Background: Obesity is defined as a condition in which excessive fat accumulates in subcutaneous adipose tissue and other tissues due to metabolic disorders, leading to an increase in body weight. As of 2006, 31.6% of the Mongolian population aged 15–64 years were overweight or obese, of whom 21.8% were overweight and 9.8% were obese. By 2019, this proportion had increased to 49.4% being overweight or obese, including 30.9% overweight and 18.5% obese. These figures indicate that the Mongolian population has become affected by the obesity epidemic. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of scientifically validating the effectiveness of acupoint catgut embedding for obesity through a clinical experimental research approach. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupoint catgut embedding in patients with obesity. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a clinical experimental research using a descriptive study design at the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) International School of Mongolian Medicine, the Central Hospital of Mongolian Medicine and the Second Traditional Chinese and Mongolian Hospital of Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PRC, from July 2025 to January 2026. A total of 76 adult participants were enrolled based on the following inclusion criteria: If the participant is female, she must have regular menstrual cycles, confirmed diagnosis of obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m², or waist circumference >94 cm for men and >80 cm for women, or waist-to-hip ratio >0.95 for men and >0.85 for women), and willingness to participate voluntarily. Participants received catgut embedding at acupoints Zhongwan (CV12), Xiawan (CV10), Guanyuan (CV4), Qihai (CV6), Daimai (GB26), Daheng (SP15), Tianshu (ST25) and Huaroumen (ST24) once every 14 days for a total of two sessions. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed by comparing body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist and hip circumference, selected metabolic parameters (GLU, HDL, LDL, CHOL, TG), and depression scores (Beck Depression Inventory) before treatment and 30 days after the intervention. Result: After acupoint catgut embedding, participants showed statistically significant reductions in body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and hip circumference (p=0.0001). HDL increased from 1.62 ± 14.77 mmol/L to 1.80 ± 0.64 mmol/L and LDL increased from 2.21 ± 0.55 mmol/L to 2.57 ± 0.84 mmol/L, both showing statistically significant increases (p=0.0001). Total cholesterol increased slightly from 4.36 ± 0.88 mmol/L to 4.43 ± 0.8 mmol/L, but this change was not statistically significant (p=0.24). Triglycerides decreased from 1.45 ± 0.68 mmol/L to 1.30 ± 0.62 mmol/L, representing a statistically significant improvement (p=0.005). Fasting glucose increased from 4.17 ± 0.66 mmol/L to 4.66 ± 0.62 mmol/L (p=0.0001). Depression assessment showed that before the study, 17 participants (22.4%) had no depression, 19 (25.0%) had mild depression, 12 (15.8%) had moderate depression, and 28 (36.8%) had severe depression. After treatment, 36 participants (47.4%) had no depression, 20 (26.3%) had mild depression, 8 (10.5%) had moderate depression, and 12 (15.8%) had severe depression. Conclusion 1. Acupoint catgut embedding for obesity reduces body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference and hip circumference. 2. Acupoint catgut embedding increases HDL-C, LDL-C and fasting glucose levels and decreases triglyceride levels. 3. Acupoint catgut embedding reduces the severity of depression.

