Introduction Cerebral ischemia, also known as ischemic stroke, occurs when there is insufficient blood flow to the brain, resulting in the deprivation of oxygen and nutrients necessary for brain cell survival. This condition can lead to significant brain damage and various neurological deficits. The pathogenesis of cerebral infarction is caused by atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, hemorheological, hemostatic fibrinolysis, as well as heart diseases (heart attack, arrhythmia, congenital and acquired valvular abnormalities), C and S protein deficiency, homocystinuria, polycythemia, and other factors. Stroke is the most common cause of disability and the fourth most common cause of death in the developed world. The great majority of strokes can be prevented through blood pressure control, and the ideal treatment is to improve cerebral blood supply and cerebral blood flow.
Understanding cerebral ischemia is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventive strategies. In-vivo models of ischemic stroke have been developed, which allow us to explicate the pathophysiological mechanisms of injury further and investigate potential drug targets. These models directly replicate the reduction in blood flow and the resulting impact on nervous tissue. The most frequently used in vivo model of ischemic stroke is the intraluminal suture middle cerebral artery occlusion (iMCAO, BCCAO) model, which has been fundamental in revealing various aspects of stroke pathology.
This review study conducted to establish a pathologically relevant model of cerebral ischemia in experimental animals, further investigate the therapeutic effect, and develop new medicines.

Background: The purpose of this study is to evaluate serum creatinine as a marker of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in alcohol use disorder people, and to determine correlation between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and eGFR in chronic kidney disease classification level. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined 2024. We measured serum creatinine based GFR using the Cockroft Gault formula. Biochemical analysis and serum creatinine were evaluated using a fully automatic analyzer (GOLSITE, China). Statistical results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6±10.3, BMI 25.3±3.7 and male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, eGFR 94±28 ml/ min/1.73m2, and mean arterial pressure was significantly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.05) and no difference between male and female recipients. Mean eGFR was calculated into 4 groups of 10-year intervals, that eGFR was decreased significantly with age groups. For the alcohol dependence stages of the Michigan Test, the mean eGFR was stage 1 is 112 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 2 is 89 ml/min/1.73m2, stage 3 is 97 ml/min/1.73m2 and there is not statistically significant correlation between Michigan test scores and eGFR. Conclusion According to our research, one of the optimal methods for assessing kidney function is the creatinine-based CKD calculation method, and long-term excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor for CKD, as well as one of the main causes of death due to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Background: To evaluate changes in liver function in patients with alcohol use disorder and propose preventive measures. Methods: In this study, 118 people were examined between January 2024 to December 2024. Results were analyzed SPSS. Result: The mean subject age was 48.6± 10.3 years, male: female ratio was 5:1. Mean arterial pressure was 104±12.8 mmHg, ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), AST 89.3±82.8 (U/L), GGT 213.8±252.3 (U/L). A statistically significant correlation was found between AST and ALT levels (R² = 0.562). However, no significant correlation was observed between body mass index (BMI) and blood glucose levels (R² = 0.002). The AST/ALT ratio was also statistically significant (p = 0.0001). Conclusion Excessive alcohol consumption increases the levels of liver enzymes AST 89.3 ± 82.8 (U/L), ALT 86.7 ± 93.8 (U/L), and GGT 213.8 ± 252.3 (U/L), leading to increased liver cell damage. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce alcohol consumption and implement preventive measures.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of diabetes has been increasing rapidly in Mongolia. Although the national prevalence is not the highest in the region, it is relatively comparable to that of other Asian countries such as South Korea (6.8%) and Japan (6.6%) among adults aged 20 to 79. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to be strongly influenced by genetic factors, and in recent years, significant research has focused on identifying associated genetic variants. Among the numerous genes linked to T2DM, the TCF7L2 gene has been extensively studied. TCF7L2 (Transcription Factor 7-Like 2) is located on the short arm of chromosome 10 at locus q25.2 25.3. It consists of 19 exons and encodes a protein comprising 619 amino acids. As a transcription factor, TCF7L2 plays a critical regulatory role in various processes, including pancreatic β-cell function, insulin secretion, insulin receptor activity, and multiple intracellular biochemical signaling pathways. Objectives of the study: Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10 code: E11), and a specific region of the TCF7L2 gene was amplified and detected using PCR. Reasearch materials and methods: This study employed an experimental research design and used purposive sampling to recruit 30 participants who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10: E11). A total of 5–10 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each participant in EDTA-containing tubes. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from 30 samples, and the DNA yield was quantified using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. The extracted gDNA was then used as a template for the amplification of an 888 base pair (bp) fragment of the TCF7L2 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were verified by gel electrophoresis, confirming the presence of the expected 888 bp amplicon. Conclusion Blood samples from 30 individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were analyzed. The extracted DNA showed a purity range of 1.73 to 2.1 (A260/A280), indicating that the samples met the general quality requirements for PCR. DNA concentrations measured using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer ranged from 12.7 to 54.3 ng/µl, which is sufficient for downstream PCR analysis. The TCF7L2 gene, known to be associated with the development of T2DM, was detected in 26% of the total samples.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2030, the number of deaths from cancer worldwide is estimated to reach 13.2 million. However, this number is expected to increase to 20.3 million due to population growth. As of 2018, liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
HCV is estimated to infect 175 million people globally, accounting for 2.8–3% of the total population. About 20% of people infected with HCV progress to severe liver disease, sometimes requiring liver transplantation.
In our country, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis increased significantly between 2015 and 2019. In 2019, it accounted for 45.3% of the total liver diseases, an increase of 10.3 percentage points since 2015. When analyzing age groups, it is noteworthy that incidence increased by 3.2 times in children aged 0-9 years. Objectives of the study: To determine the level of ferritin in the blood of patients with hepatitis C virus infection and to assess its relationship with fatty liver. Research materials and methods: This study was conducted using a cross- sectional design. The data were collected before the initiation of anti-HCV treatment, and each participant underwent serum biochemical analysis to assess basic iron metabolism indicators such as ferritin and transferrin. Conclusion Of the 115 participants in the study, 27% (31) had elevated ferritin levels, while 73% (84) had normal levels. The mean ferritin level was 336±262 ng/ mL, indicating that a significant number of participants had elevated ferritin levels. This suggests that ferritin levels are increased in cases of liver cell inflammation and injury. Although biopsy-proven fatty liver disease was not present, 97.4% (112) of the participants had elevated blood lipid levels, and 94.6% of these had elevated ferritin levels. However, the chi-square test did not reveal a statistically significant difference (χ² = 0.170, p = 0.681). Additionally, 91.5% of participants with high HDL also had elevated ferritin, but the relationship was not statistically significant (p = 0.117).

Background: Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder of endogenous origin, characterized by the coexistence of prominent positive and negative symptoms and a chronic course. It typically begins during adolescence or early adulthood, leading to disturbances in cognition, thought processes, and emotional regulation, which subsequently result in loss of daily functioning and impairment in social adaptation. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and to determine the severity levels of positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Center for Mental Health between December 2016 and December 2019. A total of 102 patients with schizophrenia, aged 20 to 66 years, who were under active outpatient follow-up, were included in the study. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the PANSS. Results: Of the 102 participants, 51% (n=129) were female, with a mean age of 40±12 years. The distribution of positive, negative, and general psychopathological symptoms showed that 21–24% were in the mild to moderate range. Notably, 23% of patients presented with severe negative symptoms, such as blunted affect, social withdrawal, and reduced motivation, indicating that these features are particularly prominent in advanced stages of schizophrenia. Positive symptoms were found to be mild to moderate in 15–24% of patients, suggesting that hallucinations and delusions are more pronounced during the early course of the illness but tend to decline as the disease progresses. General psychopathological symptoms were observed in 12–22% of patients, remaining relatively stable across all severity levels. Conclusion In the early stages of schizophrenia, positive symptoms predominate, whereas in the advanced stages negative symptoms become more prominent. General psychopathological symptoms appear consistently across all levels of severity. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating both positive and negative dimensions when assessing the clinical course of schizophrenia.

Background: Globally, gastric cancer accounts for 1,089,000 new cases and 769,000 deaths annually, ranking fifth in overall cancer incidence and third in cancer-related mortality. The aim to determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its correlation with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the need for further laboratory diagnostics. Aim: To determine HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer and to evaluate its association with clinical and immunological biomarkers, as well as the potential need for further laboratory diagnostics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using archived materials from patients with gastric cancer at the Clinical Pathology, Molecular Genetics, and Pathology Laboratories of the National Cancer Center of Mongolia, covering the period from 2019 to June 2025. HER2 protein expression in tumor tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH-HER2) was employed to confirm gene amplification. Statistical analysis was performed using the Prisma-10 software. Results: In our study, among 210 cases of gastric cancer evaluated by IHC for HER2, 46 (21.9%) were HER2-positive and 164 (78.1%) were HER2-negative. When comparing patients with gastric cancer stratified into HER2 1+ (negative) and HER2 3+ (positive) groups, no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in age, sex, tumor location (surgically resected tissue), morphology, or disease stage. However, a higher proportion of males was noted in the HER2 3+ group (80.9%), though this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0879). Significant associations were found with tumor markers. Elevated serum CA-72-4 (>5 ng/mL) was more frequent in the HER2 3+ group (58.8%; p = 0.0069). In contrast, elevated CA-19-9 (>35 U/mL) was more common in the HER2 1+ group (93.5%; p = 0.0117), and elevated CEA (>6.9 U/mL) was also predominant in the HER2 1+ group (90.6%; p = 0.002). These findings suggest that HER2 3+ status predominates in cases with elevated CA-72-4, which may influence diagnostic strategies and HER2-targeted therapies (e.g., trastuzumab). Conversely, elevated CA-19-9 and CEA were more associated with HER2 1+ status, indicating a need for further detailed investigation of these markers in relation to HER2 expression. In patients evaluated by CISH for HER2 expression, stratification into HER2-positive and HER2-negative groups revealed no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) in age, sex, tumor location, morphology, stage, or serum tumor markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA). This suggests that HER2 status (positive/negative) may be independent of these variables. Although HER2 positivity was higher in poorly differentiated tumors (48% vs. 30.6% negative; p=0.1414) and in stage IV disease (50% vs. 39.3% negative; p=0.2607), these differences were not statistically significant. Elevated serum markers (CA-72-4, CA-19-9, CEA) were observed but showed no significant correlation with HER2 status. Conclusion Determining the molecular profile of gastric cancer patients can significantly contribute to refining clinical diagnosis, developing treatment strategies, enhancing therapeutic outcomes, and improving patients’ quality of life.

