Background: In the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis, in addition to mechanical plaque control, the use of chemical plaque control such as mouth rinses for a certain period has shown a positive effect on treatment outcomes and prognosis. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic mouthwash in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was designed for a period of 2 weeks on 45 systemically healthy subjects between 20 and 25 years having plaque-induced gingivitis. The study population was divided into three groups. Group 1-15 subjects were advised experimental (probiotic) mouthwash. Group 2-15 subjects were advised positive control (chlorhexidine) mouthwash and Group 3-15 subjects into a negative control group. Oral prophylaxis was done for all groups at baseline. After the proper oral hygiene instructions, groups 1 and 2 were instructed to rinse their mouth with 15 ml of their respective mouthwashes, for 1 min twice daily, 30 min after brushing. Clinical parameters such as Full mouth plaque score (FMPS), Full mouth bleeding score (FMBS) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks respectively. Results: At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of FMBS and FMPS mean values (p=0.174, p=0.887). At day 14, the FMPS, FMBS mean values were significantly reduced by all treatment modalities ranking probiotic and chlorhexidine is greater than negative control group (p<0.001, p<0.001). Conclusion The probiotic mouthwash was effectively used as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control in the treatment of plaque-induced gingivitis.

Background: Rhododendron adamsii (Sagaan Dalya) is a medical plant widely distributed in the Altai region, Mongolia, and Russia. It is traditionally used for its calming, restorative, and immune-boosting properties. Inflammation is a complex immune response against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, involving macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β. In collaboration with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, a project was initiated to investigate the bioactive fractions of Rh. rosea (L.) and Rh. adamsii and their effects on the production of TLR4 signaling end products and associated protein activation. Previous studies within this project have shown that certain bioactive fractions exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, fraction 7.11 suppressed NO production and inflammatory signaling molecules in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while fractions 7.46 and 7.52 influenced the phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK1/2, JNK, and IRF3. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the effects of Rh. adamsii bioactive fractions on inflammatory signaling pathways. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive fractions derived from Rhododendron adamsii on the production of TLR4 signaling end products in RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures and bioactive fractions extracted from Rh. adamsii, dividing the experiments into three groups. After stabilization, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS. Based on previous studies, non-toxic concentrations of bioactive fractions (10 µg/mL) were applied. NO production was measured using the Griess assay, while TNF-α and IFN-β cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA. Each experiment were repeated three times, and data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0, applying One-way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-test. Results: The NO production in the positive control group was significantly higher compared to the negative control. In contrast, the experimental groups showed a statistically significant reduction in NO production, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling in macrophages. However, fraction 7.48 reduced TNF-α levels while increasing IFN-β production, but these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, fraction 7.55 slightly reduced TNF-α and IFN-β levels, but the effect was also statistically unsignificant. Conclusion The bioactive fractions 7.48 and 7.55 of Rh. Adamsii reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cell line cultures, suggesting that they may inhibit TLR4 signaling. However, their lack of effect on TNF-α and IFN-β production indicates that they do not influence TLR4 signaling mediated by these cytokines. Instead, they may affect the final product output through other pathways or different stages of signal transduction.

Background: Saliva as a non-invasive biological sample can be a game-changer in early disease detection and health risk assessment. Objective: To examine the association between participants' dietary patterns and the activity of salivary amylase, along with serum amylase levels in humans. Materials and methods: This study was conducted at the research laboratory of the Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedicine, MNUMS. A total of 30 students aged 19–22 years participated in the study. Saliva samples were collected three times at one-week intervals, and one blood sample was collected from each participant, alongside a dietary questionnaire. The activity of the amylase enzyme in both saliva and serum samples was determined using the iodine-starch method. Results: When evaluating the amylase enzyme activity based on participants' carbohydrate intake, the result was p > 0.05, indicating no statistically significant difference. Similarly, statistical analysis of the use of mouthwash and vitamin supplements also showed p > 0.05, which means these variables had no statistically significant effect on amylase activity. The correlation between salivary and serum amylase activity was found to be r = 0.365, indicating a weak positive correlation, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion The intake of carbohydrates, vitamins, and mouthwash does not significantly affect the activity level of the salivary amylase enzyme, according to research findings. However, external factors such as stress and air pollution have been shown to exert a measurable influence on its activity. A comparative analysis of enzyme levels in saliva and blood using amylase as a representative marker revealed similar activity levels in both fluids. This suggests that saliva may serve as a viable non invasive sample for detecting various biomarkers and diagnosing diseases. The results underscore the potential of salivary components, particularly amylase, as valuable indicators in diagnostic applications.

