This study aims to investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on diabetic retinopathy through the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 pathway. The anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) targets of APS were identified through comprehensive searches of drug and disease-related databases. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.Molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the interactions of APS and metformin with Gli1 and AQP1. An in vivo T2DM rat model was established via streptozotocin (STZ) injection and treated with metformin and varying doses of APS for 12 weeks. Histological changes in retinal cells were assessed using H&E and PAS staining. The expression levels of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH in the retina were measured using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Additionally, mRNA expression of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH was quantified by RT-qPCR. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that Gli1 and AQP1, key components of the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway, may be associated with T2DM. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the STZ-induced T2DM rats exhibited significant retinal damage, which was notably mitigated by both APS and metformin treatments. Furthermore, the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway was found to be overactivated in STZ-induced T2DM rats. Treatment with APS and metformin significantly reduced the elevated expression levels of SHH, Gli1, and AQP1. APS effectively inhibits retinal damage of STZinduced T2DM rats by restraining the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway.

This study aims to investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on diabetic retinopathy through the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 pathway. The anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) targets of APS were identified through comprehensive searches of drug and disease-related databases. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.Molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the interactions of APS and metformin with Gli1 and AQP1. An in vivo T2DM rat model was established via streptozotocin (STZ) injection and treated with metformin and varying doses of APS for 12 weeks. Histological changes in retinal cells were assessed using H&E and PAS staining. The expression levels of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH in the retina were measured using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Additionally, mRNA expression of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH was quantified by RT-qPCR. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that Gli1 and AQP1, key components of the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway, may be associated with T2DM. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the STZ-induced T2DM rats exhibited significant retinal damage, which was notably mitigated by both APS and metformin treatments. Furthermore, the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway was found to be overactivated in STZ-induced T2DM rats. Treatment with APS and metformin significantly reduced the elevated expression levels of SHH, Gli1, and AQP1. APS effectively inhibits retinal damage of STZinduced T2DM rats by restraining the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway.

This study aims to investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on diabetic retinopathy through the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 pathway. The anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) targets of APS were identified through comprehensive searches of drug and disease-related databases. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.Molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the interactions of APS and metformin with Gli1 and AQP1. An in vivo T2DM rat model was established via streptozotocin (STZ) injection and treated with metformin and varying doses of APS for 12 weeks. Histological changes in retinal cells were assessed using H&E and PAS staining. The expression levels of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH in the retina were measured using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Additionally, mRNA expression of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH was quantified by RT-qPCR. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that Gli1 and AQP1, key components of the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway, may be associated with T2DM. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the STZ-induced T2DM rats exhibited significant retinal damage, which was notably mitigated by both APS and metformin treatments. Furthermore, the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway was found to be overactivated in STZ-induced T2DM rats. Treatment with APS and metformin significantly reduced the elevated expression levels of SHH, Gli1, and AQP1. APS effectively inhibits retinal damage of STZinduced T2DM rats by restraining the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway.

