Objective: To understand the distribution characteristics of high-risk populations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among residents aged ≥40 years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, so as to provide a basis for comprehensive prevention and control of COPD. Methods: A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method combined with probability proportional to size sampling was used to select residents aged ≥40 years from May to December 2019 in 4 monitoring sites in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for a questionnaire survey. Information on demographics, current or past smoking, severe respiratory infections in childhood, exposure to occupational harmful factors, exposure to indoor polluting fuels, chronic respiratory symptoms, personal history of chronic respiratory diseases, and family history of chronic respiratory diseases was collected. The distribution characteristics of high risk populations of COPD and high-risk factors were analyzed. Results: A total of 2 302 people were surveyed, including 1 234 males (53.61%) and 1 068 females (46.39%). The mean age was (57.87±8.67) years. A total of 2 114 people (91.83%) were exposed to at least one high-risk factor. The exposure rate of risk factors was 87.88%. There were significant differences in the exposure rates of risk factors among residents of different genders, ages, residence, and occupations (all P<0.05). The exposure rate was higher in males than in females, higher in the 50-60 years than in the 60-<70 years, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher among those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy than among national enterprise clerks, professional and technical personnel, and retirees (all P<0.05). The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was 14.73%. There were significant differences in the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among residents of different residence and occupations (all P<0.05). The prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher among those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy than among retirees (all P<0.05). The exposure rate of personal history of chronic respiratory diseases was 10.90%. There were significant differences in the exposure rate of personal history of chronic respiratory diseases among residents of different educational levels, residence, and occupations (all P<0.05). The exposure rate was higher among those with primary education or below and junior high school education than among those with high school education or above, higher in rural areas than in urban areas, and higher among those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy than among retirees (all P<0.05). The exposure rate of family history of chronic respiratory diseases was 22.85%. The exposure rate was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.05). Among residents exposed to risk factors, the exposure rate of current or past smoking was 38.84%, the exposure rate of severe respiratory infections in childhood was 2.13%, the exposure rate of occupational harmful factors was 44.27%, and the exposure rate of indoor polluting fuels was 60.12%. The exposure rates of current or past smoking and occupational harmful factors were higher in males and rural residents (all P<0.05). Conclusions The proportion of high-risk populations for COPD among residents aged ≥40 years in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is relatively high. It is recommended to strengthen health education for male residents, rural residents, and those engaged in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, and water conservancy, and to adopt comprehensive prevention and control strategies to reduce the exposure level of risk factors among residents.

Objective To investigate the current situation and health effects of indoor microbial pollution in Xi'an, to analyze the purification effect of air purifiers on indoor microbial pollution, and to provide reference for improving the indoor environment. Methods Through stratified random sampling, 20 families from rural areas and 20 families from upwind and downwind urban areas respectively were selected from Xi'an. Data was collected by questionnaire surveys and on-site environmental sampling. Non-parametric analysis and correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results Overall, the standard-exceeding rate of total count of bacteria was 5.00%. The medians of the total count of bacteria and fungi were 312.50 cfu/m3 and 260.00 cfu/m³, respectively. In terms of health effects, the correlation between rhinitis and cold with total bacterial count was statistically significant (P<0.05), with the correlation coefficients of 0.182 and 0.223, respectively. Purification effect of air purifiers on microbial pollution was statistically significant (P<0.05). After opening for 2 hours, the total numbers of bacteria and fungi decreased significantly. Conclusion The occurrence risk of colds and rhinitis is increased by indoor microbial pollution. Air purifiers have a certain effect on decreasing the total number of bacteria and fungi. It is recommended to use air purifiers with high CADR of particulate matter, double-layer filter and sterilization and dehumidification function, and replace the filters regularly to reduce indoor microbiological contamination.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical efficacy of modified Houpo Dahuangtang in moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome （ARDS） patients with phlegm-heat accumulation，and monitor the pulmonary ventilation changes of patients before and after treatment by electrical impedance tomography（EIT）. MethodThe 62 cases of moderate and severe ARDS patients with phlegm-heat accumulation who required mechanical ventilation in the department of intensive care unit （ICU） in Chongqing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from September 2021 to June 2022 were selected，and divided into an experimental group（31 cases）and a control group（31 cases）using a random number table. On the basis of regular Western medicine treatment，the experimental group received modified Houpo Dahuangtang and the control group received warm water by a nasogastric tube for seven days. The changes in the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM），the oxygenation index［arterial oxygen partial pressure （PaO₂）/fractional inspired oxygen（FiO₂），P/F］，lactic acid（Lac），acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ（APACHE Ⅱ） score，compliance，plateau pressure，gas distribution parameters monitored by EIT（Z1，Z2，Z3 and Z4），inflammatory factors［interleukin-6 （IL-6），IL-10， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and C-reactive protein （CRP）］ of both groups before and after treatment were recorded. Besides， the mechanical ventilation time， length of stay in ICU， 28-day mortality and incidence of adverse reactions（delirium，abdominal pain and diarrhea）in the two groups were also observed. ResultThere was no significant difference in the baseline indexes of patients in the two groups，and thus the two groups were comparable. After treatment for one week， the total effective rate for TCM syndromes in the experimental group was 90.30%（28/31）， higher than the 67.74%（21/31）in the control group（Z=-2.415，P<0.05）.Compared with the same group before treatment， the plateau pressure and Lac decreased （P<0.01）and the compliance and P/F increased （P<0.01） in experimental group， while the Lac decreased （P<0.05）and the P/F increased （P<0.05）， and the compliance and plateau pressure did not change significantly in the control group. After treatment，the plateau pressure and inflammatory factors in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group（P<0.05）， but the compliance and P/F in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group（P<0.05）， and the gas distribution parameters Z1，Z2，Z3，Z4，Z1+Z2，and Z3+Z4 monitored by EIT in the experimental group were all higher than those in the control group （P<0.05）. There was no significant difference in mechanical ventilation time， ICU hospitalization time， 28-day mortality， delirium， abdominal pain， diarrhea and other adverse reactions between the two groups. ConclusionModified Houpo Dahuangtang can significantly improve the P/F，pulmonary ventilation in gravity-dependent regions and pulmonary compliance，reduce the release of inflammatory factors in moderate and severe ARDS patients. Compared with conventional methods，EIT can timely monitor the pulmonary ventilation changes in ARDS patients，which suggests its clinical feasibility.

