Background: In recent years, the research and utilization of natural products and medicinal plants have significantly increased worldwide, alongside efforts to integrate traditional medicine with modern medical practices. Approximately 1,100 medicinal plant species are found in Mongolia, including 32 species belonging to the Papaveraceae family. Among them, Papaver nudicaule L. is widely distributed across various phytogeographical regions of Mongolia. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat headaches, neuralgia, menstrual pain, dysentery, and gastrointestinal inflammation. However, studies on its chemical composition and biologically active constituents remain relatively limited. Therefore, investigating the phytochemical composition of this plant is essential for characterizing its medicinal raw materials and identifying its bioactive compounds. Aim: To investigate the phytochemical composition of the aerial parts of Papaver nudicaule L. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were collected during the full flowering stage and subjected to fractionation using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, including ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HSQC, COSY, and HMBC. Result: A total of 27 compounds were identified and characterized from the aerial parts of Papaver nudicaule L. using CPC and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Conclusion Twenty-seven compounds were identified from the aerial parts of Papaver nudicaule L., and their structures were elucidated. Among them, magnocurarine ((1R)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl6-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-ium-7-ol), norcoclaurine (S-norcoclaurine), N-methylcanadine ((S)-N-methylcanadine), canadine (N-methylchelianthifoline), luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), and dihydrocryptopine (5,6,7,8-tetrahydrocryptopine) were reported for the first time from this species.

Background: Bioactive compounds derived from plants have been extensively studied and widely applied in cosmetic and dermatological fields. In particular, plant-derived polyphenols and anthraquinones are known for their antioxidant properties as well as their ability to inhibit elastase enzyme activity. Elastase is a key proteolytic enzyme responsible for degrading elastin, a structural protein essential for maintaining skin elasticity. Excessive elastase activity contributes to skin aging and wrinkle formation. Therefore, the identification of plant-derived compounds capable of interacting with elastase is of significant importance for improving the composition and efficacy of cosmetic products. Aim: To identify bioactive compounds in the extract of Rheum undulatum L. and to investigate their interaction with elastase enzyme activity. Materials and Methods: The root of Rheum undulatum L. was used as the study material. Sample preparation was performed by grinding the plant root followed by extraction using 50% ethanol assisted by an ultrasonic water bath. The obtained extract was evaporated to dryness using a vacuum centrifugation system to remove the solvent completely. A total of 10 mg of the dried extract was dissolved in 100 µL methanol and 900 µL water, then filtered through a 0.1 µm membrane filter. Subsequently, two sample sets were prepared: a control sample and an elastase-incubated sample at a 1:1 ratio. Both were analyzed using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Data processing was performed using Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis software (version 10.0). Results: LC-MS analysis revealed a total of 16 bioactive compounds in the root extract of Rheum undulatum L. Comparative analysis between the control and elastase-treated samples demonstrated a decrease in the peak areas of gluconic acid and citric acid, while an increase in the peak area of emodin was observed. These changes indicate compositional differences between the two sample conditions. Conclusion The LC-MS analysis of Rheum undulatum L. root extract identified multiple bioactive compounds belonging to anthraquinone, phenolic, and flavonoid classes. Variations in peak intensities between control and elastase-treated samples suggest potential interactions between certain compounds and the enzyme. These findings indicate that the root extract contains biologically active constituents capable of modulating elastase activity, supporting its potential application in anti-aging and cosmetic formulations.

Background: The prevalence of cerebral palsy is estimated to be between 1.5 and 3.8 per 1,000 live births. In Mongolia, the incidence is reported to be 1.89 per 1,000 live births. Physical therapy for children with cerebral palsy improved their motor abilities. The involvement of family members plays a critical role in engaging children in therapeutic activities. Aim: Empowering parents and guardians to ensure regular participation in physical therapy is a priority. Materials and Methods: A total of six children aged 4–9 years (2 males, 4 females) with quadriplegia who received home-based services between October 1, 2023, and October 1, 2024, were selected using a case-controlled clinical trial design. A physical therapist visited once every two weeks for 60-minute sessions. Children’s motor development was assessed using the GMFM-88 criteria, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. Results: Following the physical therapist’s guidance, parents conducted physical therapy exercises with their children an average of 4.5 times per week, with each session lasting approximately 26.6 minutes. Statistically significant improvements in motor function were observed at the 3-month (p = 0.020), 6-month (p = 0.006), and 1-year (p = 0.006) reassessments. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of parental and guardian involvement in supporting the motor development of children with cerebral palsy.

