The use of wastewater analysis, or wastewater-based epidemiology, to assess and monitor the situation of drug abuse is now widely used at home and abroad. However, there is currently a lack of effective evaluation methods and effective ways of comparison, supervision and standardization, which is not conducive to the analysis and comparisons of data in different countries and regions. Quality control techniques can control the laboratory's analytical errors, safeguard the consistency and comparability of identification conclusions, and promote the further improvement of the level and capacity of urban drug governance, thus playing significant roles. This paper provides an overview of sample collection, sample preservation and transportation, laboratory analysis, back-calculation of drug use and external laboratory quality control in the process of wastewater analysis, with a view to exploring more comprehensive scientific and objective methods and approaches suitable for examining and evaluating qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs in wastewater among laboratories.

Aim To establish limited sampling strategy to esti-mate area under the drug concentration versus time curve(AUC0-t)of lymphoma patients treated with autologous stem cell transplantation(ASCT)who had busulfan intravenous infu-sion.Methods Twelve lymphoma patients treated with ASCT received a conditioning regimen containing busulfan 105 mg·m-2,Ⅳ infusion for 3 h.Blood samples were obtained 1 h after the start of the first dose of the busulfan infusion,at 5 min,1 h,2 h,4 h,6 h and 18 h after the end of the drug administration.LC-MS/MS was used to determine the busulfan serum concentra-tion.After obtaining the clinical pharmacokinetic parameters of busulfan by traditional pharmacokinetic method,multiple linear stepwise regression analysis was used to establish the AUC0-t es-timation model of busulfan based on limited sampling method.The model was further verified by Jackknife and Bootstrap meth-od.Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the consistency between the limited sampling method and the classical pharma-cokinetic method.Results The multiple linear regression equa-tion analysis of C60min,C180min and C300min was obtained by the limited sampling method.The regression equation was AUC0-t=295.003C60min+233.050C180min+273.163C300min-1202.713,r2=0.995,MPE=-0.87％,RMSE=2.40％.Conclusion The limited sampling model with three-point estimation can be used to estimate the AUC0-t of busulfan exposure in lymphoma patients with ASCT to provide reference for clinical application of busulfan.

Cases of high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1(HTRA1)gene heterozygous mutation associated cerebral small vessel disease are relatively rare.Early and timely diagnosis and treatment can improve prognosis.The authors reported a 37 years old male patient admitted in Department of Neurology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,whose initial symptom was transient right limb weakness,imaging suggested white matter lesions and the gene screening showed HTRA1(c.854 C＞T/p.Pro285Leu)heterozygous mutation.A family survey has been conducted and the characteristics of patients in this family are as follows:they present with ischemic cerebrovascular disease,coexist with cervical or lumbar disc herniation,male patients have hair loss,some patients have cognitive dysfunction,men tend to develop the disease at an earlier age than women,and the onset age is progressively earlier from generation to generation.Therefore,for young ischemic cerebrovascular disease patients with hair loss,cognitive dysfunction,cervical or lumbar disc herniation,and obvious white matter lesions on imaging,especially those without common risk factors for cerebrovascular disease,a family history should be inquired and genetic testing should be performed to screen for HTRA1 mutations.

Objective:To analyze the current prevalence of pre-diabetes (PDM) and its relationship with overweight and obesity in an adult health check-up population.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study and was applied using whole-cluster random sampling method. A total of 491 379 adults who underwent health check-ups at the Health Management Centre of Sichuan Provincial People′s Hospital from January 2017 to July 2023 were selected to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of PDM and overweight-obesity, as well as the trend of change over time. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 19 001 of the subjects who underwent≥3 health check-ups and did not have diabetes and PDM at baseline, and the relationships between body mass index, waist circumference and the risk for developing PDM were analyzed using Cox proportional risk regression models. And the dose-response relationship between body mass index, waist circumference and the risk for developing PDM was analyzed using restricted cubic spline regression (RCS).Results:Of the 491 379 cases included in the cross-sectional study, 275 084 were male and 216 295 were female, 163 158 cases were under 40 years old, and 328 221 cases were 40 years old and above; the total prevalence of PDM was 19.41% in 2017-2023, with an overall increasing trend. Of the 19 001 people included in the cohort study, a total of 2 487 (13.09%) new cases of PDM were identified at the end of follow-up. After adjusting for confounding factors, overweight ( HR=1.150, 95% CI: 1.047-1.263), obesity ( HR=1.335, 95% CI: 1.149-1.552) and abdominal obesity ( HR=1.218, 95% CI: 1.105-1.342) were risk factors for PDM. The risk of PDM rised with the increase of body mass index (>22.9 kg/m 2, Pnon-linear=0.973) and waist circumference (>80 cm, Pnon-linear=0.830), with a linear dose-response mode. In different gender and age groups, it was found the greater the body mass index (>24.1 kg/m 2 for men,>21.5 kg/m 2 for women;>23.3 kg/m 2 for age≥40 years,>24.1 kg/m 2 for age<40 years) and waist circumference (>85 cm for men, >73 cm for women; >82 cm for age ≥40 years, >85 cm for age <40 years), the higher the risk of PDM. Conclusions:The prevalence of PDM is on the rise in the adult health check-up population. To prevent PDM, it is necessary to control the body mass index and waist circumference to a lower level than the overweight and obesity standards.

