Background: In recent years, the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and non-communicable diseases has been increasing worldwide, particularly in developing countries. These conditions are closely associated with unhealthy dietary patterns, physical inactivity, and high consumption of ultra-processed foods. In Mongolia, national nutrition surveys indicate insufficient intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, while consumption of meat and fats remains relatively high. Although healthcare workers possess higher health literacy, they are considered a high-risk group for unhealthy dietary behaviors due to workload and occupational factors. Therefore, assessing their dietary intake is essential. Aim: To evaluate and compare the dietary intake of healthcare workers with the recommended dietary intake levels for the Mongolian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 335 employees (82.1% female, 17.9% male; aged 22–69 years) from nine healthcare institutions in Ulaanbaatar were included in the study. Data were collected using a general questionnaire consisting of 5 sections and 35 questions, and a food frequency questionnaire comprising 19 sections and 182 questions. Dietary intake was assessed using standardized portion size estimation methods and household measures (e.g., cups, spoons). Data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Result: Among participants, 85.4% did not engage in regular physical activity, and 54.6% reported gastrointestinal discomfort. Irregular eating patterns were observed, with 63.3% not consuming dinner at a regular time. The average intake of meat and meat products was 307.81 g, which was 1.5 times higher than the recommended level. In contrast, intake of dairy products (159.77 g), vegetables (162.47 g), and fruits (175.84 g) was 1.1–2.2 times lower than recommended. Intake of cereals (470.17 g) and fats (23.42 g) was approximately within the recommended range. Overall, 91.6% of participants had insufficient dairy intake, 95.5% had insufficient vegetable intake, and 81.5% had insufficient fruit intake. The average consumption of ultra-processed foods was 256.1 g and showed a moderate positive correlation with fat intake (r=0.506, p<0.001). Approximately 60% of participants exceeded the recommended daily energy intake, with excessive intake observed for protein (66.3%), fat (50.1%), and carbohydrates (41.8%). Conclusion The dietary patterns of healthcare workers deviated from recommended intake levels, characterized by excessive energy intake, imbalance in macronutrients, and high consumption of ultra-processed foods. There is a need to increase the intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, reduce meat and processed food consumption, and promote a supportive environment for healthy eating in the workplace.

Background: One of the major mechanisms underlying myocardial injury during ischemia and hypoxia is oxidative stress. Under hypoxic conditions, excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disrupts the cellular antioxidant defense system, enhances lipid peroxidation, and ultimately leads to apoptosis and cellular damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key intracellular antioxidant enzyme that neutralizes oxidative stress, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation, reflects the extent of membrane damage. Therefore, investigating antioxidant compounds in hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury is of significant importance. Pinocembrin, a bioactive compound derived from Dalbergia odorifera T.Chen, exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Aim: To evaluate the effects of pinocembrin on oxidative stress in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Materials and Methods: H9C2 cardiomyocytes were divided into five groups: a control group, a model group, and three pinocembrin-treated groups (low, medium, and high doses). Except for the control group, cells were cultured under hypoxic conditions (5% CO2, 1% O2, 37 °C) in glucose- and serum-free DMEM to establish a hypoxia-induced injury model. Cells were then treated with pinocembrin for 4 hours. Oxidative stress levels were assessed by measuring ROS accumulation, SOD activity, and MDA content. Result: Compared with the control group, the model group showed a significant increase in ROS production, a decrease in SOD activity, and a marked elevation in MDA levels, indicating severe oxidative stress under hypoxic conditions. In contrast, the pinocembrin-treated groups exhibited attenuation of hypoxia-induced oxidative stress. Specifically, ROS accumulation decreased, SOD activity was restored, and MDA levels were significantly reduced. These findings suggest that pinocembrin exerts protective effects by enhancing the cellular antioxidant defense system and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Conclusion Pinocembrin reduces oxidative stress and protects against cellular injury in hypoxia-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that pinocembrin may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for ischemiaand hypoxia-related cardiac disorders and provide a valuable foundation for further research.

Background: Adhesion small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is a common complication following abdominal surgery and can significantly impair postoperative recovery. This condition necessitates the exploration of more effective therapeutic approaches. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Traditional Mongolian Medicine (TMM) combined with acupuncture in the management of postoperative ileus secondary to adhesion-related small bowel obstruction. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 47-year-old female patient who developed postoperative ileus. The therapeutic intervention consisted of a combined regimen of traditional herbal pharmacotherapy and electroacupuncture. The clinical outcomes were assessed based on the resolution of symptoms and the restoration of gastrointestinal function. Result: Following the administration of the integrated treatment, the patient exhibited a marked reduction in abdominal pain. Objective clinical improvement was noted through the successful restoration of intestinal peristalsis and the normalization of flatus and defecation. Conclusion The findings of this case study suggest that Traditional Mongolian Medicine, particularly when integrated with electroacupuncture, may be an effective and viable modality for promoting the recovery of gastrointestinal motility in patients with adhesion-related small bowel obstruction.

