Background: Hypokalemia is considered when the serum potassium level is less than 3.5 mmol/L. Clinical research indicates that hypokalemia affects 20% of hospitalized patients, and in 24% of these cases, inadequate interventions result in life-threatening complications. At present, there is no research available on the prevalence, management, and outcomes of hypokalemia in hospitalized patients, which justifies the need for this study. Aim: The study aimed to examine the prevalence of hypokalemia and the effectiveness of its management in hospitalized patients within the internal medicine department, in relation to the knowledge of doctors and resident physicians. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based retrospective study included a total of 553 cases of patients hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Department of the Mongolia Japan Hospital between January 2024 and August 2024. Patients with a potassium level of <3.5 mmol/L were diagnosed with hypokalemia, and the effectiveness of potassium replacement therapy was evaluated according to the method of supplementation employed. Results: The prevalence of hypokalemia among hospitalized patients in the Internal Medicine Department was 9.8% (54 cases). Based on the study criteria, 42 cases of hypokalemia were selected for further analysis, and a total of 118 potassium replacements were performed through oral, intravenous, and mixed methods. Following potassium replacement therapy, 37.3% (44) of patients achieved normalized potassium levels, while 62.7% (74) still had persistent hypokalemia. Conclusion According to the study results, the prevalence of hypokalemia among hospitalized patients in the Internal Medicine Department is 9.8%. The method of potassium replacement and the severity of hypokalemia do not impact the normalization of potassium levels, with the critical factor being the proper dosage of supplementation. The knowledge of doctors and resident physicians regarding hypokalemia is insufficient, and there is a need to implement guidelines and protocols for potassium replacement therapy in daily clinical practice.

Background: Regularly participate international High-level in sports athletes national and competitions and engage in intense training, developing endurance and resilience. Measuring blood lactate levels is crucial for improving an athlete’s performance, assessing sports performance, and enhancing the effectiveness of future training. Aim: To study the relationship between lactate levels in the blood plasma and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in Mongolian National Team athletes. Materials and Methods: The study involved 51 athletes from the Mongolian National Team. Anaerobic capacity was assessed using a Monark 894E Ergomedic Peak Bike, designed to apply exercise load. Blood serum lactate level and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity were determined using a Biobase BK-280 fully automated biochemical analyzer. Heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen levels, and oxygen saturation were measured using a pulse oximeter. Results: The average age of the participants was 24.04 ± 4.15 years, with an average height of 168 ± 8.78 cm and an average weight of 71.01 ± 7.69 kg. The average BMI was 24.82 ± 4.12 kg/m². Pre exercise lactate levels averaged 3.84 ± 0.75 mmol/L, while post-exercise lactate levels averaged 9.67±3.52 mmol/L. The average heart rate before exercise was 66.04±8.9 bpm, while post-exercise heart rate was 123.6±16.06 bpm. The average VO₂ max was 95.18±2.48. Conclusion The lactate levels before and after exercise among the athletes participating in the study showed significant differences in the age groups 20-29 (p<0.0001). When comparing lactate levels before and after exercise by sport, statistically significant increases were observed in freestyle wrestling and judo athletes (p<0.0001)

Introduction: Factors such as social and economic conditions, technological development, modern urbanization, lifestyle, physical activity, nutrition, and air pollution affect physical growth and development. Aim: To study the physical development of Mongolian children. Objectives: 1. To measure the physical indices (weight, height) of children aged 6-17 years old with some influencing factors. Material and method: Using a random sampling method, children's body height and weight were examined at a particular point in time using widely accepted methods. Statistical analysis was performed using the "SPSS ver.25" program. Result: The growth of children's height and weight is progressing according to general patterns of age and gender. Girls grow rapidly between the ages of 10-13 and stabilize after wards, while boys a sharp growth spurt between the ages of 13-17, with the average height of 17-year-old boys being 171.44 cm and 160.25 cm for girls, which is slightly higher than previous studies (Otgon G, 2006, Munkhzaya M, 2020). The trend of weight growth is more prominent in boys. However, compared to international standards (Russia, WHO, CDC), our children's height and weight are lower. The statistics show that parental education, income, exercise, and living environment positively influence growth and development, whereas excessive television watching and air pollution negatively affect it (p< 0.05). Conclusion 1. Children's growth is normal, but observed increase of the body weight of boys. Having healthy and well educated parents, as well as engaging in physical activity positively influences children's height. A lack of physical activity negatively affects height and increases weight. Mongolian children are shorter and lighter compared to foreign children (from Russia and America - CDC).

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly prevalent in Mongolia and its sequelae including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer are crucial public health problems in Mongolia. HBV infection is preventable through the vaccination. Universal hepatitis B vaccination has been introduced in 1991 after the 3 years field trial, making our country the 20th country with obligatory immunization against hepaitis B of all eligible population. In addition a penta vaccine (DTP+HipB+HBV) was introduced since 2005 in urban and rural areas. Although statistical information is available regarding the coverage of these hepatitis B vaccines, no study has been conducted on the coverage of hepatitis B vaccination based on the immunization cards of children that is important to reveal the current situation in the country. Objective: To study the coverage of Hepatitis B vaccination among children born after more than 10 years since its implementation in Mongolia. Materials and Methods: Nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted during 2009-2010. A total of 5894 children was enrolled in this survey selected from Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan, Erdenet as well as 11 provinces and 50 soums. Iimmunization data of each child was abstracted from the health records or immunization cards at the actual Health Center, Local or Family hospital. The hepatitis B vaccination coverage was assessed by measuring HepB-birth dose, second and third dose. The vaccination status of the child was determined by counting the immunizations that were recorded by health/immunization registry or card. Data analyses was performed using SPSS 17.0 software. Results: A total of 5894 children were participated in the survey out of 6380 selected children (response rate 92.38%). Vaccination cards or registrations were available for 4944 (83.9%) children that was higher in rural areas compared to cities (Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan, Erdenet 75.5%, province centers 87.3%, soums 90.5%, p<0.001). In addition, the proportion of children with vaccination card was significantly decreased by age from age of 4 years to 6 years (p<0.0001). Vaccination coverage rate of those who received at least one dose of hepatitis B or penta vaccine was 98.6% [(95% confidence interval: 98.36-98.98) and 81.9% of them were fully vaccinated whereas 16.7% were partially vaccinated. Vaccination rate was 97.8% in Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan and