Background: Speech audiometry is a widely used standard diagnostic method in the evaluation of hearing and auditory function. It requires word materials that are developed in the native language of the target population and that reflect its phonetic characteristics. Because the phonetic structure, pronunciation, and familiarity of words directly influence speech recognition, it is essential to use language-specific word lists that are phonetically balanced, uniformly distributed, and psychometrically validated to ensure the accuracy and reliability of testing. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop Mongolian bisyllabic word lists that are balanced in both phonetic and psychometric properties, which forms the basis of this study. Aim: To develop psychometrically balanced Mongolian bisyllabic word lists for use in speech audiometry and to evaluate their suitability for determining the Speech Recognition Threshold (SRT). Materials and Methods: Fifty-five commonly used and phonetically balanced Mongolian bisyllabic words were selected and recorded by a professional female speaker. The recordings were presented to 50 normal-hearing participants aged 18–29 years at ten intensity levels ranging from –4 to 14 dB HL in 2-dB steps. Based on participants’ responses, the 50% SRT and the 20–80% slope of the psychometric function for each word were calculated using logistic regression. Chi-square and one-way ANOVA analyses were performed to examine the equivalence between lists. On the basis of these results, two psychometrically balanced half-lists, each containing 25 words, were constructed, and digital level adjustments were applied to ensure uniform intensity. Result: The slopes of the psychometric functions for the two half-lists ranged from 11.2 to 11.6 %/dB. Chi-square and one-way ANOVA analyses showed no statistically significant differences between the two lists in terms of the 50% SRT and psychometric slope derived from logistic regression [χ²(24, N=50) = 2.21, p = 0.99; F(1,48) = 0.00895, p = 0.925]. The mean pure-tone average (PTA) threshold of the 50 normal-hearing participants was 2.23 dB HL with a standard deviation of 4.4 dB. The difference between PTA and SRT was less than 10 dB HL for all participants, which is within the clinically acceptable range. Conclusion The developed Mongolian bisyllabic word lists, consisting of two 25-word sets, are suitable for determining the Speech Recognition Threshold and can be reliably applied in clinical speech audiometry practice.

Background: Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a crucial role in immune function, skin integrity, and inflammatory regulation. Zinc deficiency has been associated with impaired immune response and increased risk of allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis. Hair mineral analysis provides a reliable method for assessing long-term mineral status. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the association between hair zinc levels and atopic dermatitis among Mongolian children. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted among 1000 children aged 0–18 years. Hair samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test. Results: The results showed that 79.6% of children had zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency was highly prevalent in younger age groups, affecting 99.3% of children aged 0–9 years and 93.6% in those aged 10–14 years, while it decreased significantly to 10.2% in those aged 15 years and older. A significant association was found between age group and zinc status (χ²=727.111, p<0.001). Among the participants, 6.3% were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, and 71.4% of them had zinc deficiency. Conclusion These findings suggest a potential association between zinc deficiency and atopic dermatitis. Early detection and nutritional intervention for zinc deficiency in children may be important for preventing allergic skin diseases.