Objective To investigate the application of synchronized immersion course(SIC)in teaching of clinical practice of surgery for eight-year program students.Methods A total of 94 eight-year program students in French class and 4+4 class who received SIC in the study of surgery in Ruijin Clinical School,Shanghai Jiao Tong University from September 2017 to June 2019 were selected as the pilot group.A total of 91 students in English class who were taught in the traditional way in the same period were selected as a horizontal control group.A total of 84 students in French class and 4+4 class who were studying from September 2015 to June 2017 were selected as the longitudinal control group.Teaching satisfaction evaluation,examination results and specialization choice were compared among students in each group to assess teaching effectiveness.Results The total score(3.8±0.3)and satisfaction rate(98.9%)of the questionnaire in the pilot group were better than those in the horizontal control group(3.6±0.4,90.1%)(P=0.001,P=0.008).For the case analysis station in objective structured clinical examination(OSCE),the mean score(86.2±6.9)and pass rate(97.9%)in the pilot group were better than those in the horizontal control group(79.7±11.4,89.0%)(P=0.001,P=0.014),as well as better than those in the longitudinal control group(79.5±13.5,88.1%)(P=0.001,P=0.009).For the history inquiry station,the mean score(86.3±10.7)and pass rate(96.8%)in the pilot group were better than those in the horizontal control group(81.4±11.6,86.8%)(P=0.003,P=0.013).The proportion of students choosing the surgical specialty was higher in the pilot group(55.3%)than in the horizontal control group(46.2%)and the longitudinal control group(44.0%)without statistically significant difference.Conclusions SIC can help eight-year program students strengthen their clinical thinking and practice skills.Meanwhile,SIC can increase students'satisfaction with teaching and their interest in surgery.

Objective To analyze the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of six common air pollutants in Xi'an, and to provide a scientific basis for the environmental protection departments to conduct targeted prevention and control. Methods Based on air pollution monitoring data with high temporal resolution, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of six common air pollutants in Xi_'an were analyzed, and the correlation between the pollutants was studied. Results Except for O_{3_8h}, the annual average concentrations of the other five air pollutants decreased year by year. By 2020, the annual average concentration of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ still exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentration of NO₂ was slightly higher than the first-level concentration limit, and the number of unqualified days of O_{3_8h} accounted for one-tenth of the entire year. The concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂, and NO₂ all were the highest in winter, equivalent in spring and autumn, and the lowest in summer. The concentration of O_{3_8h} generally presented the characteristics of summer > spring > autumn > winter. In 2020, the annual average concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in 9 urban areas exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentrations of NO₂ in Xincheng District, Lianhu District, Beilin District, and Yanta District all exceeded the second-level concentration limit. The annual average concentration of O_{3_8h} in Beilin District, Chang'an District, and Yanliang District all exceeded the average level of Xi'an. PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂, and NO₂ in general showed a positive correlation in varying degrees. In summer, O_{3_8h} showed a positive correlation with other air pollutants, but a negative correlation in other seasons. Conclusion The air pollution situation in Xi'an has been improving year by year, but the pollution of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and O_{3_8h} still exceeds the standard, which will be the focus of long-term prevention and control of air pollution in Xi'an.