Background: Due to Mongolia’s harsh climate and seasonal limitations in fresh food supply, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants are often consumed in preserved forms. However, the preservation methods and storage conditions may significantly alter their antioxidant activity, which is crucial for mitigating oxidative stress and preventing chronic diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 19 commonly consumed vegetables, berries, and dried medicinal plants under different storage conditions including fresh, cold storage (cellar), and frozen (-20°C). Methods: Samples were extracted in 80% methanol and tested using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. IC⁻⁻ values were calculated to compare antioxidant potency. Statistical differences were assessed using paired and unpaired t-tests with SPSS v27 (p<0.05) Results: Cold storage significantly reduced antioxidant activity in root vegetables, with IC⁻⁻ values increasing by 2.4 to 13.5 times (p<0.01), indicating diminished radical scavenging potencial. In contrast, frozen samples showed minimal change (p>0.05). Dried medicinal plants such as Rosa canina and Thymus serpyllum maintained strong activity, with IC⁻⁻<50 μg/mL. Conclusion Cellar storage leads to a notable decline in antioxidant capacity of common vegetables, while freezing is a more effective method for preservation. Dried medicinal herbs remain potent sources of antioxidants and may be recommended for year-round use in Mongolian diets.

Abstract Epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects millions of people worldwide. Significant advancements in both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have greatly improved outcomes, particularly for individuals with drug-resistant epilepsy. Modern neurostimulation techniques such as Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS), Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), and Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing seizure frequency in these patients. Additionally, emerging technologies like gene therapy and optogenetics are being explored to better understand the underlying mechanisms of epilepsy and hold promise as future treatment modalities.Traditional imaging techniques often fail to detect subtle epileptogenic zones. However, the introduction of ultra high-field 7T MRI scanners represents a major breakthrough. These advanced scanners use eight transmitters to generate higher-resolution images, reducing signal dropout and enabling the identification of previously undetected lesions. In one study involving 31 patients, 58% had their treatment plans modified based on 7T MRI findings, highlighting its potential to inform surgical decision-making. In terms of pharmacological treatment, newer medications such as sultiame, cannabidiol (CBD), and non-pharmacological approaches like the ketogenic diet have emerged as additional therapeutic options for drug-resistant epilepsy. These developments contribute to more effective, personalized management strategies for epilepsy. In summary, the landscape of epilepsy diagnosis and treatment is rapidly evolving. Innovations in imaging and therapeutic interventions are offering new hope for patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Ongoing research and clinical trials remain essential to further refine these approaches and improve patient outcomes.

Background: The synthesis of multifunctional nanoparticles by integrating the bioactive properties of the ethanol extract of Urtica dioica L. a medicinal plant widely distributed in Mongolia, with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) serves as the foundation of the present study. The aim is to produce nanoparticles with synergistic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer activities. Objective: To synthesise dual-action nanoparticles (NPs) by integrating ZnO with the extract of Urtica dioica L. and to characterise their properties. Materials and Methods: The Control group, as ZnO-NPs, and the study group, as medicinal plant ethanol extraction loaded nanoparticles (UD-ZnO-NPs), were synthesised using green synthesis techniques. The morphology and particle size were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), chemical bonding was analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and crystalline structure was examined by X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Hemolytic activity assays were conducted to assess cytotoxicity. Results: The Control and study group’s morphology and size distribution were uniform and spherical. The average particle size of the study group (UD-ZnO NPs) was 63 nm, while the control group (ZnO-NPs) was 77 nm. FTIR analysis showed that the basic chemical bonds in both types of nanoparticles were similar; however, additional peaks corresponding to the bioactive compounds from the Urtica dioica extract were detected in the UD ZnO-NPs. XRD analysis revealed that both types of ZnO-NPs investigated the same crystalline structure, consistent with the standard reference data (JCPDS No. 36 1451). Hemolysis assays showed that at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/ mL, the hemolytic activity was below 5%, indicating low cytotoxicity. Conclusion ZnO-NPs with and without Urtica dioica extract were successfully synthesized via a green method, yielding spherical, uniformly dispersed particles ranging from 63 to 77 nm in size. While the structural and crystalline characteristics of the NPs remained consistent, the presence of bioactive compounds was confirmed in the UD-ZnO-NPs. Hemolytic assays indicated dose-dependent cytotoxicity, highlighting the importance of concentration in biomedical applications.

