Introduction: The job satisfaction of family health center nurses, and the factors affecting it, directly affect the stability of the nursing workforce and the quality and performance of their work. This in turn impacts nursing care provided to family clients of all ages. It is important to value nurses’ work, productivity, and job satisfaction with certain periodicity to improve the nursing management system. Aim: To determine the job satisfaction of family health center nurses. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used for the study. 102 nurses from family health centers participated in the survey. The Nurse's satisfaction instrument (The American Nursing Associations’ "Satisfaction of Nurses ",2021) has 43 items, and 3 subscales (nurses satisfaction, influencing factors for nurses' satisfaction, and possible solutions). The nurse’s satisfaction was rated as poor <0-60, average <61-122, and good <123-180 points. Questions were collected on paper from December 2022 to March 2023. The survey took 15-20 minutes to complete. Results: The job satisfaction of family health center nurses is at a good level (131.98±13.06). Considering the results of the subgroups, the nurse satisfaction group was (mean=32.8±4.06) average, the factors affecting nurse satisfaction were (mean=58.6±8.05) good, and the possible solutions were (mean=40.4±3.04) indicating agreed. There were results that nurses' workload, professional value, salary, and human resources are the most important factors affecting for job satisfaction of nurses. Conclusion According to the research, there is a need for an integrated policy program to improve the job satisfaction of family health center nurses and the factors affecting it.

Background: Nicotine-containing vaporized liquids—composed of propylene glycol, glycerin, water, flavorings, and the thickening agent vitamin E acetate—have been implicated in the development of EVALI. Under conditions of low liquid levels and overheating, these substances release toxic carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein). In a 2019 national survey, 3.5% of adolescents aged 13–15 reported cigarette use, and 10% used e-cigarettes. Aim: To study the changes in the behavior, lung, and hippocampal structures of rats due to the effects of electronic cigarettes and their vapor. Materials and Methods: In this study, nineteen 14-day-old SHR rats were exposed to 1 g/mg/day of nicotine and dry hit vapor (control, nicotine and dry hit groups) for four weeks. Behavioral assessments (Open Field Test, Elevated Plus Maze, Conditioned Place Preference), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and histological analysis of lung and hippocampal tissue were conducted. Results: The dry hit vapor group showed significantly reduced body weight (p=0.034), increased anxiety (p=0.006, p=0.025), and avoidance of the smoky chamber. BAL revealed elevated total cells, neutrophils, and macrophages (p=0.01, p=0.04) in both nicotine and dry hit groups. Lung tissue exhibited alveolar septal thickening, inflammation, and emphysema- like changes. Extensive neuronal death was observed in the hippocampus. Conclusion Anxiety-like behavior was observed in both the burn and control groups. Analysis of BAL in the dry hit group revealed inflammation predominantly characterized by macrophage infiltration. Histological examination of lung tissue from both experimental groups demonstrated a reduction in the number of alveoli, accompanied by acute inflammation and thickening of the interalveolar septa. In the hippocampal region, neuronal loss and a reduction in neuronal density were also observed.

Background: Silybum marianum, as well as known milk thistle, has long been recognized for its hepatoprotective effects, primarily attributed to its active flavonolignan complex, silymarin (an extract from water hyacinth fruit). While the pharmacological effects of silymarin have been studied, research on bioactive peptides derived from Silybum marianum remains limited. Aim: To evaluate the toxicity effects of silybum marianum peptides Marerials and Method: This study aimed to evaluate the potential toxicity of Silybum marianum peptide in mice through a 14-day oral administration experiment. Twenty adult male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: the experimental group received 200 mg/kg of Silybum marianum peptide daily, while the control group received an equivalent volume of saline solution. Physiological and biochemical parameters, including body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, liver and spleen wet weights, as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity, were assessed to determine potential toxic effects. This exploration aims to shed light on the toxicological effects of silybum marianum peptide in mice, providing insights into its potential benefits and challenges. Results: Results indicated no significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of body weight, blood glucose levels, or major organ wet weights. Additionally, ALT enzyme activity remained unaffected, suggesting no detectable liver toxicity. Throughout the study, no abnormal behaviors, physical changes, or mortality were observed in the test subjects. Mice in both the silybum marianum peptide and control groups exhibited shiny and soft fur, normal activity, and regular food consumption. These findings indicate that Silybum marianum peptide exhibits good safety and low biological toxicity under the tested conditions, supporting its potential use as a safe dietary supplement or therapeutic agent. Conclusion At the designated dosage, silybum marianum peptide demonstrated good safety and low biological toxicity.

The study is devoted to the morphological characteristics of the maturation of lung tissue structures in the fetal period. Fetal histology of the lungs presents the intrauterine development of lung tissue in four successive stages: pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar, each has specific morphological criteria. The following morphological features are predetermined: the development of alveolar epithelium, the ratio of mesenchyme towards the area in alveolar spaces, the degree of proliferation and location of vessels of the microcirculatory bed towards prealveolar partitions. During the fetal period the alveolar columnar epithelium is flattened and differentiates into alveolocytes type I lung histology with the demonstration of histological preparations of the lungs at different stages of intrauterine development. Keywords: fetal lungs, prealveolar structures, pseudoglandular stage, canalicular stage, alveolar stage, alveolar capillary membrane, immunohistochemical study. 16 and II, the area of the mesenchyme gradually decreases and by the birth of a full-term newborn kid it is present mainly in the thickness between the alveolar septa, microcirculation vessels, initially laying deep in the thickness of the mesenchymal tissue, gradually proliferate, approach the pre-alveolar epithelium, channeling it with the formation of alveolar capillary membranes. Air exchange in the lung tissue is mainly provided with two factors: the presence of second-order alveolocytes capable of producing surfactant, and a sufficient formation of alveolias well. This work summarizes the basics of fetal lung histology with the demonstration of histological preparations of the lungs at different stages of intrauterine development.

Abstract Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions of people worldwide. Significant advancements in both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have greatly improved outcomes, particularly for individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy. Modern neurostimulation techniques such as Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing seizure frequency in these patients. Additionally, emerging technologies like gene therapy and optogenetics are being explored to better understand the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy and hold promise as future treatment modalities.Traditional imaging techniques often fail to detect subtle epileptogenic zones. However, the introduction of ultra high-field 7T MRI scanners represents a major breakthrough. These advanced scanners use eight transmitters to generate higher-resolution images, reducing signal dropout and enabling the identification of previously undetected lesions. In one study involving 31 patients, 58% had their treatment plans modified based on 7T MRI findings, highlighting its potential to inform surgical decision-making. In terms of pharmacological treatment, newer medications such as sultiame, cannabidiol (CBD), and non-pharmacological approaches like the ketogenic diet have emerged as additional therapeutic options for drug-resistant epilepsy. These developments contribute to more effective, personalized management strategies for epilepsy. In summary, the landscape of epilepsy diagnosis and treatment is rapidly evolving. Innovations in imaging and therapeutic interventions are offering new hope for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Ongoing research and clinical trials remain essential to further refine these approaches and improve patient outcomes.

