Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disease caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and is considered to have an individual, occupational, and socioeconomic impact. Aim: To study the risk factors for CTS among hospital floor cleaners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among floor cleaners at the Third State Central Hospital. Clinical and electrophysiological severity of CTS were evaluated using standardised scales, and symptoms were assessed with the self-administered Boston Questionnaire (BQ). Demographic and non-occupational factors, as well as durations of current and previous occupations, were recorded. The diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological analysis. Each assessment was categorised as mild, moderate, or severe. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0. Result: The prevalence of CTS among floor cleaners was 39% (32/82) (p < 0.001). In the simple logistic regression, comorbidities (OR, 2.50 [95% CI, 1.02-6.16]), smoking (OR, 3.90 [95% CI, 1.12-13.57]) and in the multiple logistic regression, only comorbidities (OR, 2.90 [95% CI, 1.03-8.16]) were the predictors of CTS. Conclusion The risk of developing CTS among hospital floor cleaners is influenced by BMI, smoking, and comorbidities, including diabetes mellitus.

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder of endogenous origin, characterized by the coexistence of prominent positive and negative symptoms and a chronic course. It typically begins during adolescence or early adulthood, leading to disturbances in cognition, thought processes, and emotional regulation, which subsequently result in loss of daily functioning and impairment in social adaptation. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and to determine the severity levels of positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Center for Mental Health between December 2016 and December 2019. A total of 102 patients with schizophrenia, aged 20 to 66 years, who were under active outpatient follow-up, were included in the study. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the PANSS. Results: Of the 102 participants, 51% (n=129) were female, with a mean age of 40±12 years. The distribution of positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms showed that 21–24% were in the mild to moderate range. Notably, 23% of patients presented with severe negative symptoms, such as blunted affect, social withdrawal, and reduced motivation, indicating that these features are particularly prominent in advanced stages of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms were found to be mild to moderate in 15–24% of patients, suggesting that hallucinations and delusions are more pronounced during the early course of the illness but tend to decline as the disease progresses. General psychopathological symptoms were observed in 12–22% of patients, remaining relatively stable across all severity levels. Conclusion In the early stages of schizophrenia, positive symptoms predominate, whereas in the advanced stages negative symptoms become more prominent. General psychopathological symptoms appear consistently across all levels of severity. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating both positive and negative dimensions when assessing the clinical course of schizophrenia.