Background: Identifying reliable biomarkers for early detection, risk stratification, and prognosis of CVD in the context of CKD is, therefore, of critical importance. Cystatin C has emerged as a potential biomarker capable of reflecting both cardiac injury and renal impairment, particularly in patients with arterial hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum cystatin C levels, left ventricular hypertrophy, and chronic kidney disease in individuals with hypertension. Objective: To assess serum cystatin C concentrations in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease secondary to arterial hypertension. Materials and Methods: A case-control analytical study was conducted, enrolling 44 patients aged 45 years or older with both left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease due to arterial hypertension alongside a control group of apparently healthy individuals. Serum cystatin C levels were measured using immunoturbidimetric assay. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Group comparisons were made using independent-sample t-tests, while multivariate regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were employed to explore associations and the predictive value of cystatin C. Results: The mean serum cystatin C concentration in the case group was 1.6±0.1 mg/L, significantly higher than in the control group (0.88±0.03 mg/L, p<0.05). Similarly, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was markedly reduced in the case group (44.88±6.8 mL/min/1.73 m²) compared to the controls (92.88±3.4 mL/ min/1.73 m², p<0.05). In the case group, a statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between serum cystatin C levels and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with a regression coefficient of β=−0.028 (p<0.006). Conclusion The elevated serum cystatin C levels (1.6±0.1 mg/L) and decreased eGFR (38.99±12.7 mL/min/1.73 m²) observed in the case group suggest that cystatin C may serve as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy due to arterial hypertension and chronic kidney disease, as well as for predicting related complications.

Background: Regularly participate international High-level in sports athletes national and competitions and engage in intense training, developing endurance and resilience. Measuring blood lactate levels is crucial for improving an athlete’s performance, assessing sports performance, and enhancing the effectiveness of future training. Aim: To study the relationship between lactate levels in the blood plasma and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in Mongolian National Team athletes. Materials and Methods: The study involved 51 athletes from the Mongolian National Team. Anaerobic capacity was assessed using a Monark 894E Ergomedic Peak Bike, designed to apply exercise load. Blood serum lactate level and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity were determined using a Biobase BK-280 fully automated biochemical analyzer. Heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen levels, and oxygen saturation were measured using a pulse oximeter. Results: The average age of the participants was 24.04 ± 4.15 years, with an average height of 168 ± 8.78 cm and an average weight of 71.01 ± 7.69 kg. The average BMI was 24.82 ± 4.12 kg/m². Pre exercise lactate levels averaged 3.84 ± 0.75 mmol/L, while post-exercise lactate levels averaged 9.67±3.52 mmol/L. The average heart rate before exercise was 66.04±8.9 bpm, while post-exercise heart rate was 123.6±16.06 bpm. The average VO₂ max was 95.18±2.48. Conclusion The lactate levels before and after exercise among the athletes participating in the study showed significant differences in the age groups 20-29 (p<0.0001). When comparing lactate levels before and after exercise by sport, statistically significant increases were observed in freestyle wrestling and judo athletes (p<0.0001)

Background: Diseases of the digestive system are one of the leading causes of global morbidity, and liver disease is the leading cause, accounting for 52.34% of 100,000 population in Asian countries. In Mongolia, cirrhosis accounted for 32.4% of all liver diseases in 2019.
In traditional medical treatment, liver cirrhosis is included in the scope of chronic diseases and compared with liver’s smug po disease for treatment. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of Tumrinn talkh-7, which is widely used in the treatment of liver diseases, especially in the treatment of liver diseases. Materials and methods: In our study, we used the book named “Oral Instruction Tantra” as main reference material and for research methods, we used the checklist method to list relevant information about the pathogenesis of liver smug po and Tumriin Talkh-7 traditional drug from the literature, so as to provide preconditions for further analysis. The pathogenesis of liver smug po and the action mechanism of Tumriin Talkh-7 were analyzed by theoretical analysis methods and the analysis-synthesis method was used to summarize the analysis results. Results: Due to the hot conditions, the blood heat will increase occur. Due to the cold conditions, food absorption is impaired bad blood is formed in the liver. This is how Smug po disease occurs. Tumriin talkh-7 traditional drugs should be analyzed in relation to the transformation of liver smug po disease.
Iron dust is treating heat liver smug po removed.
Calcitu-CaCO3 is clear phlegm heat.
Dracocephallum foetidum Bge. is cures stomach and liver heat.
Inula helenium L. is equable and cures all liver Smug po diseases.
Saussurea lappa L. is sharp, warm nature, regulating wind-blood disorder.
Trogopterus xanthipes mine Edwards is treating old liver disease.
Carthamus tinctorius L. is saffron cures all liver diseases. Conclusions Pathological blood caused by cold and heat factors leads to liver smug po disease. Tumriin Talkh-7 is a cold drug with the effect of treating hot liver smug po disease.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations