Background: Functional constipation is a common condition in early childhood, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 3%. In Mongolia, functional constipation has been increasingly diagnosed among young children, particularly those aged 2–6 years. The condition is associated with abdominal pain, bloating, painful defecation, stool retention behaviors, and long-term physical and psychological complications. Although pediatric Tuina massage is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine as a non-pharmacological intervention, evidence regarding its effectiveness remains limited in the local context. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic massage on stool frequency and stool consistency in children with functional constipation. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled study was conducted between May and December 2025 at the “Bomborduk” Pediatric Traditional Medicine Center. Sixty children diagnosed with functional constipation (ICD-10 K59.04) were randomly assigned to a therapeutic massage group (n=30) or an exercise therapy group (n=30). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after one month using the Constipation Assessment Scale (CAS) and the Bristol Stool Form Scale. Result: The mean age of participants was 3.75±0.94 years, with no significant difference between groups. In the massage therapy group, CAS scores decreased from 8.23±2.39 to 3.17±2.36, while Bristol Stool scores improved from 1.33±0.48 to 3.00±0.87. Improvements were significantly greater in the massage group compared with the exercise therapy group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Therapeutic massage is a safe and effective non-pharmacological intervention that significantly improves stool consistency and reduces constipation severity in children with functional constipation.

Background: Previous studies on Deva-5 traditional prescription, which has long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of influenza, have demonstrated inhibitory activity against influenza A (H3) virus and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Based on this traditional formula, De-Mon syrup was developed through pharmaceutical processing. Experimental studies have shown that this syrup possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, conducting a clinical study to evaluate its therapeutic effect in influenza is warranted. Aim: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of De-Mon syrup, derived from a traditional herbal formulation, in patients with influenza. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial with a parallel design was conducted among 160 patients diagnosed with influenza (ICD-10: J09–J11) who met the inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups. The treatment group received standard influenza therapy with oseltamivir combined with De-Mon syrup, administered four times daily for five days at age-appropriate doses for children and adults. The control group received oseltamivir twice daily for five days. Complete blood count parameters were measured before and after treatment, and the results were statistically analyzed. Result: According to the study results, the adult treatment group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in white blood cell and neutrophil counts compared with the control group (p<0.05). Similarly, when children in the treatment group were compared with those in the control group, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein levels, and neutrophil counts were significantly decreased, indicating statistically significant differences (p<0.05). Conclusion De-mon syrup, based on a traditional prescription, significantly reduced white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, and neutrophil levels in patients with influenza (p<0.05), indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect.

Background: In the treatment of early gastric cancer, patients suitable for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are selected on the basis of endoscopic findings and biopsy results, while the final diagnosis is confirmed by examination of the resected specimen. Aim: To examine the discrepancies between clinical and pathological findings before and after ESD. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively identified 335 lesions treated by ESD for early gastric cancer at the National Cancer Center between 2020 and 2025, compared the endoscopic, biopsy and pathological findings, and identified the factors associated with discrepancy. Result: At least one of the three pre-treatment parameters was discordant in 175 lesions (52.2%). Of the 249 lesions judged to be ulcer-free on endoscopy, 51 (20.5%) were ulcerated histologically, while 28 lesions were overestimated (P<0.05). Underestimation of ulceration was more likely in lesions located in the upper or middle third of the stomach (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.22–3.99) and in lesions measuring ≥20 mm (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.00–2.84). Of the 110 lesions diagnosed as high-grade dysplasia on biopsy, 36 (32.7%) contained adenocarcinoma in the resected specimen, one of which was of undifferentiated type. Of the remaining 18 undifferentiated lesions, 6 (33.3%) had been diagnosed as differentiated type before treatment. Submucosal and lymphovascular invasion were associated with a tumor size of ≥20 mm (OR 3.58 and 3.15) and undifferentiated histology (OR 4.47 and 7.56); all P<0.01. Conclusion A significant discrepancy was observed between the pre- and post-ESD clinicopathological findings.