This study aims to investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on diabetic retinopathy through the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 pathway. The anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) targets of APS were identified through comprehensive searches of drug and disease-related databases. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.Molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the interactions of APS and metformin with Gli1 and AQP1. An in vivo T2DM rat model was established via streptozotocin (STZ) injection and treated with metformin and varying doses of APS for 12 weeks. Histological changes in retinal cells were assessed using H&E and PAS staining. The expression levels of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH in the retina were measured using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Additionally, mRNA expression of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH was quantified by RT-qPCR. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that Gli1 and AQP1, key components of the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway, may be associated with T2DM. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the STZ-induced T2DM rats exhibited significant retinal damage, which was notably mitigated by both APS and metformin treatments. Furthermore, the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway was found to be overactivated in STZ-induced T2DM rats. Treatment with APS and metformin significantly reduced the elevated expression levels of SHH, Gli1, and AQP1. APS effectively inhibits retinal damage of STZinduced T2DM rats by restraining the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of comprehensive nursing based on the behavioral goal attainment model on the clinical intervention effect among elderly female patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), so as to provide a basis for optimizing the nursing strategies for patients with SUI and improving their quality of life. Methods: A total of 190 elderly female patients with SUI who were treated in the Department of Gynecology of the First Hospital of Jilin University from January 2023 to August 2024 were selected and randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group. The control group received routine nursing care, while the intervention group received comprehensive nursing based on the behavioral goal attainment model. The 1-hour pad test was used to assess urinary incontinence symptoms. The bio-electrical stimulation feedback instrument was employed to detect the electromyogram (EMG) values in the pre-resting stage and slow-muscle stage for evaluating pelvic floor function. The bladder function scale was utilized to evaluate bladder function. The Chinese version of urinary incontinence ego-efficacy rating scales and incontinence quality of life assessment scale (IQOL) were used to assess self-efficacy and quality of life. The data on intervention compliance and nursing satisfaction were collected by a questionnaire survey. The differences between the two groups before and after the intervention were compared using the analysis of variance for repeated-measures data to evaluate the intervention effect. Results: There were 95 cases in the control group and 95 cases in the intervention group, with median ages were 64.00 (interquartile range, 23.50) and 64.50 (interquartile range, 19.50) years, respectively. The proportion of patients with cesarean section as the last delivery method was 21.05% in the control group and 12.63% in the intervention group. The proportion of patients with moderate disease severity was 67.36% in the control group and 58.95% in the intervention group. There were no statistically significant differences in age, body mass index, number of pregnancies, number of deliveries, marital status, educational level, mode of last delivery and severity of the disease between the two groups of patients (all P>0.05). The analysis of variance of repeated-measures data showed that there were significant interactions between time and group for the urine leakage volume in the 1-hour pad test, the EMG values in the pre-resting stage, the EMG values in the slow-muscle stage, the scores of the bladder function, the self-efficacy scores, and the IQOL scores (all P<0.05). After 12 weeks of intervention, the EMG values in the slow-muscle stage, the scores of the bladder function, the self-efficacy scores, the IQOL scores in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group, while the urine leakage volume in the 1-hour pad test and the EMG values in the pre-resting stage in the intervention group were lower than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The good compliance rate of intervention and the satisfaction rate of nursing in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group (83.16% vs. 60.00%, 90.53% vs. 75.79%, both P<0.05). Conclusion Comprehensive nursing based on the behavioral goal attainment model can improve urinary incontinence symptoms, pelvic floor function, bladder function, self-efficacy, quality of life, and intervention compliance of elderly female patients with SUI.

This study aims to investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on diabetic retinopathy through the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 pathway. The anti-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) targets of APS were identified through comprehensive searches of drug and disease-related databases. A protein-protein interaction network was then constructed, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.Molecular docking simulations were performed to evaluate the interactions of APS and metformin with Gli1 and AQP1. An in vivo T2DM rat model was established via streptozotocin (STZ) injection and treated with metformin and varying doses of APS for 12 weeks. Histological changes in retinal cells were assessed using H&E and PAS staining. The expression levels of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH in the retina were measured using immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Additionally, mRNA expression of AQP1, Gli1, and SHH was quantified by RT-qPCR. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that Gli1 and AQP1, key components of the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway, may be associated with T2DM. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that the STZ-induced T2DM rats exhibited significant retinal damage, which was notably mitigated by both APS and metformin treatments. Furthermore, the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway was found to be overactivated in STZ-induced T2DM rats. Treatment with APS and metformin significantly reduced the elevated expression levels of SHH, Gli1, and AQP1. APS effectively inhibits retinal damage of STZinduced T2DM rats by restraining the SHH-Gli1-AQP1 signaling pathway.

Objective:To establish a prediction method of diopter based on sequence of ocular biological parameters.Methods:A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to extract the dataset. The dataset consisted of data collected from January 2022 to January 2023 by the Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, from children aged 5 to 13 years in 2 key schools and 2 general schools of Yangpu District, Shanghai. Children’s ocular biological parameters, including sex, age, diopter, axial length, corneal curvature, and anterior chamber depth were collected. The slope of the optimally fitted straight line was calculated using the least squares method. The least square-back propagation (BP) neural network model was established by combining baseline data and the pre-processed rate of the change of ocular biological parameters. The dataset was divided into the training set and the validation set according to the ratio of 8:2 for five-fold cross-validation. The model performance was evaluated by using the mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient R, and coefficient of determination R2. Results:The optimal performances of R2, R, RMSE, MAE, and MSE of the least square-BP neural network model were 0.96, 0.981 9, 0.214 2, 0.139 9 D, 0.045 9, respectively. The regression equation between the predicted value and the true value of the diopter was y=0.97 x+ 0.014 8, R2=0.97, with good correlation. In the internal verification, MAE values of the diopter at three, six, nine, and twelve months of follow-up were 0.110 1, 0.136 0, 0.153 7, and 0.184 8 D, respectively, which achieved clinically acceptable performance (less than 0.25 D). In the external validation, the errors were less than 0.25 D at all ages. Conclusions:A prediction method of diopter based on sequence of ocular biological parameters was successfully developed.

