Background: In the revised ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR, Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) has been officially recognized as a distinct mental disorder. This condition is characterized by a grief reaction following the death of a close person that persists beyond the expected period (more than 12 months for adults in DSM-5-TR; more than 6 months in ICD-11), significantly impairing quality of life, social functioning, and psychological stability. To assist in the early detection and diagnosis of PGD, researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York developed the Prolonged Grief Disorder–13, revised (PG-13-R) self-report measure in 2020, based on the diagnostic criteria of ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Although this instrument has been translated and validated in several languages, no validated Mongolian version has been available, forming the rationale for this study. Aim: To examine the psychometric properties—including reliability and validity—of the Mongolian version of the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13, revised (PG-13-R) scale. Materials and Methods: Permission to use the PG-13-R was obtained from the original author (H.G. Prigerson) in November 2024. The study proposal and methods were reviewed and approved by the Academic Council of the University of Humanities (Approval No. A/19), adhering to ethical research guidelines. The translation process followed international recommendations, including forward translation, back-translation, and expert review by linguists. A pilot test was conducted to ensure clarity of each item. The main study included 442 participants (81.9% female; mean age = 41.8±12.4 years) who had experienced bereavement at least six months prior to participation. Results: The Mongolian version of the PG-13-R demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.92; McDonald’s ω = 0.93). The split-half correlation was r = 0.87, indicating high internal correlation. The test–retest reliability was strong, with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) of 0.82 (item ICCs ranging from 0.55 to 0.88), confirming temporal stability. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was 0.89, indicating good content validity. Regarding criterion and convergent validity, the Mongolian PG-13-R showed statistically significant negative correlations with the WHOQOL- BREF subdomains (physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment) and moderate positive correlations with HADS anxiety and depression scores, consistent with theoretical expectations. Factor analysis results indicated that the data were suitable for analysis (KMO=0.93; Bartlett’s test p<0.001). A single factor with eigenvalue >1 emerged, explaining 62.1% of the total variance, with factor loadings ranging from 0.63 to 0.87, consistent with the original structure. Conclusion The Mongolian version of the PG-13-R scale exhibited a stable one-factor structure and demonstrated strong reliability and validity. It is a psychometrically sound and effective tool for assessing prolonged grief among the Mongolian population.

The term ‘‘learning styles’’ refers to the concept that individuals differ in regard to what mode of instruction or study is most effective for them. There are some types of learning style model in the world and one of them is VARK model which was developed by N.Fleming. Teaching willbecome more effective when determine learning styles of students and teach them suitable way with their learning styles. The main goal of our study is to determine learning styles of nursing students. A descriptiveconfidential questionnaire survey was conducted on 100 students who are learning at Nursing School of MNUMS. They filled VARK questionnaire with 16 question.There are most common learning style was kinesthetic one and it means teaching will be more effective when simulation, close handed and practical sets are used and increased practice hours in the curriculum.

Монгол улсад элэгний хавдрын өвчлөл ихсэх хандлагатай байгаа бөгөөд эмийн эмчилгээнд гаж нөлөө багатай ургамлын гаралтай эм хэрэглэх хандлага нэмэгдэж энэ чиглэлийн судалгаа эрчимтэй өрнөж байна. Бидний судалгааны ажлын зорилго нь Байгалийн гүүн хөх Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлын хандны элэгний хавдрын эсэд үзүүлэх нөлөөг in vitro орчинд судлан тогтоох явдал юм. Байгалийн гүүн хөх Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлаас гаргаж авсан этанолын ханд элэгний анхдагч өмөнгийн эсэд дарангуйлах нөлөөтэй байх магадлалтай. Судалгаанд элэгний хавдрын анхдагч эсийн өсгөвөр-PCC, нохойн бөөрний MDCK шугаман эс болон Байгалийн гүүн хөх Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлын газрын дээд хэсгийн этанолон ханд, Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлын үндэсний этанолон хандаас ялгасан Skullcap бэлдмэлийг ашиглав. Байгалийн гүүн хөх Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлын ханд болон Skullcap бэлдмэл нь эсийн геномын ДНХ-д нөлөөлж задрал, гэмтэл үзүүлээгүй. Харин нэгж эсээс ялгасан ДНХ-ийн концентраци харилцан адилгүй байгаа нь хандаар үйлчилсэний дараа амüд үлдсэн эсүүдийн тоотой шууд хамааралтай байх магадлалтай. Байгалийн гүүн хөх Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлын ханд болон Skullcap бэлдмэл нь шууд ДНХ-д нөлөөлөхгүй, өөр механизмаар эсийг үхэлд хүргэж байна. Бидний судалгаагаар Байгалийн гүүн хөх Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлын ханд 100 µg/ml бэлдмэл эсийн Bcl-2 генийн экспрессийг идэвхжүүлж 6%-иар байв. Skullcap бэлдмэл (100 µg/ml) 4,8 %, Байгалийн гүүн хөх Scutellaria baicalensis (Georgi) ургамлын ханд 13,2%-иар ZFYVE1 генийн экспрессийг дарангуйлж байна. 100 µg/ml концентраци бүхий бэлдмэл болон хандаар үйлчлэхэд тус бүр GAPDH генийн экспресс 13,4% ба 18,9%-иар тус тус дарангуйлагдсан. 100 µg/ml бэлдмэл болон хандаар GPR175 генийн экспрессийг 34,1% ба 41,5%-иар тус бүр дарангуйлж байв. Бидний судалгааны дүнд 100 µg/ml хандаар үйлчлэхэд GPC3 генийн экспресс илэрсэнгүй. Судалгаагаар эсийн апоптозийн процессийг гүйцэтгэгч CASP3 генийг олшруулах туршилтыг 3 давталттай явуулсан ч уг ген илэрсэнгүй.

Background: Development and progression of cancer is accompanied by different morphological and functional changes of cells. One of the most important changes is the expression and activity of enzymes in the cellular fatty acids metabolism that reflects in cell membrane lipid composition and increases fluidity of cancer cell membrane. The Ellipin, prepared from bovine liver, is a newly developed anticancer agent containing several important fatty acids.Goal: To investigate effects of Ellipin on hepatic cancer cell function such as proliferation, migration and adherent activity and apoptosis of cancer cell lines in vitro.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, MAS. The Ellipin was developed in the Drug Research Institute of Monos group. HepG2, HCC, 23132/87, MDCK cells lines and the primary liver cancer cells (PCC) were used for proliferation assay. Only HepG2 cell line was used for MTT, Migration, Spreading and Apoptosis assays.Results: The results of proliferation assay showed that the ellipin decreased the proliferation activity of HepG2 and PCC cells depending on concentrations; in 50μg/ml 2-3 times, 250μg/ml fully stopped cells divisions. The Ellipin reduced mitochondrial reeducates enzyme activity of HepG2 cells depending on its concentrations. For example, in 50μg/ml ellipin concentration case, the number of alive cells decreased 2 times. The migration of HepG2 cells treated with 100μg/ml ellipin was decreased by 22.3% compared to the control cells. Also the number of adhered cells was reduced by Ellipin treatment. After 50μg/ml, 100μg/ml, 250μg/ml ellipin treatment, the number of apoptic cells were 14,6%, 45,6%, 100% of initial culture cells, respectively.Conclusions: Our results showed that the Ellipin suppresses HepG2 cancer cell proliferation and decreases migration and spreading activities and also inducts the cell apoptosis.