Background: The recently introduced super-resolution (SR) deep learning image reconstruction (DLR) is potentially effective in reducing noise level and enhancing the spatial resolution. We aimed to investigate whether SR-DLR has advantages in the overall image quality and intensity homogeneity on coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography with four different approaches: filtered-back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR), DLR, and SR-DLR. Methods: Sixty-three patients (mean age, 61 ± 11 years; range, 18–81 years; 40 men) who had undergone coronary CT angiography between June and October 2022 were retrospectively included. Image noise, signal to noise ratio, and contrast to noise ratio were quantified in both proximal and distal segments of the major coronary arteries. The left ventricle myocardium contrast homogeneity was analyzed. Two independent reviewers scored overall image quality, image noise, image sharpness, and myocardial homogeneity. Results: Image noise in Hounsfield units (HU) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) for the SR-DLR (11.2 ± 2.0 HU) compared to those associated with other image reconstruction methods including FBP (30.5 ± 10.5 HU), hybrid IR (20.0 ± 5.4 HU), and DLR (14.2 ± 2.5 HU) in both proximal and distal segments. SR-DLR significantly improved signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio in both the proximal and distal segments of the major coronary arteries.No significant difference was observed in the myocardial CT attenuation with SR-DLR among different segments of the left ventricle myocardium (P = 0.345). Conversely, FBP and hybrid IR resulted in inhomogeneous myocardial CT attenuation (P < 0.001). Two reviewers graded subjective image quality with SR-DLR higher than other image recon‑ struction techniques (P < 0.001). Conclusions SR-DLR improved image quality, demonstrated clearer delineation of distal segments of coronary arter‑ ies, and was seemingly accurate for quantifying CT attenuation in the myocardium.

Background: The recently introduced super-resolution (SR) deep learning image reconstruction (DLR) is potentially effective in reducing noise level and enhancing the spatial resolution. We aimed to investigate whether SR-DLR has advantages in the overall image quality and intensity homogeneity on coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography with four different approaches: filtered-back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR), DLR, and SR-DLR. Methods: Sixty-three patients (mean age, 61 ± 11 years; range, 18–81 years; 40 men) who had undergone coronary CT angiography between June and October 2022 were retrospectively included. Image noise, signal to noise ratio, and contrast to noise ratio were quantified in both proximal and distal segments of the major coronary arteries. The left ventricle myocardium contrast homogeneity was analyzed. Two independent reviewers scored overall image quality, image noise, image sharpness, and myocardial homogeneity. Results: Image noise in Hounsfield units (HU) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) for the SR-DLR (11.2 ± 2.0 HU) compared to those associated with other image reconstruction methods including FBP (30.5 ± 10.5 HU), hybrid IR (20.0 ± 5.4 HU), and DLR (14.2 ± 2.5 HU) in both proximal and distal segments. SR-DLR significantly improved signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio in both the proximal and distal segments of the major coronary arteries.No significant difference was observed in the myocardial CT attenuation with SR-DLR among different segments of the left ventricle myocardium (P = 0.345). Conversely, FBP and hybrid IR resulted in inhomogeneous myocardial CT attenuation (P < 0.001). Two reviewers graded subjective image quality with SR-DLR higher than other image recon‑ struction techniques (P < 0.001). Conclusions SR-DLR improved image quality, demonstrated clearer delineation of distal segments of coronary arter‑ ies, and was seemingly accurate for quantifying CT attenuation in the myocardium.

