Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Biochemical analysis and serum creatinine were evaluated using a fully automatic analyzer (GOLSITE, China). Statistical results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6±10.3, BMI 25.3±3.7 and male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, eGFR 94±28 ml/ min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Mean eGFR was calculated into 4 groups of 10-year intervals, that eGFR was decreased significantly with age groups. For the alcohol dependence stages of the Michigan Test, the mean eGFR was stage 1 is 112 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 2 is 89 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 3 is 97 ml/min/1.73m2 and there is not statistically significant correlation between Michigan test scores and eGFR. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and long-term excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CKD, as well as one of the main causes of death due to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder of endogenous origin, characterized by the coexistence of prominent positive and negative symptoms and a chronic course. It typically begins during adolescence or early adulthood, leading to disturbances in cognition, thought processes, and emotional regulation, which subsequently result in loss of daily functioning and impairment in social adaptation. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and to determine the severity levels of positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Center for Mental Health between December 2016 and December 2019. A total of 102 patients with schizophrenia, aged 20 to 66 years, who were under active outpatient follow-up, were included in the study. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the PANSS. Results: Of the 102 participants, 51% (n=129) were female, with a mean age of 40±12 years. The distribution of positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms showed that 21–24% were in the mild to moderate range. Notably, 23% of patients presented with severe negative symptoms, such as blunted affect, social withdrawal, and reduced motivation, indicating that these features are particularly prominent in advanced stages of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms were found to be mild to moderate in 15–24% of patients, suggesting that hallucinations and delusions are more pronounced during the early course of the illness but tend to decline as the disease progresses. General psychopathological symptoms were observed in 12–22% of patients, remaining relatively stable across all severity levels. Conclusion In the early stages of schizophrenia, positive symptoms predominate, whereas in the advanced stages negative symptoms become more prominent. General psychopathological symptoms appear consistently across all levels of severity. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating both positive and negative dimensions when assessing the clinical course of schizophrenia.

Background: Globally, gastric cancer accounts for 1,089,000 new cases and 769,000 deaths annually, ranking fifth in overall cancer incidence and third in cancer-related mortality. The aim to determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its correlation with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the need for further laboratory diagnostics. Aim: To determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its association with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the potential need for further laboratory diagnostics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using archived materials from patients with gastric cancer at the Clinical Pathology, Molecular Genetics, and Pathology Laboratories of the National Cancer Center of Mongolia, covering the period from 2019 to June 2025. HER2 protein expression in tumor tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH-HER2) was employed to confirm gene amplification. Statistical analysis was performed using the Prisma-10 software. Results: In our study, among 210 cases of gastric cancer evaluated by IHC for HER2, 46 (21.9%) were HER2-positive and 164 (78.1%) were HER2-negative. When comparing patients with gastric cancer stratified into HER2 1+ (negative) and HER2 3+ (positive) groups, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in age, sex, tumor location (surgically resected tissue), morphology, or disease stage. However, a higher proportion of males was noted in the HER2 3+ group (80.9%), though this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0879). Significant associations were found with tumor markers. Elevated serum CA-72-4 (>5 ng/mL) was more frequent in the HER2 3+ group (58.8%; p = 0.0069). In contrast, elevated CA-19-9 (>35 U/mL) was more common in the HER2 1+ group (93.5%; p = 0.0117), and elevated CEA (>6.9 U/mL) was also predominant in the HER2 1+ group (90.6%; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that HER2 3+ status predominates in cases with elevated CA-72-4, which may influence diagnostic strategies and HER2-targeted therapies (e.g., trastuzumab). Conversely, elevated CA-19-9 and CEA were more associated with HER2 1+ status, indicating a need for further detailed investigation of these markers in relation to HER2 expression. In patients evaluated by CISH for HER2 expression, stratification into HER2-positive and HER2-negative groups revealed no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in age, sex, tumor location, morphology, stage, or serum tumor markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA). This suggests that HER2 status (positive/negative) may be independent of these variables. Although HER2 positivity was higher in poorly differentiated tumors (48% vs. 30.6% negative; p=0.1414) and in stage IV disease (50% vs. 39.3% negative; p=0.2607), these differences were not statistically significant. Elevated serum markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA) were observed but showed no significant correlation with HER2 status. Conclusion Determining the molecular profile of gastric cancer patients can significantly contribute to refining clinical diagnosis, developing treatment strategies, enhancing therapeutic outcomes, and improving patients’ quality of life.