ObjectiveA rapid method for identification of chemical constituents in Baoyuantang reference sample was established in order to clarify the material basis of this formula. MethodBased on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS） and self-established database information， the chemical components in Baoyuantang were systematically characterized and identified. The chromatography was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 1.8 μm） with mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（A）-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution（B） for gradient elution（0-3 min， 2%-19%B； 3-8 min， 19%B； 8-8.1 min， 19%-22%B； 8.1-14 min， 22%-29%B； 14-16 min， 29%B； 16-32 min， 29%-45%B； 32-32.1 min， 45%-90%B； 32.1-35 min， 90%-95%B； 35-36 min， 95%-98%B； 36-37 min， 98%-2%B； 37-40 min， 2%B）. Based on electrospray ionization（ESI）， continuum data format was collected in both positive and negative ion modes with a scanning range of m/z 50-1 500. Chemical constituents in the decoction of Baoyuantang were systematically analyzed by UNIFI 1.9.4 software matching， control comparison， The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine（ETCM） database search and literature reports. ResultA total of 229 components were identified under negative ion mode and 181 under positive ion mode， with a total of 322 components after removing duplicates， including 116 triterpene saponins， 66 flavonoids， 19 organic acids， 6 gingerphenols， 6 gingerols， 5 gingerones， 10 amino acids， 7 saccharides， 5 coumarins and 82 other components. Among them， 83， 141， 39， 35 and 38 components were attributed to Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Astragali Radix， Cinnamomi Cortex and Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens， respectively. ConclusionIn this study， the rapid characterization and identification of multi-class components in Baoyuantang was realized， and it was confirmed that the material basis of this formula was mainly triterpenoid saponins， flavonoids， gingerols and organic acids， and the chemical composition was attributed and analyzed， which provided a reference for the subsequent quality control research.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for severe hyperbilirubinemia complicated by acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE), and the value of total serum bilirubin (TSB) and bilirubin (B)/albumin (A) ratio in predicting ABE.Methods:Clinical data of children with severe hyperbilirubinemia admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos Central Hospital, People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Tongliao Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hohhot, the Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Manzhouli People's Hospital, and Chifeng Hospital from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021, were retrospectively collected. The subjects were divided into ABE and non-ABE groups based on the occurrence of ABE. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify high-risk factors for ABE. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, or Chi-square tests. Indicators with statistically significant differences were included in the multivariate logistic regression model, and stepwise regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of ABE. Results:(1) A total of 543 children were included in this study, accounting for 3.7% (543/14 831) of the total admissions during the same period. Among the 543 children, 81 (14.9%) had ABE, and 462 (85.1%) did not. The age at admission was (7.2±2.1) d, and the length of hospital stay was (5.2±2.2) d. The breastfeeding initiation time was 2 d (1-4 d) after birth. The peak TSB of the 543 cases was (385.98±51.22) μmol/L, and the age at peak TSB was (4.4±2.1) d. Fourteen cases (2.5%) gradually reached the peak TSB after admission [(392.01±61.24) μmol/L], while 529 cases (97.5%) had already reached the peak TSB at admission [(386.42±50.22) μmol/L]. Among the 543 cases, 356 had a clear etiology (65.6%, with 278 cases having a single cause and 78 cases having more than two causes), and 187 cases (34.4%) had an unknown etiology. (2) Compared with the non-ABE group, the breastfeeding initiation in the ABE group was later [6 h (2-6 h) vs. 2 h (1-3 h), Z=－6.87] and the length of hospital stay was longer [(6.5±1.9) d vs. (5.0±2.1) d, t=0.55]. The proportions of breastfeeding, delayed meconium passage, isoimmune hemolysis, and maternal gestational diabetes, as well as peak TSB and B/A ratio at peak TSB, were higher in the ABE group than in the non-ABE group [64.2% (52/81) vs. 36.8% (170/462), χ2=21.96; 16.0% (13/81) vs. 2.4% (11/462), χ2=27.32; 27.2% (22/81) vs. 10.6% (40/462), χ2=16.61; 24.7% (20/81) vs. 13.6% (63/462), χ2=6.50; (442±68) vs. (375±39) μmol/L, t=－8.55; (11.9±1.6) vs. (9.8±1.2), t=－11.61; all P<0.05]. The admission weight, proportion of transfer from the hospital's obstetrics department, unknown etiology, and breast milk jaundice were lower in the ABE group than in the non-ABE group [(3 098±482) vs. (3 278±493) g, t=3.04; 12.3% (10/81) vs. 42.4% (196/462), χ2=30.48; 3.7% (3/81) vs. 39.8% (184/462), χ2=39.83; 0.0% (0/81) vs. 5.8% (27/462), χ2=3.81; all P<0.05]. (3) Isoimmune hemolysis, peak TSB, and B/A ratio at peak TSB were independent risk factors for ABE [ OR(95% CI) were 2.924 (1.209-7.073), 1.006 (0.997-1.014), and 2.647 (1.841-3.805), respectively]. When the peak TSB was 380.05 μmol/L and the B/A ratio at peak TSB was 10.45, the sensitivity for predicting ABE was 0.963, the specificity was 0.789, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.752. Conclusions:Isoimmune hemolysis, peak TSB, and B/A ratio at peak TSB are independent risk factors for ABE. The B/A ratio at peak TSB and peak TSB can effectively predict ABE.