Background: Globally, gastric cancer accounts for 1,089,000 new cases and 769,000 deaths annually, ranking fifth in overall cancer incidence and third in cancer-related mortality. The aim to determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its correlation with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the need for further laboratory diagnostics. Aim: To determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its association with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the potential need for further laboratory diagnostics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using archived materials from patients with gastric cancer at the Clinical Pathology, Molecular Genetics, and Pathology Laboratories of the National Cancer Center of Mongolia, covering the period from 2019 to June 2025. HER2 protein expression in tumor tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH-HER2) was employed to confirm gene amplification. Statistical analysis was performed using the Prisma-10 software. Results: In our study, among 210 cases of gastric cancer evaluated by IHC for HER2, 46 (21.9%) were HER2-positive and 164 (78.1%) were HER2-negative. When comparing patients with gastric cancer stratified into HER2 1+ (negative) and HER2 3+ (positive) groups, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in age, sex, tumor location (surgically resected tissue), morphology, or disease stage. However, a higher proportion of males was noted in the HER2 3+ group (80.9%), though this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0879). Significant associations were found with tumor markers. Elevated serum CA-72-4 (>5 ng/mL) was more frequent in the HER2 3+ group (58.8%; p = 0.0069). In contrast, elevated CA-19-9 (>35 U/mL) was more common in the HER2 1+ group (93.5%; p = 0.0117), and elevated CEA (>6.9 U/mL) was also predominant in the HER2 1+ group (90.6%; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that HER2 3+ status predominates in cases with elevated CA-72-4, which may influence diagnostic strategies and HER2-targeted therapies (e.g., trastuzumab). Conversely, elevated CA-19-9 and CEA were more associated with HER2 1+ status, indicating a need for further detailed investigation of these markers in relation to HER2 expression. In patients evaluated by CISH for HER2 expression, stratification into HER2-positive and HER2-negative groups revealed no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in age, sex, tumor location, morphology, stage, or serum tumor markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA). This suggests that HER2 status (positive/negative) may be independent of these variables. Although HER2 positivity was higher in poorly differentiated tumors (48% vs. 30.6% negative; p=0.1414) and in stage IV disease (50% vs. 39.3% negative; p=0.2607), these differences were not statistically significant. Elevated serum markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA) were observed but showed no significant correlation with HER2 status. Conclusion Determining the molecular profile of gastric cancer patients can significantly contribute to refining clinical diagnosis, developing treatment strategies, enhancing therapeutic outcomes, and improving patients’ quality of life.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Biochemical analysis and serum creatinine were evaluated using a fully automatic analyzer (GOLSITE, China). Statistical results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6±10.3, BMI 25.3±3.7 and male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, eGFR 94±28 ml/ min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Mean eGFR was calculated into 4 groups of 10-year intervals, that eGFR was decreased significantly with age groups. For the alcohol dependence stages of the Michigan Test, the mean eGFR was stage 1 is 112 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 2 is 89 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 3 is 97 ml/min/1.73m2 and there is not statistically significant correlation between Michigan test scores and eGFR. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and long-term excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CKD, as well as one of the main causes of death due to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Background: USA implemented a national Biomonitoring program and as result found that 88% of the population is affected by secondhand smoking and then started a monitoring program to control smoking. In Mongolia, due to the capacity of the biomonitoring tests, only children’s lead level was determined. The study showed that blood lead level in children aged 0.5-14 years was 0.4-16.5 μg/dl in average. However, there is no reference level and therefore reference level from other countries are used. Objectives: To study the correlation between the environmental effect and toxic metal level in children’s’ blood Methods and materials: 103 children aged 0-5 years, consisting of 10 male and female children of each age. 6 kindergartens and 14 households were chosen for their internal air quality monitoring; measured the level of toxic metals and dust by cross-sectional study based on laboratory analysis. Results: 41.7% (44) are male and 58.3% (59) are female of the total participants. 16.5% (17) are 1 year old, 18.4 (19) are 2 years old, 23.3% (24) are 3 years old, 19.4% (20) are 4 years old, 22.3% (23) are 5 years old. The result showed the children’s’ blood level was 4.12±1.35 μg/dl. The lead level in the internal air of households close to steam boilers were measured and it was 0.000095 mg/m2. Conclusion 60.1% of the children had blood lead levels 3 times higher than the reference level. However, the lead level of internal air was lower than the reference level. No effect of Internal air quality on blood lead level was observed and weight and height were inversely correlated.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 99 people were examined between January 2024 to November 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.2±9.9 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 103±13.5 mmHg, eGFR 95.5±28.8 ml/min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, as well as one of the main causes of complication and mortality in cardiovascular disease.