Background: In recent years, the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases has been increasing worldwide, particularly in developing countries. These conditions are closely associated with unhealthy dietary patterns, physical inactivity, and high consumption of ultra-processed foods. In Mongolia, national nutrition surveys indicate insufficient intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, while consumption of meat and fats remains relatively high. Although healthcare workers possess higher health literacy, they are considered a high-risk group for unhealthy dietary behaviors due to workload and occupational factors. Therefore, assessing their dietary intake is essential. Aim: To evaluate and compare the dietary intake of healthcare workers with the recommended dietary intake levels for the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 335 employees (82.1% female, 17.9% male; aged 22–69 years) from nine healthcare institutions in Ulaanbaatar were included in the study. Data were collected using a general questionnaire consisting of 5 sections and 35 questions, and a food frequency questionnaire comprising 19 sections and 182 questions. Dietary intake was assessed using standardized portion size estimation methods and household measures (e.g., cups, spoons). Data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Result: Among participants, 85.4% did not engage in regular physical activity, and 54.6% reported gastrointestinal discomfort. Irregular eating patterns were observed, with 63.3% not consuming dinner at a regular time. The average intake of meat and meat products was 307.81 g, which was 1.5 times higher than the recommended level. In contrast, intake of dairy products (159.77 g), vegetables (162.47 g), and fruits (175.84 g) was 1.1–2.2 times lower than recommended. Intake of cereals (470.17 g) and fats (23.42 g) was approximately within the recommended range. Overall, 91.6% of participants had insufficient dairy intake, 95.5% had insufficient vegetable intake, and 81.5% had insufficient fruit intake. The average consumption of ultra-processed foods was 256.1 g and showed a moderate positive correlation with fat intake (r=0.506, p<0.001). Approximately 60% of participants exceeded the recommended daily energy intake, with excessive intake observed for protein (66.3%), fat (50.1%), and carbohydrates (41.8%). Conclusion The dietary patterns of healthcare workers deviated from recommended intake levels, characterized by excessive energy intake, imbalance in macronutrients, and high consumption of ultra-processed foods. There is a need to increase the intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, reduce meat and processed food consumption, and promote a supportive environment for healthy eating in the workplace.

Background: Adhesion small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is a common complication following abdominal surgery and can significantly impair postoperative recovery. This condition necessitates the exploration of more effective therapeutic approaches. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Traditional Mongolian Medicine (TMM) combined with acupuncture in the management of postoperative ileus secondary to adhesion-related small bowel obstruction. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 47-year-old female patient who developed postoperative ileus. The therapeutic intervention consisted of a combined regimen of traditional herbal pharmacotherapy and electroacupuncture. The clinical outcomes were assessed based on the resolution of symptoms and the restoration of gastrointestinal function. Result: Following the administration of the integrated treatment, the patient exhibited a marked reduction in abdominal pain. Objective clinical improvement was noted through the successful restoration of intestinal peristalsis and the normalization of flatus and defecation. Conclusion The findings of this case study suggest that Traditional Mongolian Medicine, particularly when integrated with electroacupuncture, may be an effective and viable modality for promoting the recovery of gastrointestinal motility in patients with adhesion-related small bowel obstruction.

Background: Hand hygiene is a fundamental component of infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities. Healthcare workers’ hands can transmit pathogens between patients, medical equipment, and environmental surfaces, contributing to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Objective: To synthesize evidence on hand hygiene conditions, soap and alcohol-based hand rub availability, compliance, public health importance, and economic benefits in healthcare facilities, with particular relevance to Mongolia. Material and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using published studies, international guidelines, WHO/UNICEF reports, and Mongolian regulatory documents addressing hand hygiene infrastructure, essential supplies, compliance, HAI prevention, and economic outcomes. Results: Hand hygiene compliance remains suboptimal in many healthcare settings and is frequently reported below 40%. Compliance is influenced not only by healthcare workers’ knowledge and attitudes but also by the availability of running water, functional sinks, liquid soap, alcohol-based hand rub, hand-drying facilities, training, workload, institutional leadership, monitoring, and feedback. HAIs are more common in low- and middle-income countries, where limitations in water, sanitation, hygiene, and infection prevention infrastructure increase risks for patients and healthcare workers. In Mongolia, basic hand hygiene service coverage has been reported at approximately 72%, indicating continuing gaps in essential facilities and supplies. Multimodal strategies that combine system improvement, education, reminders, monitoring, feedback, and institutional support are more likely to improve compliance and reduce infection risks. Economic evidence also indicates that hand hygiene is a high-value intervention: every US$1 invested in hand hygiene improvement may save up to US$16.50 in healthcare expenditure, while hygiene promotion including handwashing can avert one DALY at an estimated cost of US$3.35. Conclusion Strengthening hand hygiene in Mongolian healthcare facilities requires sustainable financing, reliable supply systems, adequate infrastructure, continuous training, and routine monitoring. Integrating these measures into IPC and WASH programmes can improve patient safety, reduce HAIs, and generate substantial public health and economic benefits.