Background: USA implemented a national Biomonitoring program and as result found that 88% of the population is affected by secondhand smoking and then started a monitoring program to control smoking. In Mongolia, due to the capacity of the biomonitoring tests, only children’s lead level was determined. The study showed that blood lead level in children aged 0.5-14 years was 0.4-16.5 μg/dl in average. However, there is no reference level and therefore reference level from other countries are used. Objectives: To study the correlation between the environmental effect and toxic metal level in children’s’ blood Methods and materials: 103 children aged 0-5 years, consisting of 10 male and female children of each age. 6 kindergartens and 14 households were chosen for their internal air quality monitoring; measured the level of toxic metals and dust by cross-sectional study based on laboratory analysis. Results: 41.7% (44) are male and 58.3% (59) are female of the total participants. 16.5% (17) are 1 year old, 18.4 (19) are 2 years old, 23.3% (24) are 3 years old, 19.4% (20) are 4 years old, 22.3% (23) are 5 years old. The result showed the children’s’ blood level was 4.12±1.35 μg/dl. The lead level in the internal air of households close to steam boilers were measured and it was 0.000095 mg/m2. Conclusion 60.1% of the children had blood lead levels 3 times higher than the reference level. However, the lead level of internal air was lower than the reference level. No effect of Internal air quality on blood lead level was observed and weight and height were inversely correlated.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 99 people were examined between January 2024 to November 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.2±9.9 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 103±13.5 mmHg, eGFR 95.5±28.8 ml/min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, as well as one of the main causes of complication and mortality in cardiovascular disease.

Introduction: The Government of Mongolia has defined a comprehensive national development policy based on the State population policy document and the Millennium Development Goals, and approved the fourth national program on “Reproductive Health’’ by Resolution No. 61 of February 29, 2012 [1]. Goal: To study some risk factors affecting the pregnancy, fetal development and prevention Objectives:
- Evaluation of the pregnancy process, medical care and support
- To study the status of the pregnant woman’s family and society, as well as the health and psychological state of her reproductive health.
- Prevention Materials and Methods:
Study design
A cohort study design was used for the study. Pregnant mothers who are admitted to the study will be screened for maternity leave and a 28-day follow-up period.
The questionnaire was completed and checked for completeness at the end of the day during the data collection process. Before entering the data, they were encoded, entered into Excel 2007, and analyzed using PASW Statistic 18.0. The independent relationship between the variables was determined by an adjusted odd ratio and a 95% confidence interval. Obtained permission to do research in accordance with the Ethics Guidelines for Inclusion and to be discussed at a meeting of the Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health. The question was asked in a way that does not hurt the dignity. The respondents’ answers will remain confidential and anonymous. Result: Multivariate regression analysis showed that the first visit to the doctor, total number of visits, mineral supplements, and high blood pressure were important parameters for fetal growth. 25% of all births are by caesarean section. Births by age group are 3.0% births under 20, 19% births between 20-24 years old, 31% births between 25-29 years old, 21% births between 30-34 years old, 24% births between 35-39 years old, and 40-44 years old births. 2%, 45-49 year olds accounted for 1%, first births accounted for 24% and 6 or more births accounted for 26%. 100% of all births were delivered by an obstetrician or gynecologist. 95% of monitored mothers are actively monitored within 40-45 days after delivery. The mothers interviewed were 100% consulted only by a doctor, whether the pregnancy was conducted with the participation of a doctor, a psychologist or a social worker. Syphilis was registered in Bayanzurkh-8, Songinokhairkhan-6, Chingeltei-4, Bagakhangai-2, Bayangol, Khan-Uul, Sukhbaatar and Baganuur districts. Of the women surveyed, 35% had bacterial vaginitis, 60% had normal, 3% had fungal infections, and 2% had trichomoniasis. Conclusion The following factors are important in the course of pregnancy and fetal development:
1. The quality of hospital care has a significant impact on the course of pregnancy and fetal development.
2. The family and social status of the pregnant woman, her reproductive health, and his or her psychological state are important factors in the pregnancy process and in the normal development of the fetus.
3. Prevention: Everyone who is planning to become pregnant should be aware of the factors that can affect the progression of pregnancy and the development of the fetus.