Objective:To investigate the risk factors for severe hyperbilirubinemia complicated by acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE), and the value of total serum bilirubin (TSB) and bilirubin (B)/albumin (A) ratio in predicting ABE.Methods:Clinical data of children with severe hyperbilirubinemia admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Ordos Central Hospital, People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Tongliao Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hohhot, the Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Manzhouli People's Hospital, and Chifeng Hospital from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2021, were retrospectively collected. The subjects were divided into ABE and non-ABE groups based on the occurrence of ABE. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify high-risk factors for ABE. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, or Chi-square tests. Indicators with statistically significant differences were included in the multivariate logistic regression model, and stepwise regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of ABE. Results:(1) A total of 543 children were included in this study, accounting for 3.7% (543/14 831) of the total admissions during the same period. Among the 543 children, 81 (14.9%) had ABE, and 462 (85.1%) did not. The age at admission was (7.2±2.1) d, and the length of hospital stay was (5.2±2.2) d. The breastfeeding initiation time was 2 d (1-4 d) after birth. The peak TSB of the 543 cases was (385.98±51.22) μmol/L, and the age at peak TSB was (4.4±2.1) d. Fourteen cases (2.5%) gradually reached the peak TSB after admission [(392.01±61.24) μmol/L], while 529 cases (97.5%) had already reached the peak TSB at admission [(386.42±50.22) μmol/L]. Among the 543 cases, 356 had a clear etiology (65.6%, with 278 cases having a single cause and 78 cases having more than two causes), and 187 cases (34.4%) had an unknown etiology. (2) Compared with the non-ABE group, the breastfeeding initiation in the ABE group was later [6 h (2-6 h) vs. 2 h (1-3 h), Z=－6.87] and the length of hospital stay was longer [(6.5±1.9) d vs. (5.0±2.1) d, t=0.55]. The proportions of breastfeeding, delayed meconium passage, isoimmune hemolysis, and maternal gestational diabetes, as well as peak TSB and B/A ratio at peak TSB, were higher in the ABE group than in the non-ABE group [64.2% (52/81) vs. 36.8% (170/462), χ2=21.96; 16.0% (13/81) vs. 2.4% (11/462), χ2=27.32; 27.2% (22/81) vs. 10.6% (40/462), χ2=16.61; 24.7% (20/81) vs. 13.6% (63/462), χ2=6.50; (442±68) vs. (375±39) μmol/L, t=－8.55; (11.9±1.6) vs. (9.8±1.2), t=－11.61; all P<0.05]. The admission weight, proportion of transfer from the hospital's obstetrics department, unknown etiology, and breast milk jaundice were lower in the ABE group than in the non-ABE group [(3 098±482) vs. (3 278±493) g, t=3.04; 12.3% (10/81) vs. 42.4% (196/462), χ2=30.48; 3.7% (3/81) vs. 39.8% (184/462), χ2=39.83; 0.0% (0/81) vs. 5.8% (27/462), χ2=3.81; all P<0.05]. (3) Isoimmune hemolysis, peak TSB, and B/A ratio at peak TSB were independent risk factors for ABE [ OR(95% CI) were 2.924 (1.209-7.073), 1.006 (0.997-1.014), and 2.647 (1.841-3.805), respectively]. When the peak TSB was 380.05 μmol/L and the B/A ratio at peak TSB was 10.45, the sensitivity for predicting ABE was 0.963, the specificity was 0.789, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.752. Conclusions:Isoimmune hemolysis, peak TSB, and B/A ratio at peak TSB are independent risk factors for ABE. The B/A ratio at peak TSB and peak TSB can effectively predict ABE.