined and reported by pathologists. Based on the presence and locations of LNM, we grouped the patients for statistical analysis, compared the clinicopathological features between different groups using the Student's t, Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests, and conducted survival analyses using the Kaplan-Meier and Log-rank methods and survival curves generated by Rstudio. RESULTS: Lymph nodes were detected in 77 (7.7%) of the 1 003 PAFP samples, and LNM in 11 (14.3%) of the 77 cases, with a positive rate of 1.1% (11/1 003). Of the 11 positive cases, 9 were found in the upgraded pathological N stage, and the other 2 complicated by pelvic LNM. The patients with postoperative pathological stage≥T3 constituted a significantly higher proportion in the PAFP LNM than in the non-PAFP LNM group (81.8% ［9/11］ vs 36.2% ［359/992］, P = 0.005), and so did the cases with Gleason score ≥8 (87.5% ［7/8］ vs 35.5% ［279/786］, P = 0.009). No statistically significant differences were observed in the clinicopathological features and biochemical recurrence-free survival between the patients with PAFP LNM only and those with pelvic LNM only. CONCLUSION The PAFP is a potential route to LNM, and patients with LNM in the PAFP are characterized by poor pathological features. There is no statistically significant difference in biochemical recurrence-free survival between the patients with PAFP LNM only and those with pelvic LNM only. Routine removal of the PAFP and independent pathological examination of the specimen during RARP is of great clinical significance.
Humans ; Male ; Prostatectomy/methods* ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies ; Prognosis ; Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology* ; Adipose Tissue/pathology* ; Prostate/pathology* ; Lymph Nodes/pathology* ; Middle Aged ; Aged

OBJECTIVE: By analyzing the differential miRNA in seminal plasma between individuals with normal and abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation index（DFI）, we aim to identify miRNA that may impact sperm DNA integrity and target genes, and attempt to analyze their potential mechanisms of action. METHODS: A total of 161 study subjects were collected and divided into normal control group, DFI-medium group and DFI-abnormal group based on the DFI detection values. Differential miRNA were identified through miRNA chip analysis. Through bioinformatics analysis and target gene prediction, miRNA related to DFI and specific target genes were identified. The relative expression levels of differential miRNA and target genes in each group were compared to explore the impact of their differential expression on DFI. RESULTS: Through miRNA chip analysis, a total of 11 differential miRNA were detected. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that miR-26a-5p may be associated with reduced sperm DNA integrity. And gene prediction indicated that PTEN was a specific target gene of miR-26a-5p. Compared to the normal control group, the relative expression levels of miR-26a-5p in both the DFI-medium group and the DFI-abnormal group showed a decrease, while the relative expression levels of PTEN showed an increase. The relative expression levels of miR-26a-5p in all groups were negatively correlated with DFI values, while the relative expression levels of PTEN showed a positive correlation with DFI values in the DFI-medium group and the DFI-abnormal group. The AUC of miR-26a-5p in the DFI-medium group was 0.740 (P<0.05), with a sensitivity of 73.6% and a specificity of 71.5%; the AUC of PTEN was 0.797 (P<0.05), with a sensitivity of 76.5% and a specificity of 78.4%. In the DFI-abnormal group, the AUC of miR-26a-5p was 0.848 (P<0.05), with a sensitivity of 81.3% and a specificity of 78.1%. While the AUC of PTEN was 0.763 (P<0.05), with a sensitivity of 77.2% and a specificity of 80.2%. CONCLUSION miR-26a-5p affects the integrity of sperm DNA by regulating the expression of PTEN negatively. The relative expression levels of seminal plasma miR-26a-5p and PTEN have good diagnostic value for sperm DNA integrity damage, which can help in the etiological diagnosis and prognosis analysis of abnormal DFI. This provides a diagnostic and treatment approach for the study and diagnosis of DFI abnormalities without clear etiology.
Male ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/genetics* ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics* ; Spermatozoa ; Semen/metabolism* ; DNA Fragmentation

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.008.].