Background: The average of cesarean has increased over the last 30 years in developed as well as in developing countries. During the last decade, cesarean surgery rates increased by 1 to 2 times. As of 2015, there were 80434 mothers gave birth nationwide. In Ulaanbaatar city, 267106 births were recorded, from which 14,327 (30.7%) was born with cesarean section. In 2015, 32.2% of all births born in Ulaanbaatar delivered by cesarean surgery, which is 2.5% higher than the previous year. The rate of cesarean surgery has increased dramatically, however, causes and complications are unclear and these subjects are rarely investigated, thus, we decided to study this important issue. Material and methods: The study was carried out through a retrospective design of descriptive statistics. Using cross-sectional study, we randomly collected data from the history of total of 5125 births recorded in the Urguu Maternity Hospital, in 2015 and 408 were selected. Data was collected by using 48 questions in 5 sections. We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20 for data processing and estimation of survey findings. Results: From the total of 408 women, who given birth by cesarean delivery, 50.2% done under cesarean surgery for the first time, 33.3% for the second time and 16.5% of them experienced with cesarean surgery 3 or more times. The impact of cesarean section on abortions was studied by comparing the rates of cesarean section compared to rates of abortion and we had revealed that 25.3% of cesarean surgery had an abortion once and 11.2% of them twice and 7.4% had 3 or more abortions. Conclusion Number of chances getting pregnant is age-related (p=0.001). Cases of first cesarean delivery have increased to 50.2%. The frequency of cesarean section and the number of pregnancies was statistically significant (p=0.001). According to the retrospective study of maternity history, 43.9% had abortions. There is an inverse correlation between the rates of cesarean section and rates of abortion (p=0.004). Combination of disorders of the organ systems do not affect the rate of the cesarean section (p= 0.941). Vaginal inflammation does not affect the frequency of cesarean section (p=0.237).

A minerals and vitamins are essential in intracellular biological activity. Insufficiency of mineral and vitamin in human body cause risk to functional deficiency of organs. Specially, pregnant, breast feeding, infants, younger, adolescents, vegetarians, elders and patients with chronic disease are having insufficiency of vitamins and minerals.Due to insufficiency and overdose of minerals and vitamins are both negative effect to human body, so balanced food is recommended. However, a right feeding should not be confused with following other locals’ habit blindly. If you are pregnant or planning to get have baby, first thing you need to measure minerals and vitamins. Then identify to need of vitamins and minerals, usage is crucial for pregnancy period and normal growth of future infants.

BACKGROUND: The Western Australian Family Study of Schizophrenia (WAFSS) has conducted genetic epidemiology studies of schizophrenia in Australia for two decades. Recently the WAFSS practices were adopted at the National Centre for for Mental Health in Mongolia, with a view tocollecting comparable data. Like the cited projects (supra), we are cognizant of the dangers of multi site data collection. We replicate common practices, such as training manuals and common site training and refreshment (CCRN WHO training centre). However in international (possibly multilingual) collection and pooling, identical assessment is difficult, it is impossible to replicate endophenotype instructions verbatim (Calkins 2007), and identical recording equipment may not be available indisparate sites. At the very least the data must be compared separately, with the option of weighting,before the pooling for genetic analysis. The use of endophenotypes (Gottesman& Gould) is well established in schizophrenia research for genetic analysis () as well as in more general neuroscience biomarker approaches. The use of electrophysiological markers, and particularly Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) is a well developedaspect of this approach (BraffDL, 2007, TuretskyBI, 2009). Electrophysiological endophenotypes include (inter alia) the Mismatch Negativity (MMN), P50 suppression ratio (P50), auditory oddball P300 (P300), and Antisaccade (AS) tasks. In this study, we seek to follow the multi centre quality assurance examples for pooled data on a smallerscale. This report details the validation of compatibility between the Western Australian Family Study of Schizophrenia (WAFSS) dataset (Perth, Australia), and a pilot dataset from the National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The working hypothesis is that the psychiatric and endophenotype profiles in the two datasets are sufficiently similar to allow data ompatibility for genetic analysis.METHODS: The Mongolian version of the DIP was developed as part of a joint genetic investigation of schizophrenia between the Centre for Clinical Research in europsychiatry (CCRN) in Perth Western Australia, and the National Center of Mental Health (NCMH) in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.The DIP is a semi-structured interview for psychosis for use in epidemiological and clinical settings (CastleD, 2006). It is designed to provide a diagnosis, as well as to assess symptom profiles (present state, past year and lifetime), social functioning, disablement, and service utilisation. It was developed specifically for the National Mental Health Survey – Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders Study(Jablensky et al, 1999, 2000), and has been translated to Italian (RossiA, 2010), Norwegion (SkorvenCS, 2010), and to Mongolian in 2012. The process started with the translation of the original English language version (Castle et al., 2006) by an experienced bilingual psychiatrist (GE) from the NCMH whose native language was Mongolian. Layout and formatting of the document were preserved. It was then back-translated