Background: Meniere's disease is a condition caused by disturbances in the auditory and vestibular systems. It is characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus. In the United States, the prevalence of Meniere's disease has been found to be 84 cases per 100,000 women and 56 cases per 100,000 men. Regionally, it is more common in less populated areas, and research has confirmed that the prevalence increases with higher household income. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional medicine treatments and therapies for Meniere's disease. Results: The patient is a 43-year-old male, with symptoms of dizziness, vomiting, and tinnitus. Since 2023, he has sought care at the Central Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, where he received traditional medicine treatments including herbal therapy and other traditional therapies on three occasions. As a result, the frequency of dizziness has decreased and other clinical symptoms have improved. Conclusion Traditional medicine treatments have been shown to be effective in managing Meniere's disease by extending the interval between relapses, improving quality of life, and significantly reducing clinical symptoms.

Background: Nutritional status among university students is a critical public health issue. Students often face undernutrition or overeating due to social, cultural, and academic pressures. This study aimed to assess the dietary habits and health behaviors of students at Inner Mongolia Medical University to inform targeted intervention strategies. Aim: To examine the differences in dietary patterns among students and their effects on health outcomes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 218 students (133 males, 85 females; ages 19–24) from the 3rd to 5th year of the Clinical Medicine program. Participants were randomly selected. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire based on the “Chinese Resident Dietary Guidelines (2022)” and relevant domestic and international literature. Variables included demographic information, dietary intake (fruits, vegetables, fats, starches, sugar, salt, water, alcohol, dairy), and physical activity patterns. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0, with frequencies and percentages for categorical variables and means ± SD for continuous variables. Results: The 87.61% of students consumed fruits and vegetables daily, but only 73.39% met the recommended five types per day. The main barriers were limited availability (51.38%), high cost (31.65%), and lack of preparation time (16.97%). 67.89% preferred low-fat foods; 47.25% used vegetable oil, 22.94% butter, 22.02% margarine; daily fat consumption averaged 1–2 tablespoons. 77.98% consumed fried or roasted foods. 53.21% consumed sugar-rich products at breakfast; 62–64% added sugar to beverages or consumed sweetened snacks; high salt intake was common through processed foods. The 36.24% exercised once per week, 25.69% twice; only 10.09% exercised four or more times per week. 68.81% consumed alcohol at varying frequencies; beer, red wine, and white wine were common. Over half of students were at risk of high blood pressure due to dietary and lifestyle factors. Conclusion Students at Inner Mongolia Medical University face significant dietary challenges, including unbalanced diets, high sugar and salt intake, irregular meals, and inadequate physical activity. There is an urgent need for personal and institutional interventions to promote healthy dietary and lifestyle habits.