Background: Mongolian traditional bone-setting is a non-surgical treatment method for fractures; however, there is a lack of evidencebased research evaluating its effectiveness, which forms the basis of our study. Aim: To study the therapeutic efficacy of traditional bonesetting treatment for surgical neck fractures of the humerus. Materials and Methods: From June 2023 to June 2025, 120 patients diagnosed with surgical neck fractures of the humerus and treated at the Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital were randomly divided into a traditional bone-setting group (n=64) and a surgical treatment group (n=56). Shoulder and upper limb function were evaluated at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment using the Constant–Murley score, Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain. Result: A total of 120 patients with surgical neck fractures of the humerus were divided into two groups, with no significant differences in the baseline characteristics (p>0.05).In the traditional bone-setting group, pain (VAS) decreased more rapidly at 1–3 months (p<0.01), while activities of daily living and functional outcomes improved significantly at 3–6 months (p<0.01). At 6 months, shoulder function (Constant–Murley score) was significantly improved (p=0.049).In contrast, the surgical group showed faster recovery in joint range of motion and muscle strength in the early stage; however, by 6 months, the outcomes between the two groups were comparable. Conclusion In the treatment of surgical neck fractures of the humerus, no significant difference was observed between traditional bone-setting and surgical treatment in terms of shoulder range of motion and muscle strength recovery. However, the advantages of traditional bone-setting lie in its ability to relieve pain more rapidly, promote faster functional recovery, improve activities of daily living, and achieve better long-term outcomes than modern bone-setting. Therefore, traditional bone setting is a safe and effective treatment method that aligns with modern theories of bone healing and rehabilitation principles and holds significant value for wider clinical application and further research in the management of surgical neck fractures of the humerus.

Background: Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis (LFJOA) is a degenerative joint disease and a common cause of chronic lower back pain. Despite its clinical prevalence, LFJOA has received limited research attention compared to other spinal pathologies. It is characterized by joint space narrowing, cartilage degeneration, and osteophyte formation, often associated with mechanical stress and age-related changes. The integration of traditional Mongolian medicine especially osteopathic techniques has shown promising results in managing musculoskeletal conditions. Among these, the technique of traction combined with acupoint alcohol spray and manual osteopathic manipulation is increasingly applied in clinical practice. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of lumbar traction combined with acupoint alcohol spray and osteopathic manipulation in alleviating symptoms of LFJOA, improving lumbar function, and enhancing quality of life. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 60 patients diagnosed with LFJOA. Participants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (n=30) receiving combined therapy or a control group (n=30) receiving standard spine rehabilitation exercises. Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Working Ability Index (WAI) questionnaire. Data were collected before and after a four-course treatment regimen and analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Results: In the treatment group, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score for chronic low back pain decreased from 5.60 to 0.33, indicating an approximately 94.1% reduction in pain. In the control group, the VAS score decreased from 5.60 to 4.33 (p=0.001). Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the treatment group showed a decrease from 38.10 to 12.43, representing an approximately 67.4% reduction (p<0.001). In the control group, the ODI score decreased from 37.27 to 33.17, corresponding to an approximately 11.0% reduction. The Work Ability Index (WAI) score in the treatment group increased from 25.37 to 38.23, demonstrating an approximately 50.7% improvement (p<0.001). In the control group, the WAI score increased from 25.33 to 27.67, corresponding to an approximately 9.2% increase. Conclusion Manual therapy in the treatment of chronic lumbar facet joint pain has been shown to reduce pain, significantly decrease limitations in muscle function, and improve work capacity with statistically significant results.

Introduction: According to epidemiological studies conducted in Mongolia over the past decade, diseases of the digestive system have consistently ranked second in terms of morbidity and fourth in mortality. With the rapid advancement of technology, sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy living habits have become more prevalent among the population, leading to a trend of digestive disorders affecting younger age groups. Therefore, investigating the prevalence, pathological changes, and risk factors associated with gallbladder and pancreatic diseases among university students has become the rationale for this study. Objective: To study the prevalence of gallbladder and pancreatic disorders and determine some of the associated risk factors. Methodology: 200 students from the first to sixth year were selected through random sampling based on the WHO age classification. Data collection included a structured questionnaire and ultrasound examination using the SUN-800D device. Diagnostic criteria followed the national clinical guidelines for acute cholecystitis. Results: Out of 200 participants, 120 (60%) were female and 80 (40%) were male. Among them, 128 students (64%) reported skipping breakfast regularly, and 147 (73.5%) did not consume an adequate amount of fluids daily. Ultrasound examinations revealed that 104 students (52%) had some form of gallbladder or pancreatic abnormality. Additionally, gallstones were detected in 1 student (0.5%), and gallbladder polyps were found in 5 students (2.5%). Conclusion Gallbladder and pancreatic abnormalities were observed in 52% of the participants. Among the associated risk factors, 64% of students reported skipping breakfast, and 73.5% had inadequate daily fluid intake. The ultrasound findings showed that 47% had biliary sludge, 32% had gallbladder kinking, and 48.5% had increased pancreatic echogenicity.