Background: The recently introduced super-resolution (SR) deep learning image reconstruction (DLR) is potentially effective in reducing noise level and enhancing the spatial resolution. We aimed to investigate whether SR-DLR has advantages in the overall image quality and intensity homogeneity on coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography with four different approaches: filtered-back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR), DLR, and SR-DLR. Methods: Sixty-three patients (mean age, 61 ± 11 years; range, 18–81 years; 40 men) who had undergone coronary CT angiography between June and October 2022 were retrospectively included. Image noise, signal to noise ratio, and contrast to noise ratio were quantified in both proximal and distal segments of the major coronary arteries. The left ventricle myocardium contrast homogeneity was analyzed. Two independent reviewers scored overall image quality, image noise, image sharpness, and myocardial homogeneity. Results: Image noise in Hounsfield units (HU) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) for the SR-DLR (11.2 ± 2.0 HU) compared to those associated with other image reconstruction methods including FBP (30.5 ± 10.5 HU), hybrid IR (20.0 ± 5.4 HU), and DLR (14.2 ± 2.5 HU) in both proximal and distal segments. SR-DLR significantly improved signal to noise ratio and contrast to noise ratio in both the proximal and distal segments of the major coronary arteries.No significant difference was observed in the myocardial CT attenuation with SR-DLR among different segments of the left ventricle myocardium (P = 0.345). Conversely, FBP and hybrid IR resulted in inhomogeneous myocardial CT attenuation (P < 0.001). Two reviewers graded subjective image quality with SR-DLR higher than other image recon‑ struction techniques (P < 0.001). Conclusions SR-DLR improved image quality, demonstrated clearer delineation of distal segments of coronary arter‑ ies, and was seemingly accurate for quantifying CT attenuation in the myocardium.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether a deep learning reconstruction (DLR) method improves the image quality, stent evaluation, and visibility of the valve apparatus in coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) when compared with filtered back projection (FBP) and hybrid iterative reconstruction (IR) methods. Materials and Methods: CCTA images of 51 patients (mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 63.9 ± 9.8 years, 36 male) who underwent examination at a single institution were reconstructed using DLR, FBP, and hybrid IR methods and reviewed.CT attenuation, image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and stent evaluation, including 10%– 90% edge rise slope (ERS) and 10%–90% edge rise distance (ERD), were measured. Quantitative data are summarized as the mean ± SD. The subjective visual scores (1 for worst -5 for best) of the images were obtained for the following: overall image quality, image noise, and appearance of stent, vessel, and aortic and tricuspid valve apparatus (annulus, leaflets, papillary muscles, and chordae tendineae). These parameters were compared between the DLR, FBP, and hybrid IR methods. Results: DLR provided higher Hounsfield unit (HU) values in the aorta and similar attenuation in the fat and muscle compared with FBP and hybrid IR. The image noise in HU was significantly lower in DLR (12.6 ± 2.2) than in hybrid IR (24.2 ± 3.0) and FBP (54.2 ± 9.5) (p < 0.001). The SNR and CNR were significantly higher in the DLR group than in the FBP and hybrid IR groups (p < 0.001). In the coronary stent, the mean value of ERS was significantly higher in DLR (1260.4 ± 242.5 HU/mm) than that of FBP (801.9 ± 170.7 HU/mm) and hybrid IR (641.9 ± 112.0 HU/mm). The mean value of ERD was measured as 0.8 ± 0.1 mm for DLR while it was 1.1 ± 0.2 mm for FBP and 1.1 ± 0.2 mm for hybrid IR. The subjective visual scores were higher in the DLR than in the images reconstructed with FBP and hybrid IR. Conclusion DLR reconstruction provided better images than FBP and hybrid IR reconstruction.