Introduction: The Government of Mongolia has defined a comprehensive national development policy based on the State population policy document and the Millennium Development Goals, and approved the fourth national program on “Reproductive Health’’ by Resolution No. 61 of February 29, 2012 [1]. Goal: To study some risk factors affecting the pregnancy, fetal development and prevention Objectives:
- Evaluation of the pregnancy process, medical care and support
- To study the status of the pregnant woman’s family and society, as well as the health and psychological state of her reproductive health.
- Prevention Materials and Methods:
Study design
A cohort study design was used for the study. Pregnant mothers who are admitted to the study will be screened for maternity leave and a 28-day follow-up period.
The questionnaire was completed and checked for completeness at the end of the day during the data collection process. Before entering the data, they were encoded, entered into Excel 2007, and analyzed using PASW Statistic 18.0. The independent relationship between the variables was determined by an adjusted odd ratio and a 95% confidence interval. Obtained permission to do research in accordance with the Ethics Guidelines for Inclusion and to be discussed at a meeting of the Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health. The question was asked in a way that does not hurt the dignity. The respondents’ answers will remain confidential and anonymous. Result: Multivariate regression analysis showed that the first visit to the doctor, total number of visits, mineral supplements, and high blood pressure were important parameters for fetal growth. 25% of all births are by caesarean section. Births by age group are 3.0% births under 20, 19% births between 20-24 years old, 31% births between 25-29 years old, 21% births between 30-34 years old, 24% births between 35-39 years old, and 40-44 years old births. 2%, 45-49 year olds accounted for 1%, first births accounted for 24% and 6 or more births accounted for 26%. 100% of all births were delivered by an obstetrician or gynecologist. 95% of monitored mothers are actively monitored within 40-45 days after delivery. The mothers interviewed were 100% consulted only by a doctor, whether the pregnancy was conducted with the participation of a doctor, a psychologist or a social worker. Syphilis was registered in Bayanzurkh-8, Songinokhairkhan-6, Chingeltei-4, Bagakhangai-2, Bayangol, Khan-Uul, Sukhbaatar and Baganuur districts. Of the women surveyed, 35% had bacterial vaginitis, 60% had normal, 3% had fungal infections, and 2% had trichomoniasis. Conclusion The following factors are important in the course of pregnancy and fetal development:
1. The quality of hospital care has a significant impact on the course of pregnancy and fetal development.
2. The family and social status of the pregnant woman, her reproductive health, and his or her psychological state are important factors in the pregnancy process and in the normal development of the fetus.
3. Prevention: Everyone who is planning to become pregnant should be aware of the factors that can affect the progression of pregnancy and the development of the fetus.

Background: The average of cesarean has increased over the last 30 years in developed as well as in developing countries. During the last decade, cesarean surgery rates increased by 1 to 2 times. As of 2015, there were 80434 mothers gave birth nationwide. In Ulaanbaatar city, 267106 births were recorded, from which 14,327 (30.7%) was born with cesarean section. In 2015, 32.2% of all births born in Ulaanbaatar delivered by cesarean surgery, which is 2.5% higher than the previous year. The rate of cesarean surgery has increased dramatically, however, causes and complications are unclear and these subjects are rarely investigated, thus, we decided to study this important issue. Material and methods: The study was carried out through a retrospective design of descriptive statistics. Using cross-sectional study, we randomly collected data from the history of total of 5125 births recorded in the Urguu Maternity Hospital, in 2015 and 408 were selected. Data was collected by using 48 questions in 5 sections. We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 for data processing and estimation of survey findings. Results: From the total of 408 women, who given birth by cesarean delivery, 50.2% done under cesarean surgery for the first time, 33.3% for the second time and 16.5% of them experienced with cesarean surgery 3 or more times. The impact of cesarean section on abortions was studied by comparing the rates of cesarean section compared to rates of abortion and we had revealed that 25.3% of cesarean surgery had an abortion once and 11.2% of them twice and 7.4% had 3 or more abortions. Conclusion Number of chances getting pregnant is age-related (p=0.001). Cases of first cesarean delivery have increased to 50.2%. The frequency of cesarean section and the number of pregnancies was statistically significant (p=0.001). According to the retrospective study of maternity history, 43.9% had abortions. There is an inverse correlation between the rates of cesarean section and rates of abortion (p=0.004). Combination of disorders of the organ systems do not affect the rate of the cesarean section (p= 0.941). Vaginal inflammation does not affect the frequency of cesarean section (p=0.237).

A minerals and vitamins are essential in intracellular biological activity. Insufficiency of mineral and vitamin in human body cause risk to functional deficiency of organs. Specially, pregnant, breast feeding, infants, younger, adolescents, vegetarians, elders and patients with chronic disease are having insufficiency of vitamins and minerals.Due to insufficiency and overdose of minerals and vitamins are both negative effect to human body, so balanced food is recommended. However, a right feeding should not be confused with following other locals’ habit blindly. If you are pregnant or planning to get have baby, first thing you need to measure minerals and vitamins. Then identify to need of vitamins and minerals, usage is crucial for pregnancy period and normal growth of future infants.