AIM: To investigate the application of biological amniotic membrane soaked in pirfenidone(PFD)and to evaluate its anti-scarring effect and toxic side effects on glaucoma model of rabbit eyes.METHODS: The right eyes of 72 healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 0.5%PFD+ biological amniotic membrane group, biological amniotic membrane group, mitomycin C(MMC)group and blank control group after the glaucoma model was established by anterior chamber injection of compound carbomer solution, and 18 rabbits in each group underwent trabeculectomy, in which the 0.5% PFD+ biological amniotic membrane group was placed with 0.5% PFD solution-soaked biological amniotic membrane under the scleral flap, and the biological amniotic membrane group was placed with normal saline-soaked rehydrated biological amniotic membrane under the scleral flap. In the MMC group, a cotton pad soaked in MMC was placed under the scleral flap for 3 min and immediately rinsed with normal saline, while the blank control group received no implant after the scleral flap was made. The intraocular pressure(IOP), filtration blebs, toxic side effects and complications were evaluated, and the histopathological changes in the filtration area were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE), Masson staining and immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS: The mean IOP at 14, 21 and 28 d after trabeculectomy were 0.5%PFD+ biological amniotic membrane group<MMC group<biological amniotic membrane group<blank control group(all P<0.05). At 28 d after trabeculectomy, 0.5%PFD+ biological amniotic membrane group had the best effect of anti-inflammatory hyperplasia and inhibition of collagen formation, the highest survival rate of filtration blebs, and the inflammatory reaction was mild.CONCLUSION: Biological amniotic membrane soaked in pirfenidone has more obvious anti-scarring effect on glaucoma model, with less toxic side effects and good safety.

Objective To investigate the predictive values of interleukin(IL)-6 and IL-10 in the peripheral blood of donors of brain death for delayed graft function(DGF)in kidney transplant recipients.Methods The clinical data and blood samples of 21 donors of brain death and 42 kidney transplant recipients were retrospectively collected.The predictive values of IL-6 and IL-10 in the peripheral blood of donors for DGF were evaluated using the occurrence of DGF as a dependent variable.Results Among the 42 kidney transplant recipients,10 developed DGF.Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in the IL-6 and creatinine levels in the donors and cold ischemia time of donor kidney between DGF and non-DGF groups.The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that IL-6 and IL-10 in donor peripheral blood had certain predictive values for DGF in kidney transplant recipients(AUC=0.82,95%CI:0.64-0.99;AUC=0.73,95%CI:0.51-0.95).Despite adjusting for creatinine level and cold ischemia time,IL-6 still has a certain predictive value for DGF.Conclusion IL-6 in the peripheral blood of donors of brain death may be a predictor of DGF in kidney transplant recipients.