Background: Respiratory viral and bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death worldwide, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immune compromised individuals. The detection of causative pathogens is crucial for understanding the epidemiology, prevention, management, and treatment of severe pneumonia. Molecular diagnostic methods provide high sensitivity and speed, enabling the simultaneous detection of viral and bacterial co-infections. Aim: Detection of single and combined viral and bacterial infections in hospitalized children with pneumonia using multiplex PCR. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study design involving 100 hospitalized participants at the National Center for Mothers, Newborns, and Women II. The study utilized questionnaires and laboratory analysis methods. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the participants using a sterile swab and transported in a UTM transport medium (Jiangsu, China). After nucleic acid extraction using the STARMag 96 ProPrepC assay, the samples were analyzed with the Seeprep 32 automated analyzer (Seegene Inc., Korea). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed using the Allplex™ RV Master Assay and Allplex™ PneumoBacter Assay (Seegene Inc., Korea), with the CFX-96 system (BioRad Inc., USA). Results: The prevalence of viral infections in the study population was as follows: influenza type A 3% (n=3), influenza type B 3% (n=3), total influenza virus 14% (n=14), respiratory syncytial virus 18% (n=18), adenovirus 10% (n=10), rhinovirus 20% (n=20), and SARS-CoV-2 5% (n=5). No bacterial infections, such as B.parapertussis or L.pneumophila, were detected. However, bacterial infections identified included B.pertussis in 1% (n=1), C.pneumoniae in 2% (n=2), H.influenzae in 43% (n=43), M.pneumoniae in 52% (n=52), and S.pneumoniae in 45% (n=45). Of the 100 children in the study, 6% had influenza or influenza-like illness. Among these, 43% had the virus alone, and 14% had a viral co-infection. Bacterial infections were detected individually in 40% of cases, with co-infections in 46% of bacterial cases. Conclusion Metapneumovirus, B.parapertussis, and Legionella pneumophila were not detected in the study participants (0%). Among the viral infections, respiratory syncytial virus (18%, n=18) and rhinovirus (20%, n=20) had the highest prevalence. For bacterial infections, H.influenzae (43%, n=43), M.pneumoniae (52%, n=52), and S.pneumoniae (45%, n=45) were most commonly detected.

Background: Pregnancy induces multiple physiological, metabolic, and immunological alterations that increase susceptibility to infections, often necessitating antibiotic therapy. Evaluating the rational use of antibiotics among pregnant women is crucial for optimizing antimicrobial stewardship at the hospital level, improving clinical pharmacy services, and reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance. Aim: To assess the rational use of antibiotics, including indication, selection, dosage, and treatment duration—among hospitalized pregnant women in the Department of High-Risk Pregnancy and the Department of Preterm Birth at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using a specifically designed data collection form to assess antibiotic use among inpatients at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 29.0. Results: A total of 348 pregnant inpatients were included, with a mean age of 31.6 ± 6.9 years. The mean length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the Department of Preterm Birth (12.5 ± 5.0 days) compared to the Department of High-Risk Pregnancy (5.9 ± 2.0 days; p < 0.001). The indications for antibiotic use were therapeutic in 39.1%, prophylactic in 33.0%, and unspecified in 21.3% of cases. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic regimen was a combination of β-lactams and metronidazole (29%). While the dosing of cefazolin and cefotaxime was largely appropriate, notable dosing discrepancies were observed in the dosing of ampicillin and azithromycin. Based on the U.S. FDA pregnancy risk classification, among a total of 762 antibiotic prescriptions, 87.0% belonged to category B, 8.8% to category C, and 4.2% to category D, with no significant variation across trimesters (p = 0.695). Conclusion The assessment of antibiotic use among hospitalized pregnant women at the National Center for Maternal and Child Health revealed that 39.1% of the prescriptions were therapeutic, 33.0% were prophylactic, and 21.3% lacked a clear indication for use. β-lactam antibiotics were the most commonly used agents, frequently combined with metronidazole. Based on the FDA classification system, 87% of the prescribed antibiotics belonged to category B, 8.8% to category C, and 4.2% to category D. These findings indicate inappropriate antibiotic use and insufficient implementation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Therefore, strict adherence to antibiotic stewardship programs and strengthening of clinical pharmacy services are necessary to improve antibiotic use practices.

Introduction Gastric ulcer is one of the most common disorders considering the gastrointestinal tract, it affects 5% of the population around the world, so its prevention and management are considered very important challenges. Researchers have revealed several causes of gastric ulcer; these include an imbalance between aggressive and intrinsic defensive factors. Gastric ulcer is a very common gastrointestinal disease that may lead to dangerous complications and even death. The aggressive factors include non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs(NSAID),alcohol, psychological stress and Helicobacter pylori infection, cytoprotective intrinsic factors include mucosal blood flow, bicarbonate, mucus, cell renewal, growth factors, NO and prostaglandins, NSAID-induced gastric damage is known to be the most common and dangerous side-effect of these drugs and accounts for 25% of gastric ulcer cases.
Indomethacin (INDO) is considered to be the most common NSAID known to induce experimental gastric ulcer and has been documented to have a higher potential to cause gastric injury than other commonly used NSAIDs.
Most of the drugs which are used for wound healing are imported in Mongolia. It is required to develop drug formulation and increase local productions used for the treatment of wound healing. For the purpose of solving the above problems, we aimed to prepare new drug formulation from Cacalia hastata L. for the treatment. of wound healing. Cacalia hastata L. is a medicinal plant, member of the family Asteraceae. Cacalia hastata L. is widely used for the Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wound healing, gastric ulcer, poisoning fever, liver fever, bile fever, oral cavity, and gynecological diseases