Background: There is a scarcity of research in Mongolia that assesses essential minerals—crucial for child growth—by analyzing their levels in hair tissue and correlating these findings with age, gender, and growth indicators. This gap serves as the rationale for the present study. Aim: To determine the prevalence of deficient levels (below laboratory reference ranges) of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, P, Fe, Cu, and Se in hair, and to evaluate their associations with growth curves, age, and gender. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of data from 1,000 children aged 1–18 years who underwent testing at the “Tod-H” Pediatric Growth Clinic between June 2016 and December 2022. The children were categorized into the following age groups: 0–4 (n=138), 5–9 (n=276), 10–14 (n=390), and 15–18 years (n=196). Mineral analysis of hair samples was conducted at the “Medinex” laboratory in South Korea using the ICP-MS method; values falling below the laboratory’s reference range were classified as a “deficiency.” Among the total of 1,000 children, the growth curves of 997 children with recorded height measurements were evaluated and categorized into three groups: ≤3rd percentile (growth retardation, n=154), 3rd–50th percentile (relatively short stature, n=497), and >50th percentile (normal growth, n=346). Three children diagnosed with autism, for whom height measurement was not possible, were excluded from the growth-related analyses. The prevalence of mineral deficiencies is presented as n (%), and comparisons across growth curve groups, age, and sex were performed using the χ² test, with adjustments made via the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) procedure. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age and sex, was employed to compare the growth-retarded and relatively short-stature groups against the >50th percentile (normal growth) group. Results: An analysis of mineral levels in the hair of all children included in the study revealed deficiencies (levels below the reference range) in the following proportions: zinc (Zn) in 79.6%, phosphorus (P) in 76.6%, selenium (Se) in 73.3%, calcium (Ca) in 19.7%, and magnesium (Mg) in 17.5%. In the group of children with stunted growth, the prevalence of deficiencies was 88.3% for zinc (Zn), 85.7% for phosphorus (P), and 30.5% for calcium (Ca)—rates higher than those observed in the group of children with relatively short stature (3rd–50th percentiles; Zn 77.9%, P 73.8%, Ca 16.5%) and the group with normal growth (>50th percentile; Zn 78.0%, P 76.3%, Ca 19.7%). After applying the FDR correction, the differences among the three growth-curve groups were statistically significant for Zn (q=0.030), P (q=0.030), and Ca (q=0.006). In contrast, the prevalence of selenium (Se) deficiency was identical across all three growth-curve groups (73.4%, 73.4%, 73.4%; q=1.000). The study results indicate that age-related differences are most pronounced regarding deficiencies in zinc, phosphorus, and calcium. The prevalence of zinc (Zn) deficiency was 99.3% for the 0–4 and 5–9 age groups, 93.6% for the 10–14 age group, and 10.2% for the 15–18 age group. For phosphorus (P), the corresponding figures were 93.5%, 92.8%, 90.8%, and 13.8%, while for calcium (Ca), they were 33.3%, 37.0%, 9.5%, and 6.1%, respectively (p<0.001). Furthermore, the prevalence of deficiencies in zinc (Zn) (84.6% vs. 76.0%; q=0.007), iron (Fe) (5.5% vs. 1.7%; q=0.007), and selenium (Se) (77.4% vs. 70.4%; q=0.049) was higher in females than in males. After adjusting for age and sex and applying the False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction, it was determined that none of the mineral deficiencies showed an independent association with stunted growth or relatively short stature. Conclusion Hair mineral analysis revealed that deficiencies in zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), and selenium (Se) were the most common. In children with growth retardation, deficiencies in zinc (Zn), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca) were relatively more prevalent; however, this was associated with age distribution, and factor analysis did not confirm an independent correlation. Conversely, selenium (Se) deficiency did not differ across the growth curve groups.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Biochemical analysis and serum creatinine were evaluated using a fully automatic analyzer (GOLSITE, China). Statistical results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6±10.3, BMI 25.3±3.7 and male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, eGFR 94±28 ml/ min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Mean eGFR was calculated into 4 groups of 10-year intervals, that eGFR was decreased significantly with age groups. For the alcohol dependence stages of the Michigan Test, the mean eGFR was stage 1 is 112 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 2 is 89 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 3 is 97 ml/min/1.73m2 and there is not statistically significant correlation between Michigan test scores and eGFR. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and long-term excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CKD, as well as one of the main causes of death due to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of diabetes has been increasing rapidly in Mongolia. Although the national prevalence is not the highest in the region, it is relatively comparable to that of other Asian countries such as South Korea (6.8%) and Japan (6.6%) among adults aged 20 to 79. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to be strongly influenced by genetic factors, and in recent years, significant research has focused on identifying associated genetic variants. Among the numerous genes linked to T2DM, the TCF7L2 gene has been extensively studied. TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7-Like 2) is located on the short arm of chromosome 10 at locus q25.2 25.3. It consists of 19 exons and encodes a protein comprising 619 amino acids. As a transcription factor, TCF7L2 plays a critical regulatory role in various processes, including pancreatic β-cell function, insulin secretion, insulin receptor activity, and multiple intracellular biochemical signaling pathways. Objectives of the study: Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10 code: E11), and a specific region of the TCF7L2 gene was amplified and detected using PCR. Reasearch materials and methods: This study employed an experimental research design and used purposive sampling to recruit 30 participants who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10: E11). A total of 5–10 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each participant in EDTA-containing tubes. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from 30 samples, and the DNA yield was quantified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. The extracted gDNA was then used as a template for the amplification of an 888 base pair (bp) fragment of the TCF7L2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were verified by gel electrophoresis, confirming the presence of the expected 888 bp amplicon. Conclusion Blood samples from 30 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were analyzed. The extracted DNA showed a purity range of 1.73 to 2.1 (A260/A280), indicating that the samples met the general quality requirements for PCR. DNA concentrations measured using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer ranged from 12.7 to 54.3 ng/µl, which is sufficient for downstream PCR analysis. The TCF7L2 gene, known to be associated with the development of T2DM, was detected in 26% of the total samples.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2030, the number of deaths from cancer worldwide is estimated to reach 13.2 million. However, this number is expected to increase to 20.3 million due to population growth. As of 2018, liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
HCV is estimated to infect 175 million people globally, accounting for 2.8–3% of the total population. About 20% of people infected with HCV progress to severe liver disease, sometimes requiring liver transplantation.
In our country, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis increased significantly between 2015 and 2019. In 2019, it accounted for 45.3% of the total liver diseases, an increase of 10.3 percentage points since 2015. When analyzing age groups, it is noteworthy that incidence increased by 3.2 times in children aged 0-9 years. Objectives of the study: To determine the level of ferritin in the blood of patients with hepatitis C virus infection and to assess its relationship with fatty liver. Research materials and methods: This study was conducted using a cross- sectional design. The data were collected before the initiation of anti-HCV treatment, and each participant underwent serum biochemical analysis to assess basic iron metabolism indicators such as ferritin and transferrin. Conclusion Of the 115 participants in the study, 27% (31) had elevated ferritin levels, while 73% (84) had normal levels. The mean ferritin level was 336±262 ng/ mL, indicating that a significant number of participants had elevated ferritin levels. This suggests that ferritin levels are increased in cases of liver cell inflammation and injury. Although biopsy-proven fatty liver disease was not present, 97.4% (112) of the participants had elevated blood lipid levels, and 94.6% of these had elevated ferritin levels. However, the chi-square test did not reveal a statistically significant difference (χ² = 0.170, p = 0.681). Additionally, 91.5% of participants with high HDL also had elevated ferritin, but the relationship was not statistically significant (p = 0.117).

Abstract : Introduction: Medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine to treat systemic inflammatory disease for many years. For instance, Rhodiola rosea L. extracts are used to enhance behavioural stresses for improving fatigue and depression. Saposhnikovia divaricata notified to support function of musculoskeletal tissue and to enhance tissue regeneration by its anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate therapeutic potential of four different types of medicinal plants (Rhodiola rosea L, Rhodiola quadrifidia (Pall) Fisch, Saposhnikova divaricate (Turcz) Schischk and Salsola laricofolia Turcz.ex Litv). Materials and methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of each extracts were evaluated separately using chemically induced inflammatory model (RAW 264.7 macrophages). iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 relative expression was determined real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Results: No cytotoxicity was observed with a concentration of herbal extract. LPS treated macrophages were released cytokines at higher level and it was downregulated when plant extracts were treated. Herbal extract treatment suppressed the production of iNOS, IL-1b and IL-6 from Raw264.7 cells after LPS. Conclusion These results demonstrate that herbal extracts exerts anti-inflammatory effects, which results decreasing production of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines and allowed us to screen future therapeutic possibility.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 99 people were examined between January 2024 to November 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.2±9.9 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 103±13.5 mmHg, eGFR 95.5±28.8 ml/min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease, as well as one of the main causes of complication and mortality in cardiovascular disease.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations