Objective: To analyze the changing trend of liver cancer disease burden and its age, period and cohort effects in China from 1990 to 2023, so as to provide a basis for improving liver cancer prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: Data on incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), standardized incidence, standardized mortality, and standardized DALY rate of liver cancer in China from 1990 to 2023 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 database. The trends in standardized incidence, standardized mortality, and standardized DALY rate of liver cancer were analyzed using the average annual percent change (AAPC). The effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the incidence, mortality, and DALY rate were evaluated using the age-period-cohort model. Results: Standardized incidence, standardized mortality, and standardized DALY rate of liver cancer in China from 1990 to 2023 showed downward trends (AAPC=-1.009%, -1.275%, and -1.399%, all P<0.05). The age-period-cohort model showed that liver cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY rates increased and then decreased with age, and peaked in the groups aged 75-<80 years, 90-<95 years, and 65-<70 years, at 44.86/105, 50.88/105, and 908.28/105, respectively. Using the period 2000-2004 as the reference group, the risks of liver cancer incidence and mortality increased over time. Incidence risk was highest in 2020-2023 (RR=1.089, 95%CI: 1.078-1.099), and mortality risk was highest in 2015-2019 (RR=1.082, 95%CI: 1.075-1.089). Disability risk decreased over time, with the highest risk in 1995-1999 (RR=1.046, 95%CI: 1.044-1.049). Using the 1960-1964 birth cohort as the reference, incidence, mortality, and disability risks decreased with later birth cohorts. The 1920-1924 birth cohort had the highest incidence risk (RR=2.059, 95%CI: 1.988-2.132), mortality risk (RR=2.252, 95%CI: 2.191-2.315), and disability risk (RR=1.646, 95%CI: 1.625-1.668). Conclusions The overall burden of liver cancer in China showed a downward trend from 1990 to 2023, but the burden remained high among the elderly. The risks of incidence and mortality increased over time, while the risk of disability decreased. The risks of incidence, mortality, and disability all decreased with later birth years.

Aluminum is a light metal which is rich in the earth's crust and widely used. Recently, the adverse health effects of environmental and occupational aluminum exposure on human have attracted more and more attention. Aluminum exposure has toxic effects on the central nervous system and is believed to be closely related to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. The neurotoxic mechanism of aluminum is complex, especially the role of regulated cell death (RCD) in aluminum-induced neuronal death remains to be further studied. RCD refers to all modes of cell death regulated by multiple intracellular signal transduction pathways under physiological and pathological conditions, including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. This review summarized the morphological characteristics and mechanisms of each RCD mode in the process of aluminum-induced neuronal death, and discussed the relationship and transformation between different RCD modes, providing a new scientific basis for future studies on the treatment and intervention of neurotoxicity induced by aluminum exposure.

Academic and scientific research are important indices which refer to the medical postgraduates' training quality.But research methods and statistical knowledge are important influencing factor for them. Understanding the demands of statistical knowledge for medical postgraduates can provide reference for adjusting the setting of teaching contents and satisfy the needs of the students.The results have showed that two kinds of medical postgraduates' knowledge of statistical knowledge is weak,while postgraduates with different types have different requirements for statistical knowledge.Therefore more attention should be paid to the needs of the learners of postgraduates with different types to provide more pertinent and effective teaching support service.