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is more common in people aged 30-40 years. The cause of this disease has not yet been solved, but it is believed to be due to the weakening of the body’s resistance. It is a phenomenon that causes the body to become sick due to changes in the immune system that protects the body from the external environment. In general, genetic diseases, bacterial and viral infections are believed to be the source of arthritis. Physical and mental stress increases the risk of developing this condition. Drug treatment and surgery are often used selectively in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Tuiplan treatment has recently been recommended as one of the traditional medical treatments, but there are few studies evaluating the results. Clinical case: Patient A, a 55-year-old woman. From 2009, the small joints of the hands began to swell and turn red. Since May 2010, both large and small joints have been swollen and painful to move. rheumatism was diagnosed after giving general blood test, urine test and immunological tests. Since June 2010, he has been using anti-inflammatory steroids and gold and silver needles, but the pain has not subsided. Pain: Stinging, hot and red pain in wrists, fingers, knees, and ankles. When you get up in the morning, you wake up stiff. Morning stiffness lasts 30 minutes. The pain is worse when moving at night.
Urine: Red, smelly and sticky.
Pulse: Fine, quick, intense, throbbing pulsation. Treatment process: The therapists used Tuiplan treatment for 21 days under the supervision of a doctor in a warm, well ventilated, closed, window-free room, taking the Tuiplan treatment together with the treatment in a heavy or closed way once a year or 3 times in 3 years. Conclusion: It is proved that the use of Tuiplan treatment in the treatment of chronic diseases is less dangerous, the recurrence of the disease is less, and complete recovery is possible if the disease is maintained. The results of the treatment were calculated and monitored by laboratory tests before and after the administration of Tuiplan. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the honorable, Dr.Mendsaikhan, consultant physician, doctor, and professor for helping, advising, and guiding me in my research work

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a degenerative neuromuscular disease that causes progressive muscle weakness and atrophy due to the loss of the motor neurons. Approximately 95% of patients with SMA are homozygous for the deletion of SMN1 exon 7. With an incidence of 1/10.000 and a carrier frequency of 1/40 to 1/50, SMA is the most common genetic cause of death in infants. Purpose: To detect homozygous deletion of SMN1 exon 7 and to analyse the SMN1 copy number by molecular genetic analysis. Materials and Methods: In this study, 3 SMA patients with SMN1 gene homozygous deletion and 17 people of their relatives were included. Molecular genetic analysis was performed in the Central Scientific Research Laboratory of the Institute of Medical Sciences. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and its purity was assessed by spectrophotometer. Homozygous deletion of SMN1 gene was analyzed with allele-specific PCR, and the SMN1 gene copy number was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: Among the five participants diagnosed with SMA by clinical symptom and electromyographic test, three cases were found to have homozygous deletion of exon 7 of the SMN1 gene, while two cases did not exhibit such mutation by the allele specific PCR analysis.
The mean age of study participants was 27.76±16.07 (ranging from 8 months to 52 years). Six of the 7 relatives of the first proband had 1 copy number of SMN1 (0.75±0.29) or were carriers of SMA, while one had 3 copy numbers (2.99) or no deletion of SMN1 gene. Additionally, 6 of the 7 individuals of the second proband had 1 copy number of the SMN1 gene (0.72±0.14), and 1 person had 2 copy numbers. All 3 relatives of the third proband had 1 copy number of SMN1 gene (0.96±0.37). Conclusion We consider that determination of SMN1 gene homozygous deletion and carrier testing can be performed by the PCR method locally. Further, it is necessary to implement the molecular genetic testing method into practice and to study the requirements and needs of early detection of SMA in the newborn screening program of Mongolia.