Background: To prevent and combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Mongolia has implemented measures such as movement and time restrictions, social distancing and isolation, closure of schools, kindergartens and public places, immunization, and others. It has caused adverse consequences for people, social relations, and the economy, causing health, social, economic, and humanitarian crises. Not only does this situation, medical students, as frontline healthcare workers, are more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been researched quickly due to the pandemic and are being used under emergency use authorization. In our country the approach of mixing vaccine doses from different manufacturers was used (fractional doses). Therefore, there is no study on the exposure of medical students to the COVID-19 infection and the adverse effects after receiving a dose of a heterologous vaccine. Objective: To study the exposure to the COVID-19 infection and vaccination status of medical students. Methods: The survey was conducted from November 2023 to December 2023 using a cross-sectional study design, and 170 students who study at ASUSU and live in the dormitory were included. Results: A total of 170 students participated in the study. 55.9% (n=95) of them were in the first year, 22.4% (n=38) were in the second year, 10% (n=17) were in the third year, 7.6% (n=13) were in the fourth year, 2.4% (n=4) were from the 5th year and 1.8% (n=3) were from the 6th year students. 88.2% (n=150) of students were female and 11.8% (n=20) were male. In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. Among them, 50% of the students were infected from family members, 16.7% from the school environment, and 15.2% did not know about the source of infection. 76.2% of the respondents were diagnosed with COVID-19 in a medical institution, and forty-one students answered that they were treated at the hospital. 83% of the cases were treated at home and were cured within 14 days. In contrast, 93.8% of the hospitalized students were treated within four months to 1 year. The current study demonstrates neurological, respiratory, sensory, cardiovascular, psychiatric, digestive, and dermatological symptoms were in 37.6%, 24.1%, 27.6%, 17.6%, 11.8%, 11.2%, and 10% of the students who participated in the study, respectively. For a year or more, symptoms of all organ systems were present, but neurological symptoms appeared to be the highest. 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine, 3.5% (n=6) did not receive the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects and 65% (n=106) had no side effects. Conclusion In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. According to the current study, symptoms related to the nervous system was the most prevalent and 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects.

The clinical sign of children’s kidney and urinary tract petrification diseases and the result of eswl Background: A substance exchange disorder where stones form in the kidney or urinary tract with a tendency toward inheritance is called urinary tract petrification disease. In many countries throughout the world, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease is one to fifteen percent. Urinary tract permeability disease affects 7% of people under the age of 17. Due to the unique nature of the habitat, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease is higher in India, Thailand, Scandinavian countries, and the Caucasian, Ural, Siberia, and Equator areas. However, the incidence of urinary tract petrification disease spread is two to three percent for children, but the reoccurance risk is 6.5–54 percent. In our country’s case, J. Horloo’s 1993 research indicates that 4.1 to 4.7 percent of kidney and urinary tract patients have urinary tract disease. During urinary tract disease, the common symptoms are abdominal pain, macro- and microhematuria, and kidney and renal bacterial infection. But in younger children, those symptoms are quite grim. In the last 15 years, mongolian’s urine’s oxalate stone’s volume increased by 5 times and mixed stones decreased by 2.5 times. The research of G. Erdenetsetseg’s 1990–1998 study on 305 children and the 2001–2003 study on 161 children indicate that the incidence of urinary tract disease is high between ages 1-3, and 65 percent of the stones consist of calcium oxalate. In 1980, German scientists invented the stone crushing technology using electrohydraulic shockwaves, which turned out to be a beneficial treatment for kidney surgery practice. The National Hospital for Maternal and Child Health's kidney surgery team had 17 surgeries in 2015, 19 surgeries in 2016, 24 surgeries in 2017, and 28 surgeries in 2018, and all of those surgeries were done and treated open. In the last 10 years of our country, children’s urinary tract petrification disease has gradually increased, but research on those diseases risks and factors is lacking. Also, the stone crushing method is necessary for our country’s children's treatment. That’s why we decided to do research on the risk factors of urinary tract disease and its relation to the stone crushing method. Aim: Describe the features of children’s kidney and urinary tract petrification disease and study the stone crushing method’s results. Materials and methods: The study was done between December of 2019 and April of 2022, with the assistance of NCMCH's children's kidney surgery team. Within the parameter of the first objective, within the group of cases of kidney and urinary tract disease, there were 13 children under the age of 17. The research study was conducted cross sectional. The research results were processed by the SPSS 25 program. On the seventh meeting of the health ministry, we got the acceptance of a research patent with the assistance of EHEMUT. Results: The research group consisted of 13 children ages 0–17. The average age of participants was 10.6+-4.2.74. 4 percent of it consisted of men. The research of symptoms showed that back pain n = 13 (100), right side abdominal pain n = 13 (100), disurie n = 3 (23.1), mouth drying n = 2 (15.4), nausea n = 3 (23.1), urine with blood n = 10 (76.9), urine with smell n = 9 (69.2). The position of the stone consisted of 8 (61.5) in the kidney cup, 8 in the kidney cradle. Showing it in which kidney showed that 8 (61.5) were in the right kidney, 3 (23.1) in the left kidney, and 2 (15.4) in both kidneys. The density of the stones was n = 265.8+ 41.9 on average. Kidney stone coming out time was measured by Caplan-Myer’s survivability scale. The stones on the right side of the kidney came out within 14 days on average, while the left and both-sided kidney stones came out within 30 days. Conclusions: 1. Showing the number of stones and locations indicates that 8 (61.5) were in the right kidney, 3 (23.1) in the left kidney, and 2 (15.4) in both kidneys. 2. The results of Caplan-Meyer's scale indicate that kidney stones within the right kidney came out within 14 days, and left- or both-sided stones came out within 30 days.