Background: In recent years, stroke has remained one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Globally, the incidence among adults ranges from 134.9 to 336.3 cases per 100,000 population annually, with mortality rates between 36.7 and 136.7 per 100,000. In Mongolian traditional medicine, stroke prevention is not only related to diet and lifestyle but also depends on an individual’s unique bodily constitution, age, strength, and life habits. Since people differ physiologically, the diseases arising from the four causative conditions manifest differently. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the relationship between an individual’s constitutional type and stroke risk factors, aiming to contribute to stroke prevention. Aim: To study the relationship between individual constitutional types in Mongolian traditional medicine and stroke risk factors, specifically hypertension and dyslipidemia. Materials and Methods: A total of 2,086 participants were included from the Departments of Cardiology, Neurology, and Ultrasonography of the affiliated hospital of the Inner Mongolia National University. Data were collected through questionnaires, assessment of constitutional type, blood pressure measurement, and blood lipid analysis. Statistical processing was performed using SPSS 18.0 software. Chi-square (χ²), ANOVA tests, multivariate logistic regression, and correspondence analysis were used, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Among the participants, those with the “Khurmal” (Hormal) and “Badgan-Khi” (Phlegm-Wind) constitutions accounted for the highest proportions (34.3% and 26.7%, respectively), showing a statistically significant association with stroke risk factors (p<0.05). In terms of the relationship between constitution and blood pressure, individuals with the Badgan-Khi type had a higher risk, and a statistically significant association was found between blood pressure, risk classification, and the Badgan-Khi and Khormal types (p<0.05). Regarding constitution and blood lipid levels, the proportions in the stroke population were: indeterminate lipid ratio (58.3%), dyslipidemia (33.3%), and normal blood lipids (8.3%). A statistically significant relationship was observed between blood lipid levels, risk classification, and the Khi-Shar and Badgan-Khi constitutions (p<0.05). Conclusion Stroke risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia are associated with an individual’s body constitutional type. The study confirmed that individuals with a Khi-dominant constitution tend to have higher sympathetic nervous system activity, blood pressure, and vascular reactivity, providing a biological basis for increased stroke risk. For Badgan-dominant individuals, metabolic disturbances and lipid accumulation were identified as contributors to elevated stroke risk.

Background: The prevalence of neck pain among adults worldwide is 4.9-22.3%. It occurs in 34.7% of office workers in industrialized countries. Aim: To study the effect of massage therapy of Mongolian medicine on neck pain Materials and Methods: In this study, a parallel clinical trial design was used, and 50 patients with neck pain were divided into two groups: the treatment group received massage therapy of Mongolian medicine and the control group received exercise therapy, and the treatment results were compared. VAS assessment, NDI, Digital Algometer, and European Quality of Life Questionnaire were used in the study. Results: 52 % of the study participants were male, while 48 % were female, and their mean age was 43.3±21.3. The VAS score for pain assessment was 5.44±0.96 in the treatment group and 5.44±0.96 in the comparison group before treatment, but after the treatment it decreased to 0.80±0.71 in the treatment group and 1.44±0.77 in the comparison group, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference. Massage therapy of Mongolian medicine has a greater pain-relieving effect than exercise therapy in the treatment of neck pain (p<0.01). The pressure pain threshold was 934±154.60 in the treatment group and 934±154.60 in the comparison group before treatment, but after treatment, it increased to 1536±22.91 in the treatment group and 1392±83.77 in the comparison group, which was statistically significant (p<0.01). The neck disability index of patients with neck pain was 11.44±2.87 in the treatment group and 11.56±2.55 in the comparison group before treatment, but after treatment it decreased to 0.84±0.69 in the treatment group and 1.40±0.87 in the comparison group. Although exercise therapy has the effect of reducing the neck disability index, when comparing the treatment results of the two groups, massage therapy of Mongolian medicine had greater effect (p<0.05). European Quality of Life Questionnaire was 8.64±2.25 in the treatment group and 8.16±1.60 in the comparison group before treatment, but after treatment it was 5.28±0.54 in the treatment group and 7.44±1.23 in the comparison group. Massage therapy of Mongolian medicine has a greater effect on improving the quality of life of people with neck pain compared to exercise therapy (p<0.01). The neck forward bending was 36.60±2.45 in the treatment group and 37.24±2.35 in the comparison group before treatment, but after treatment, it increased to 42.32±2.14 in the treatment group and 39.32±2.14 in the comparison group, which was statistically significant (p0.01).The neck abduction was 36.20±1.89 in the treatment group and 36.56±2.24 in the comparison group before treatment, but after treatment, it increased to 42.80±2.06 in the treatment group and 39.76±1.88 in the comparison group, which was statistically significant (p=0.01).The neck left rotation was 60.84±3.77 in the treatment group and 61.56±4.31 in the comparison group before treatment, but after treatment, it increased to 75.08±3.55 in the treatment group and 67.20±4.29 in the comparison group, which was statistically significant (p0.01). The neck right rotation was 61.80±4.39 in the treatment group and 62.00±4.42 in the comparison group before treatment, but after treatment, it increased to 76.52±2.95 in the treatment group and 68.04±4.46 in the comparison group, which was statistically significant (p0.01).When comparing the treatment results of the two groups, Mongolian medical bariatric surgery was more effective (p<0.01). Conclusions 1. Massage therapy of Mongolian medicine reduces disability index in people with neck pain (p<0.05). 2. Massage therapy of Mongolian medicine has a significant effect on reducing pain and pressure pain threshold in people with neck pain (p<0.01). 3. Massage therapy of Mongolian medicine has the effect of improving the quality of life of people with neck pain (p<0.01).