Animals ; Antigens, Surface/genetics* ; Cell Communication/genetics* ; Copulation/physiology* ; Fallopian Tubes/metabolism* ; Female ; Fertilization/genetics* ; GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics* ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism* ; Litter Size ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mitochondria/metabolism* ; Reproduction/genetics* ; Signal Transduction ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility/genetics* ; Spermatozoa/metabolism* ; Uterus/metabolism*

Autophagy can regulate liver physiology and balance liver metabolism. Autophagy activation has a double-sided and complex effect on liver injury, and it is regulated by many factors and is associated with many protein pathways. This article summarizes the role of mTOR in the regulation of autophagy, which can inhibit or enhance autophagy through the PI3K/Akt upstream signaling pathway and participate in the physiological and pathological changes of related liver diseases. Therefore, this article reviews the research advances in the mTOR/PI3K/Akt autophagy pathway in liver injury, in order to provide new therapeutic targets for related liver diseases.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia in migrants in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods A stratified multi-stage cluster equal size sampling was performed among the migrants aged ≥ 18 years who were engaged in manufacturing,wholesale retail,accommodation and catering service,social service,construction and other and 1501 migrants from five area in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was investigated by means of questionnaires survey,physical measurements and laboratory detection.Results Complete data was obtained in 1 496 study subjects.The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 42.65％ (638/1496),the age-standardized prevalence was 42.05％;the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia,hypertriglyceridemia,combined hyperlipidemia and low high-density lipoprotein hyperlipidemia were 4.90％ (73/1491),14.76％ (220/1491),4.83％(72/1 496),25.27％ (378/1 496),respectively.Dyslipidemia characterized by high triglyceride (HTG)and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LHDL-C) accounted for 81.97％ (523/638).The prevalence of dyslipidemia and HTG/LHDL-C dyslipidemia were similar,which increased significantly with age in both females and males,but was significantly higher in males.The prevalence among migrants with other occupations was highest.The prevalence of HTG/LHDL-C dyslipidemia didn't significantly increase with the duration of migration.However,the prevalence of high TG and dyslipidemia increased significantly with the duration of migration,the prevalence of high TG in age group ＜45 years showed the same characteristics.Conclusions The prevalence of dyslipidemia in migrants in Inner Mongolia was high,and the main form was HTG/LHDL-C dyslipidemia.The prevalence in males,the middle aged and aged as well as those with other occupations were high.Migrants with longer duration of migration had higher prevalence of dyslipidemia.

Objective To analyze the characteristics of dynamic contrast enhanced MR imaging (DCE-MRI)in prostate cancer (PCa)at 3.0T,and to evaluate the diagnostic value of DCE-MRI.Methods 85 patients with suepected PCa received conventional MRI and DCE-MRI.The signal intense-time (SI-T)curve was analyzed.Then the time to maximum (Tmax),the maximum degree of enhancement (STmax%),and the rate of enhancement (Rmax)were calculated.The differences of styles of SI-T curve and the parameters between the positive and negative group were compared respectively.Results 59 cases of PCa were proved by biopsy,and there was no evidence of tumor in 26 cases.507 zones had histopathological results with 250 zones in positive group and 257 zones in negative group .The most common style of SI-T curve in positive group was rapidly ascending followed with descending curve,the most common style of SI-T curve in negative group was persistent ascending curve and plateau curve.The mean values of Tmax,SImax%,Rmax were (69.49±22.53)s,1.74±0.43,7.83±3.80 in positive group respectively,while (175.61±52.64)s,1.05±0.35,1.86±1.10 in negative group respectively,there were statistically significant differences between the two groups(t =-24.24,1 6.34,1 7.75,P <0.01)respectively. The mean values of Tmax,SImax% ,Rmax were (8 9 .1 9 ± 3 1 .7 2 )s,1 .5 8 ± 0 .4 6 ,5 .2 1 ± 3 .3 4 in the low-risk group (Gleason score 2 - 6 )respectively,while (64.25±14.68)s,1.76±0.43,8.25±3.70 in the high-risk group (Gleason score 7-10)respectively, there were statistically significant differences between them(t = 7.09,-8.74,- 7.83,P <0.01).Conclusion 3.0T DCE-MRI has great value in the diagnosis of PCa.

Objective To investigate the risk factors of prehypertension among postmenopausal women.Methods2 592[(43±12)years old] health women were collected as the research object in Saihan District of Hohhot in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in April 2015,including 697[(58±6)years old] postmenopausal subjects and 1 895[(37±8)years old] premenopausal subjects.T test was used to compare means of blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipid, and body massive index (BMI) between postmenopausal group and premenopausal group and to compare prevalence of prehypertension, hyperglycemias, dyslipidemias, overweight, and obesity between two groups.Logistic Regression was implemented to analyze the relationship between different risk factors and prehypertension among postmenopausal women.Results Compared with premenopausal women, the systolic pressure, diastolicpressure, BMI, FBG, triacylglycerol (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) in postmenopausal women were significantly higher(P<0.05).Prevalence of prehypertension, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), diabetes, TG abnormalities, LDL abnormalities, overweight, and obesity in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than in premenopausal women(P<0.05).Age 55 to 59, 60 to 64 and above 65 years overweight, obesity, IFG and diabetes were independent risk factors of prehypertension among postmenopausalwomen.Conclusions Age 55 yearsand above, overweight, obesity, IFG and diabetes are the independent risk factors of prehypertension among postmenopausal women.