AIM To explore the effects of Rosa roxburghii Radix on ulcerative colitis(UC)in rats based on pyroptosis and neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs).METHODS Rats were randomly divided into the normal group and the model group.The successfully established UC rat models by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS)/ethanol enema were then randomly divided into the model group,the sulfasalazine group(0.3 g/kg)and the low,medium and high dose R.roxburghii Radix groups(2,4,8 g/kg),followed by dosing of corresponding drugs by gavage.21 days later,the rats had their disease activity index(DAI)score calculated;their pathological changes of colon tissue observed by HE staining;their levels of serum interleukin(IL)-18,IL-1β and myeloperoxidase(MPO)detected by ELISA;and their protein expressions of NE,MPO,NLRP3,caspase-1 and GSDMD in colon tissue detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS Compared with the normal group,the model group displayed increased DAI score(P＜0.01),increased serum levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and MPO(P＜0.01),and increased protein expressions of NE,MPO,caspase-1,NLRP3 and GSDMD in colon tissue(P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the groups intervened with sulfasalazine,or medium,or high dose R.roxburghii Radix demonstrated with decreased DAI scores(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),decreased serum levels of IL-1β,IL-18 and MPO(P＜0.01),and decreased protein expressions of NE,MPO,caspase-1,NLRP3 and GSDMD in colon tissue(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).CONCLUSION R.roxburghii Radix may alleviate the inflammatory reaction in a rat model of UC and improve its pathological injury of colon via regulating pyroptosis and NETs.

The occurrence and development of tumors are closely related to the body's immune function.It has been confirmed that immunotherapy plays a role in the treatment of various cancers.Some traditional Chinese medicines can control the growth and metastasis of tumors by enhancing anti-tumor immunity.Even in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment,traditional Chinese medicine can exert anti-tumor effects by upregulating immune responses.Further research on the regulation of the immune mechanisms by traditional Chinese medicine will provide new insights into how traditional Chinese medicine controls tumor growth and metastasis and help improve its effectiveness in the clinical treatment of various cancers.This article aims to provide a theoretical reference for the role of immunoregulation in tumors,summarize its mechanisms in tumors,and traditional Chinese medicine intervention research in tumors for the prevention and treatment of tumors with traditional Chinese medicine.

Orodispersible films (oral dispersible films), a novel form of oral solid dosage forms, are widely used for patients with dysphagia and those with uncontrollable autonomic behavior. In this study, suvorexant orodispersible film was prepared by hot melt extrusion technology, and the disintegration time, mechanical properties, in vitro dissolution and pharmacokinetics were evaluated, compared with other orodispersible films and commercially available tablets Belsomra. All experiments were approved by the Committee on the Management and Use of Laboratory Animals of Academy of Military Medical Sciences (IACUC-DWZX-2024-504). The results showed that the dissolution rate of suvorexant orodispersible film was faster and the mechanical strength was better than that of other commercially available orodispersible film, which could meet the needs of storage and transportation. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction results showed that suvorexant was dispersed within the orodispersible film in an amorphous state. The in vitro dissolution of the film was observed to be four times faster than that of the commercial tablets, achieving complete dissolution within five minutes. Pharmacokinetic evaluations in Beagle dogs revealed that the self-formulated orodispersible film exhibited no significant differences in the area under the blood concentration-time curve when compared with Belsomra. However, the film showed a faster onset of action, with a peak time that was twice as rapid, and a maximum blood concentration that was twice as high as that of Belsomra. Leveraging hot melt extrusion technology, the suvorexant orodispersible film offers a straightforward, continuous production process with consistent quality. It serves as an excellent platform for the development of solvent-free film preparations tailored for patients with special needs.

The rheological properties of drug and carrier materials have a wide range of guiding significance for the formulation and process development of solid dispersions. In this study, the rheological properties of materials with different drug carrier ratios were systematically studied with suvorexant as the model drug and copovidone as the carrier material, which provided a sufficient basis for determining the formulation and process of solid dispersions. The optimal suvorexant-copovidone ratio obtained by oscillating temperature scanning was 1∶4. If the ratio is greater than 1∶ 4, the glass transformation temperature of the material will increase significantly, and the solubilization effect of the solid dispersion will show a downward trend. The results of oscillation temperature scanning and oscillation temperature sweep can show that when the extrusion temperature is greater than 150 ℃, the viscosity of the material is less than 10 000 Pa·s, and the melt can be extruded smoothly, and the best extrusion temperature of 160-180 ℃ can be obtained by combining the dissolution results. Finally, the dissolution of suvorexant tablets guided by rheological property studies in multiple media is similar to that of the commercially available tablets Belsomra. Therefore, rheological studies can screen and optimize the formulation and process of suvorexant solid dispersions at the mechanism level, which is of great significance to improve the success rate of R&D and shorten the R&D cycle of solid dispersions prepared by hot melt extrusion.