Introduction: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 has a major impact in solid organ transplant recipients and the effect of established mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have to be evaluated for solid organ transplant patients (SOT) since they are known to have poor responses after vaccination. Method: We investigated the SARSCoV-2 immune response via SARS-CoV-2 S IgG detection in the serum of 17 renal transplant recipients and 11 liver transplant recipients after two doses of the mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 following the standart protocol. Result: The median age was 52.5±12 years. Nineteen (67.8%) of the 28 patients were male, and 9 (32.2%) were female. The mean time after organ transplantation was 6.3±5 years (5 months-16 years). The immunosuppressive regimen included mycophenolate (19 of 28; 67.8%), tacrolimus (27 of 28; 96.4%), and corticosteroids (15 of 28; 53.6%).
The antibody response was evaluated once with an anti- SARS-CoV-2-S IgG CLIA (Elecsys Roche, Germany) 30±2 days after the second dose. Only 19 of 28 (67.8%) SOTRs were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2-S IgG after the second dose of vaccine and median titer was 119.5±106.4 Н/мл. Conclusion Thus, the humoral response of SOTRs after two doses of the mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 is impaired. Individual vaccination strategies and third dose of vaccine might be beneficial in these vulnerable patients.

Background: Kidney transplantation has being performed in Mongolia since 2006. However there is currently no published data available on long-term graft and patient survival. Objective: Our aim was to assess the long-term graft and patient survival rate correlation with HLA-A-B-DR matching. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 70 adult kidney transplants performed at our hospital from August 2006 through January 2014. The data was retrospectively collected from patient files, including characteristics of the recipient and donor, post transplant features and HLA-A-B-DR DNA based typing results. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze graft and patient survival. Results: The mean patient follow-up period after kidney transplantation was 39,6±25.9 months, and the mean kidney graft follow-up period was 36.6±23.7 months for 70 cases. Overall graft and patient survivals were 52 (74.3%) and 60 (85.7%) respectively in 70 cases. Five-year graft and patient survivals were 23 (67.6%) and 29 (85.3%) respectively in 34 cases. The group with four to six mismatched were found to have a significantly lower 3 and 5-year graft and patient survival (71%; 35%); (80%; 40%) compared to 0 to 1 mismatched group (100%) (p=.030; p=.015). Furthermore we analyzed the association of HLA matching, immunosuppressive therapy and long-term graft survival. We selected CNI mono-therapy group for long-term survival analysis and observed a similar pattern. In mono-therapy group, the group with four to six mismatched were found to have a significantly lower 3 and 5-year graft and patient survival (75%; 30%); (65%; 30%) compared to 0 to 1 mismatched group (100%) (p=.037; p=.001). Conclusion The results showed that graft and patient survival rates were lower compared with results from established centers. Statistically highly significant effect of HLA matching on kidney graft and patient survival rates was found in our analysis. Five years after transplantation the graft survival rate of first adult kidney transplant with 4-6MM was 65-70% lower than that of grafts with 0-1MM. Longitudinal cohort study needed in the future to exhibit an improved transplantation outcome.