Background: Herpes zoster (shingles) is an acute inflammatory skin disease caused by the reactivation of the Varicel la-zoster virus. International studies show that the disease severely reduces patients’ quality of life, and chronic pain negatively affects daily activities. In clinical practice, bloodletting pricking therapy has been effectively used for herpes zoster, with positive effects including reducing disease symptoms, alleviating skin inflammation, and promoting skin regeneration. Due to the limited research on treating herpes zoster with combined bloodletting pricking therapy and acupuncture, this clinical study was conducted. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of combining bloodletting pricking therapy with acupuncture in patients diagnosed with herpes zoster. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a non-randomized clinical trial design based at the Internation al School of Mongolian Medicine of MNUMS and the Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Medicine Committee (IMIMC). The study included 70 patients diagnosed with herpes zoster (ICD 10-B02.9) who met the inclusion criteria. The treatment group received bloodletting pricking therapy combined with acupuncture. The control group received Acyclovir 800 mg 5 times daily for 7-10 days and Pregabalin 75 mg twice daily for 14 days. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated using the VAS linear scale for pain assessment, the SF-12 (Short Form-12 health survey) questionnaire for quality of life, and the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) to measure sleep quality and evaluate insomnia. The treatment outcome was assessed according to the Mongolian Traditional Medicine Diagnostic and Treatment Standards. Results: The average age of participants was 47.29±11.11 in the treatment group and 44.43±11.63 in the control group, with 34% male and 66% female participants. According to the VAS linear scale, the treatment group showed a statistically significant greater reduction in pain (P<0.001). The quality-of-life assessment using the SF-12 questionnaire showed that the Physical Component Summary (SF-12-PCS) in the treatment group increased from 32.71±7.38 before treatment to 52.99±2.02 after treatment (t=-17.18, p<0.001), while in the control group, it increased from 36.10±7.41 to 51.56±7.9 (SF-12-3.9) (p<0.001). According to the AIS questionnaire, the sleep quality in the treatment group was significantly better than in the control group (P<0.05). According to the Mongolian Traditional Medicine Diagnostic and Treatment Standards, the combined treatment of pricking therapy and acupuncture resulted in a 100% recovery rate. Conclusion 1. The combination of bloodletting pricking therapy and acupuncture in treating herpes zoster effectively reduces pain. 2. For patients diagnosed with herpes zoster, combining bloodletting pricking therapy with acupuncture effectively improves quality of life in terms of sleep quality as well as physical and mental functioning.

Background: Traditional Mongolian medicine (TMM), which is the main knowledge of medicine of ancient nomads, has produced hundreds of healers, practitioners, doctors, and scientists in the course of 5,000 years of historical development. The methods developed to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases are used to protect the health of the population even today. Based on the study of medical records and artifacts, it is possible to determine which diseases were prevalent and use archeological finds and records related to the diseases to determine what treatment methods were used. Research goal: To clarify reports, facts, and evidence on spinal disorders and their treatment methods from ancient books written in Tibetan, Manchu, and Mongolian languages on Traditional Mongolian medicine. Methods: The source study method, hermeneutic method, and a method of comparison were used in studying traditional medical books, research literature, and other related materials. Conclusion Research has shown that the structure, function, pathological changes, diagnosis, and treatment methods of the spine have been recorded in many ancient records written in Tibetan, Manchu, and Mongolian languages on Traditional Mongolian medicine. At the same time, since ancient times, Mongolians have been adapting to the transformation of natural phenomena, and drastic changes in climate and developed methods of treating injuries and diseases caused by the characteristics of life, habits, and war, as well as established an independent system of methods for studying and treating the structure of the human body and living a healthy life by accumulating experience passed down from generation to generation. This system was not only based on the knowledge of Mongolian dhom treatment, and Indian and Tibetan medicine, but it was also a complex of knowledge that incorporated the ancient scriptures of Western medicine.