Background: The human head is an integrated biological structure composed of the brain, cranial bones, facial structures, neuromuscular systems, and sensory organs, all interconnected through coordinated signaling. The relationship between brain development, function, and craniofacial growth is most evident after birth, during which the head increases approximately fourfold in size before adulthood. Brain morphology and volume are associated not only with neurological disorders but also with cognitive and behavioral characteristics. For example, children with holoprosencephaly often present with varying degrees of facial anomalies, while studies have shown that adolescents with malocclusion exhibit higher levels of anxiety, depression, and psychological stress. With the increasing availability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it has become an essential diagnostic tool in clinical practice. MRI is particularly advantageous in pediatric populations due to the absence of ionizing radiation and its superior soft tissue contrast. Recent advances in image processing techniques have enabled comprehensive analysis of both brain structures and craniofacial morphology from a single MRI dataset, forming the basis of this study. Aim: To investigate the relationship between brain tissue volumes and maxillary hypoplasia using MRI-based voxelbased morphometry in children with neurological conditions. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the School of Biomedicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, in collaboration with Chifeng University, as part of the project titled “Investigation of the relationship between craniofacial anomalies and brain disorders using MRI”, funded by the Ministry of Education and Science. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was performed on brain MRI scans of children aged 9–11 years. Results: Among the 25 children included in the study, 17 (68%) were male. The youngest average age was observed in the maxillary hypoplasia group (8.4±0.95 years). The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of MRI was lowest in the non-temporal epilepsy group (41.1±1.35) and higher in the maxillary hypoplasia group (49.6±8.22). Both epilepsy and maxillary hypoplasia groups demonstrated physiological asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres, with left parietal lobe dominance (−0.1% and −0.3 cm, respectively). Right frontal lobe dominance (+1.1%) was observed only in the epilepsy group. Conclusion Children aged 9–11 years with maxillary hypoplasia showed a reduction in both gray and white matter volumes of the brain. These findings highlight the importance of early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders affecting odontogenesis and emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary team-based management approach.

IntroductionThe detection of adverse drug reactions has become increasingly significant because of introduction of a large number of potent toxic chemicals as drugs in the last two or three decades. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) monitoring and reporting activity is in its infancy in Mongolia. The important reason is lack of awareness and lack of interest of healthcare professionals in ADR reporting and documentation.GoalTo evaluate implementation and trends of health care professionals toward adverse drug reaction reporting at first, second and tertiary level hospitals.Materials and MethodA prospective study was carried out in first and second level hospitals of Khentii, Dundgovi, GoviAltai, Selenge and Uvurkhangai provinces, Sukhbaatar, Songinokhairkhan district hospital and First maternaty hospital. From tertiary level hospitals were selected First national hospital, Third national hospital, National center of oncolgy, National center of traumatolgy. The questionnaire survey involved total of 175 doctors and pharmacists.ResultsThe study result have shown that most of health care profeesionals (76 – 80%) of first and tertiary level hospitals have known about legal bases and theie duties for the ADR reporting than health care professionals (69%) of secondary level hospitals. And, pharmacists more activily involve in ADR reporting than doctors. The main reasons of healthcare professionals ADR underreporting were lack of time to report, lack of awarness about ADR and not knowing importance of ADR repoting. The implementetion extent of ADR reporting was in tertiary level hospital better than in secondary level hospitals. Lacking of clinical pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists and unproper activitity of Drug therapeutic committee in secondary level hospitals were the reason of poor implementing and underreporting of ADR.ConclusionThe study result has shown that there is needed to encourage doctors to the adverse drug reporting activity and implementation of drug safety should be strengthen in each level of health care system.

Introduction: Findings of study on disability types among Mongolian population confirm that 16631 (15.4) refers to visual impairment, speech and language disability 5999 (5.6), hard of hearing 12633 (11.7), mobility impairment 31265 (28.9), intellectual impairment 20898 (19.3) and other disabilities 20645 (19.1). There is no other study which assessed disability prevalence and some determinant factors which lead to disability and health status among older (ages women 55+, men 60+) disabled Mongolians. Goal: To assess the reason and type among disabled older Mongolians Materials and methods: This study was conducted on a random sample of disabled elderly people residing in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Study is based on questionnaire and interview to indicate some health conditions. We used formal methods to assess activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living of disabled older people.Result: The sample represented 46.2% of men and 53.8% women in respondents. Median age of respondents was 75.2±10.5 (men 74.2±8.7, women 76.2±11.8). While 72.3% of respondents did physical work, 25.4% respondents did intellectual work and only 2.3% respondents had physical-intellectual work. According to the types of disability, 36.7% of respondents had mobility impairment, 16.7% of elder people had visual disability and 12.2% of respondents had hearing impairment. While 94.6% respondents had acquired disability, 4.6% respondents had congenital disability. In terms of activities of daily living, 76.2% of respondents had difficulty in bathing independently, 38.5% with dressing, and 62.3% had moving limitations at home.Conclusions:1. Mobility disability is higher (36.7%) than other types of disability among disabled older people.2. About 76.2% respondents had disability because of some diseases, about 8.5% about 8.5% from occupational disease, about 3.1% respondents from industrial injuries and about 11.5% respondents because of home injuries.3. Disability with activities of daily living is about 48% among disabled older people and the highest disabled daily activity is bathing, about 76.2%. Disability with instrumental activities of daily living is about 66% in disabled older people and the highest disabled instrumental activity is about 90%, is walking in long distance.4. According to this conclusion, disabled older people will greatly increase to demand health and social care assistance.