Background: Over the past 20 years, world wide scale social and economic reforms, technological breakthroughs, and the population growth (increased by 1.64 billion), especially in urban areas, have had a negative impact on human health; changes in living and working conditions (environmental and air pollution), population density, traffic jam, unhealthy lifestyles, workload, and work stress – all contribute to non-communicable diseases – are increasing. According to researchers from Stanford University in the United States, “Stress plays a key role in the development of behavioral disorders such as poor diet, lack of exercise, alcohol and tobacco use, and addiction. Furthermore, these behavioral disorders play a major role in the development of metabolic disorders and cancer, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease such as myocardial infarction, and diabetes and obesity. “Stress, in particular, depends on the type of workplace, work environment, and occupation in which the person spends most of their life. Materials and Methods: The study is covered 473 nurses from the specialized tertiary level hospitals in Mongolia. We determined their perceived work stress by the WPS (3 parts 57 questions) questionnaire of American scientist Rice. The work stress results were analytically analyzed with the cross-sectional method regarding the nurses’ arterial blood pressure. Results: Totally 473, or 121, 89, 146, and 117 nurses participated from NCTO (1), NCMH (3), NCID (4), and NCC (4). In present study, 34 or 7.2% of 18-24 year olds, 139 or 29.4% of 25-30 year olds, 99 or 20.9% of 31-40 year olds, 169 or 35.7% of 41-50, and 32 or 6.8% over 51 year olds. The study was conducted by collecting an age group similar to the age pyramid of nurses working in the hospital. The participants illustrated low levels of work stress in 7.6%, medium levels in 27.1%, and high levels of work stress in 65.3%, respectively. When we examine whether the level of stress exposure of nurses differs between the groups by high, medium, and low levels of workplace stress, the analysis of one factor variance confirms the statistical real difference (F = 3.071), (p = 0.028). The study results revealed that long lasted accumulated work stress trigger the hypertention. Conclusion The onset of stress in a nurse’s workplace depends on many different social factors, such as age, gender, organizational characteristics, organization, place of work, and years of experiences. In conclusion, we agreed with Spruil Tanya et al., that chroronic stress at work can be the reason for the high blood pressure.

Background: A midwifery services are recognized as one of essential health care and services. The amplification of trained midwives plays very important role to improve the quality of and access to health care services as highlighted in the global Human Development Report [1]. Obstetric care is the integrated specialized interventions aimed to detect, monitor, manage delivery, treat and prevent illnesses of mothers, fetus and newborns in pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal periods. Every year, 287,000 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, and 2.9 million newborns die before they reach the age of four weeks worldwide. The majority of the preventable maternal and newborn deaths occur in low-income countries [3]. Goal: This assessment was aimed to review the current situation and legal framework of midwifery services and comprehensive competencies of midwives, and to provide baseline data for the project as well as evidence based recommendations for further improvement of midwifery services in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the current status of midwifery services and integrated competencies of midwives, a range of quantitative and qualitative methods were used. A cross- sectional study for assessing the quality of obstetric care and practice was conducted by using observation checklists, questionnaires and interview guides. Midwives who are providing obstetric care in Mongolia were involved in the assessment. Results: A total of 321 midwives from NCMCH, and 2 maternity hospitals of Ulaanbaatar and 21 aimags were involved in the assessment. Out of them 97.2% were female and the mean age was 37.2±10.1 [95%CI: 36.03-38.21]. The mean of working years in health sector was 14.54±10.9 years and mean of working years with the current institution was 11.7±10.1 years. Minimum work experience was few months and maximum was 38 years. A majority of the assessed midwives hold some abilities sufficiently such as keeping medical documents during pregnancy [4.23; 95%CI: 4.15-4.32], educating and giving advice to the customers about after and before the pregnancy period [4.01; 95%CI: 3.91-4.11]. A majority of the assessed midwives answered holding some abilities as important, such as basic knowledge of mother and child public health care in the fertility system [4.11; 95%CI:4.00-4.21], implementing experiences [4.07; 95%CI:3.97-4.19], and very important documents for the Obstetricians Association to know about midwives’ practical and professional activity [4.05; 95%CI:3.92-4.17]. None of the midwives took “A” or point indicates highest level. 40.5 percent of assessed midwives took “D” or “Able to make a relatively easy content; Lack of general knowledge, skills and practices”. One third of participated midwives took “F” indicating lack of knowledge, skill and practice. Moreover, one fifth of the midwives took “C” indicating average level, understood most of the content, skilled moderately, and prepared enough to practice more in this field. Even though rural midwives got average level (22.0%) score 4.1 functions more than city midwives, it didn’t have any difference in the statistic correlation. 3.3 percent of all participant 7 midwives took “B” indicating above the average level in the knowledge test. The midwives have told training for them hadn’t organized frequently which is shown in the quality assessment. Conclusions Furthermore, it is necessary to increase the skill of midwives who would perform complex care based on clinical evidence to reveal the risks faced to maternal and infant health, prevent from degradation and manage safe birth.