Background: Hand hygiene is a fundamental component of infection prevention and control in healthcare facilities. Healthcare workers’ hands can transmit pathogens between patients, medical equipment, and environmental surfaces, contributing to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Objective: To synthesize evidence on hand hygiene conditions, soap and alcohol-based hand rub availability, compliance, public health importance, and economic benefits in healthcare facilities, with particular relevance to Mongolia. Material and Methods: A narrative review was conducted using published studies, international guidelines, WHO/UNICEF reports, and Mongolian regulatory documents addressing hand hygiene infrastructure, essential supplies, compliance, HAI prevention, and economic outcomes. Results: Hand hygiene compliance remains suboptimal in many healthcare settings and is frequently reported below 40%. Compliance is influenced not only by healthcare workers’ knowledge and attitudes but also by the availability of running water, functional sinks, liquid soap, alcohol-based hand rub, hand-drying facilities, training, workload, institutional leadership, monitoring, and feedback. HAIs are more common in low- and middle-income countries, where limitations in water, sanitation, hygiene, and infection prevention infrastructure increase risks for patients and healthcare workers. In Mongolia, basic hand hygiene service coverage has been reported at approximately 72%, indicating continuing gaps in essential facilities and supplies. Multimodal strategies that combine system improvement, education, reminders, monitoring, feedback, and institutional support are more likely to improve compliance and reduce infection risks. Economic evidence also indicates that hand hygiene is a high-value intervention: every US$1 invested in hand hygiene improvement may save up to US$16.50 in healthcare expenditure, while hygiene promotion including handwashing can avert one DALY at an estimated cost of US$3.35. Conclusion Strengthening hand hygiene in Mongolian healthcare facilities requires sustainable financing, reliable supply systems, adequate infrastructure, continuous training, and routine monitoring. Integrating these measures into IPC and WASH programmes can improve patient safety, reduce HAIs, and generate substantial public health and economic benefits.

Background: Meniere's disease is a condition caused by disturbances in the auditory and vestibular systems. It is characterized by symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and tinnitus. In the United States, the prevalence of Meniere's disease has been found to be 84 cases per 100,000 women and 56 cases per 100,000 men. Regionally, it is more common in less populated areas, and research has confirmed that the prevalence increases with higher household income. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional medicine treatments and therapies for Meniere's disease. Results: The patient is a 43-year-old male, with symptoms of dizziness, vomiting, and tinnitus. Since 2023, he has sought care at the Central Hospital of Mongolian Medicine, where he received traditional medicine treatments including herbal therapy and other traditional therapies on three occasions. As a result, the frequency of dizziness has decreased and other clinical symptoms have improved. Conclusion Traditional medicine treatments have been shown to be effective in managing Meniere's disease by extending the interval between relapses, improving quality of life, and significantly reducing clinical symptoms.

Background: According to the results of the research conducted in Mongolia in 2011 within the framework of the national program "Oral Health", 86.2% of young children had tooth decay, and the intensity of tooth decay was 6.2, which is a high level. In recent years, not only in our country, but also in the world, due to the increase in the prevalence of tooth decay in young children, the disease of other organ systems caused by tooth decay has also increased, which is the basis of our research. Purpose: To study the intensity of dental caries among secondary school students and comparing them with some indicators Objective:
1. To estimate the intensity of dental caries among secondary school students
2. To study the intensity of dental caries among secondary school students by comparing some parameters. Methodology: A total of 1298 students aged 6-18 years of Bayanzurkh Complex School of the capital were included in the study. Determine the body mass index ,The Lith the lip method was used to calculate the intensity of dental caries and it was assessed by the World Health Result: 675(52%) of the respondents were male and 623(48%) were female, 7.6% were underweight, 68% were normal weight, 14.7% were overweight, and 9.7% were obese.
When examining the state of dental disease of the participants, 9% were healthy, 91% had dental disease, the intensity of caries was 4.9 CSI, and the need for rehabilitation was 319. Out of this, in children with permanent teeth, the intensity of caries in great molars and in children with mixed teeth is higher in second molars. Conclusion The intensity of dental caries is 4.9 cla/sh or more, and the prevalence is high, and there are 319 children who need to be treated immediately.
The intensity of dental caries was medium for 6-13 year olds and low for 14-19 year olds, and the caries intensity of normal weight children was 3.3 or medium.

Background: To prevent and combat the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Mongolia has implemented measures such as movement and time restrictions, social distancing and isolation, closure of schools, kindergartens and public places, immunization, and others. It has caused adverse consequences for people, social relations, and the economy, causing health, social, economic, and humanitarian crises. Not only does this situation, medical students, as frontline healthcare workers, are more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been researched quickly due to the pandemic and are being used under emergency use authorization. In our country the approach of mixing vaccine doses from different manufacturers was used (fractional doses). Therefore, there is no study on the exposure of medical students to the COVID-19 infection and the adverse effects after receiving a dose of a heterologous vaccine. Objective: To study the exposure to the COVID-19 infection and vaccination status of medical students. Methods: The survey was conducted from November 2023 to December 2023 using a cross-sectional study design, and 170 students who study at ASUSU and live in the dormitory were included. Results: A total of 170 students participated in the study. 55.9% (n=95) of them were in the first year, 22.4% (n=38) were in the second year, 10% (n=17) were in the third year, 7.6% (n=13) were in the fourth year, 2.4% (n=4) were from the 5th year and 1.8% (n=3) were from the 6th year students. 88.2% (n=150) of students were female and 11.8% (n=20) were male. In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. Among them, 50% of the students were infected from family members, 16.7% from the school environment, and 15.2% did not know about the source of infection. 76.2% of the respondents were diagnosed with COVID-19 in a medical institution, and forty-one students answered that they were treated at the hospital. 83% of the cases were treated at home and were cured within 14 days. In contrast, 93.8% of the hospitalized students were treated within four months to 1 year. The current study demonstrates neurological, respiratory, sensory, cardiovascular, psychiatric, digestive, and dermatological symptoms were in 37.6%, 24.1%, 27.6%, 17.6%, 11.8%, 11.2%, and 10% of the students who participated in the study, respectively. For a year or more, symptoms of all organ systems were present, but neurological symptoms appeared to be the highest. 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine, 3.5% (n=6) did not receive the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects and 65% (n=106) had no side effects. Conclusion In this study, 37.1% of the students were infected by COVID-19 infection previously. According to the current study, symptoms related to the nervous system was the most prevalent and 55.9% (n=115) of the enrolled students received 3 or 4 doses of the vaccine. In total, 35% (n=60) of the enrolled students experienced side effects.

Introduction: Health care workers of First Central Hospital of Mongolia have vaccinated with three different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. We detected SARS-CoV-2 N and S-RBD antibodies after 30-90 days of second dose of vaccination. Method: Quantitation of antibodies to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 was performed for the detection of adaptive immune response in 291 HCWs vaccinated with Covishield, Sinopharm and Pfizer Biontech. Detection and quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 N and S antibodies were performed by the electrochemiluminesce assay Cobas e411, Roche. Result: SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD IgG titer were negative 0%, weak positive 0.4%, positive 17.5%, strong positive 82.1% of 246 HCWs vaccinated with Covishield and were negative 2.8%, weak positive 8.5%, positive 57.1%, strong positive 31.4% of 35 HCWs vaccinated with Sinopharm.
In all HCWs vaccinated with Pfizer Biontech SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD IgG titers were strong positive. Conclusion Humoral immunity was produced in HCWs after two doses of Covishield vaccine 100%, Sinopharm 97.0%, Pfizer Biontech 100% respectively. Antibody titer was higher among younger age workers.

Introduction: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2 has a major impact in solid organ transplant recipients and the effect of established mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have to be evaluated for solid organ transplant patients (SOT) since they are known to have poor responses after vaccination. Method: We investigated the SARSCoV-2 immune response via SARS-CoV-2 S IgG detection in the serum of 17 renal transplant recipients and 11 liver transplant recipients after two doses of the mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 following the standart protocol. Result: The median age was 52.5±12 years. Nineteen (67.8%) of the 28 patients were male, and 9 (32.2%) were female. The mean time after organ transplantation was 6.3±5 years (5 months-16 years). The immunosuppressive regimen included mycophenolate (19 of 28; 67.8%), tacrolimus (27 of 28; 96.4%), and corticosteroids (15 of 28; 53.6%).
The antibody response was evaluated once with an anti- SARS-CoV-2-S IgG CLIA (Elecsys Roche, Germany) 30±2 days after the second dose. Only 19 of 28 (67.8%) SOTRs were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2-S IgG after the second dose of vaccine and median titer was 119.5±106.4 Н/мл. Conclusion Thus, the humoral response of SOTRs after two doses of the mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 is impaired. Individual vaccination strategies and third dose of vaccine might be beneficial in these vulnerable patients.

Introduction: Vaccination is a cost-effective intervention to prevent major illnesses that contribute to child mortality in the country. Increase in parental knowledge abour vaccination will lead to increase in vaccination rates of children. The main aim of our study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of vaccination. People’s knowledge about immunization and their attitudes toward them are likely influence uptake. Goal: The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the population towards measles and to clarify their satisfaction and understanding of the measles immunization program. Materials and Methods: We conducted cross-sectional study, involved participants from 3 aimags and 6 districts covered voluntarily. Total participants were 509. We used to online model and with the participant’s self-answer closed questionnaire. Results: 76% of the respondents were female and 24% were male. 64.1% of respondents who have children of 0 to 5 years of age, had little or bad knowledge towards immunization schedules against measles. Overall, the general attitude towards vaccines was positive, but the knowledge about significance of vaccines was weak. Further, district and province family doctors need to pay particular attention to increasing awareness and knowledge on importance of vaccines among families with young children. It is necessary to conduct extensive, long-term research and training among population to evaluate their knowledge and attitude towards measles, its vaccine and prevention, and to identify causes of lack of knowledge. Conclusion Our study shows the importance of good physician–patient communication in improving knowledge attitude and practice of parents towards their children’s vaccination.