by a non medical,tertiary educated professional, whose native language is Mongolian, but is now resident in Perth. The back-translation was reviewed by an original author (AJ) and experienced practitioners (GP). Grammatical and syntactical discrepancies were resolved directly with the original translator. Event Related Potentials To replicate the WAFSS ERP approach at NCMH, a new portable ERP recording system was deployed. This decision was based on several considerations: a) the WAFSS system could not be taken out of service; b) an identical system could not be replicated due to the age of the components; c) an equivalent system would be too substantial for easy, cost effective transport; d) the system was expected to be used in multiple sites in Mongolia; e) the same system was expected to be used in other Australian projects.The Portable ERP system uses NuAmps, with a hardware selected reference at the FPz location. While the ear references A1 and A2 were recorded, the mathematically re-referenced data is not the same as directly linking ears. (Citation ****). Instead the data was analysed as recorded, with cognizance traces (instead of 20) could not be used. This marks a variation from the original WAFSS processing. Instead of artifact rejection on any trace, only the relevant trace (Fz, Cz, Pz) was used for each ERP (MMN, P50, P300). Endophenotypes The ERP endophenotypes are clearly continous variables, and analysed with general linear modelling. Two tailed significance testing was used for between cohort comparisons, since there is no a priori indication which cohort would have the higher values. Single tailed testing was used in comparing Proband (Pb) and Control (Ctl) groups within the same cohort, as thedirection of any difference is well established.RESULTS: DIP The structure of the diagnostic module (DIP-DM) follows the Operational Criteria for Psychosis, OPCRIT, version 3.31 (McGuffin et al., 1991; Williams et al., 1996) 90-item checklist. It can be used to generate diagnoses according to the criteria of ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1993); DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994); the Research Diagnostic Criteria (Spitzer et al., 1978), and others. The summary of diagnoses (ICD-10 and DSM-IV) generated for each cohort are shown in Figure 1. Diagnostic distribution (%) of 30 interviewed cases from NCMH and 201 cases from the WAFSS cohorts, according to the DIP diagnostic algorithm, by diagnostic classification system. To facilitate omparisons between different criteria systems, Castle (2006) escribes aggregated diagnostic classification descriptors (with reservations) that are used in Figure 1. Greater detail of the DIP responses that support these descriptors is shown for similiarly aggregated questions in Figure 2. aMicrovolts for MMNAmp and P300Amp, numeric forothers.bFor MMN, P50, and AS, but not P300, the raw mean (notabsolute value) for the Pb and Fm groups are higher thanthat of the Ctl group. cEqual variances not assumed.Endophenotype values were each significantly “worse” inthe proband group of the NCMH cohort, for MMN (t=1.65;p=0.05), P300 (t=-2.02; p=0.02) and AS (t=2.12; p=0.02).The comparable values from the WAFSS cohort showed thesame behaviour for MMN (t=4.52; p<0.01), P300 (t=-3.35;p<0.01) and AS (t=3.93; p<0.01). The P50 endophenotypedid not show a significant difference between clinical groups in either NCMH (t=0.20) or WAFSS (t=1.12) cohort. DISCUSSION: This comparison has shown that there is not a significant difference (α= 0.05) between the NCMH and WAFSSpopulations (patient and control). This outcome is deemed sufficient to allow pooled analysis of genetic and electrophysiological data in future studies. It is acknowledged that the outcome does not show that the two populations are the same. Questions of international comparison (McGrathJJ, 2006) in incidence and prevalence, of mental illness and particularly of schizophrenia are eschewed. These were not the purpose of the study. Our experience from this study, as distinct from analysis, is that situational variation in equipment, protocol and recruitment likely outweigh any cultural differencesin epidemiology. The absolute value of the lectrophysiologicalendophenotypes was different between the two sites, butthe relative values were the same. The control group showed“better” responses than the patient group, with similareffect size. Moreover, the patient clinical profile was also slightly different. The incidence of neuroleptic medication was a substantial uncontrolled factor. The question becomes how to deal with these differences.In combining population groups, the data can be discarded,equalized, or transformed. Describe each. We seek to standardize comparisons between populations by transforming data by scaling prior to genetic analysis.Absolute value The raw amplitude data for both ERP eatures (MMN, P300) is significantly lower from the Mongolian cohort in both Patient and Control groups. Endophenotype characteristics.ScalingWhile the difference in absolute values precludes directlycombining data from different cohorts, the consistentendophenotype characteristics allows one possiblemethod to further genetic investigation of continuousendophenotype variables. The results are expected toderive from a combination of technical, situational, clinicaland endophenotype factors. Each of these factors could befurther investigated individually. However, if a combinedendophenotype analysis is even theoretically acceptable,then the endophenotypebehaviour in different cohorts hasto be defined as identical, and the standardized measuresfrom equivalent Control groups must be equal. If the WAFSScontrol group is considered as the standard in this study, then the scaling factors for the NCMH cohort are 13.5 (MMN), 1.0 (P50), 2.5 (P300) and 0.6 (AS).SUMMARY: The consistency in endophenotypebehaviour betweencohorts legitimizes the application of the genetic approachin Mongolia. DNA extraction and analysis for this cohort iscontinuing and, although for smaller numbers, preliminaryresults can be compared with the Australian cohort.