Early diagnosis and treatment of infectious tuberculosis (TB) is essential to the attainment of global targets specified in the End TB Strategy. Using case-based TB surveillance data, we analysed delays in health seeking, diagnosis and treatment among TB patients in Mongolia from 2018 to 2021. We calculated the median and interquartile range (IQR) for “diagnostic delay”, defined as the time from symptom onset to diagnosis, subdivided into “health-seeking delay” (time from symptom onset to first visit to a health facility) and “health facility diagnostic delay” (time from first health facility visit to diagnosis), and for “treatment delay”, defined as the time from diagnosis to start of treatment. We also calculated “total delay”, defined as the time from symptom onset to treatment start. Based on data for 13 968 registered TB patients, the median total delay was estimated to be 37 days (IQR, 19–76). This was mostly due to health-seeking delay (median, 23 days; IQR, 8–53); in contrast, health facility diagnostic delay and treatment delay were relatively short (median, 1 day; IQR, 0–7; median, 1 day; IQR, 0–7, respectively). In 2021, health-seeking delay did not differ significantly between men and women but was shorter in children than in adults and shorter in clinically diagnosed than in bacteriologically confirmed TB cases. Health-seeking delay was longest in the East region (median, 44.5 days; IQR, 20–87) and shortest in Ulaanbaatar (median, 9; IQR, 14–64). TB treatment delay was similar across sexes, age groups and types of TB diagnosis but slightly longer among retreated cases and people living in Ulaanbaatar. Efforts to reduce TB transmission in Mongolia should prioritize decreasing delays in health seeking.

Abstract : Introduction: Medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine to treat systemic inflammatory disease for many years. For instance, Rhodiola rosea L. extracts are used to enhance behavioural stresses for improving fatigue and depression. Saposhnikovia divaricata notified to support function of musculoskeletal tissue and to enhance tissue regeneration by its anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study was to investigate therapeutic potential of four different types of medicinal plants (Rhodiola rosea L, Rhodiola quadrifidia (Pall) Fisch, Saposhnikova divaricate (Turcz) Schischk and Salsola laricofolia Turcz.ex Litv). Materials and methods: Anti-inflammatory effects of each extracts were evaluated separately using chemically induced inflammatory model (RAW 264.7 macrophages). iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 relative expression was determined real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Results: No cytotoxicity was observed with a concentration of herbal extract. LPS treated macrophages were released cytokines at higher level and it was downregulated when plant extracts were treated. Herbal extract treatment suppressed the production of iNOS, IL-1b and IL-6 from Raw264.7 cells after LPS. Conclusion These results demonstrate that herbal extracts exerts anti-inflammatory effects, which results decreasing production of iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokines and allowed us to screen future therapeutic possibility.

Myocardial infarction (Ml) is necrosis and death of heart muscle secondary to ischemia and acute coronary artery thrombosis. Ml, commonly known as a heart attack, happens when the oxygen rich blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for a prolonged period, causing damage or death to the heart tissue. This blockage is most often caused by a buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances, which form a plaque in the coronary arteries. Furthermore, patients with cancer constitute a high-risk population for cardiovascular disease and as of the last 5 years, 50% of patients with cardiovascular disease have been diagnosed with cancer, according to World Health Organization. The provision of complete insight into Ml complications along with designing ajpreventive program against Ml seems necessary. The use of medications has been practiced over the years for the prevention of HF. However, some of these medications produce adverse effects and due to high cost are not easily available to every patient. Over the past decades, there has been a significant rise in the use of herbal supplements based on traditional medicine to prevent, avoid, and/or treat different conditions, including cardiovascular disease; this rise results from a natural source, efficiency with few or no adverse effects and low cost. In vivo models of heart failure (HF) and myocardial infarction (Ml) are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of these conditions and for developing new treatments.
These models typically involve inducing heart failure or myocardial infarction in animals, such as rodents to study disease mechanisms and evaluate potential therapies.
In this review, we discuss the most common preclinical models of Ml currently employed in cardiovascular research. Among them, Ml induced heart failure is a method of ligation of the left anterior descending artery of coronary an experimental animal. Its physiological relevance, cost-effective, uncomplicated, and suitable method for evaluating research results. The rat model of myocardial infarction offers numerous advantages that make it a valuable tool for cardiovascular research.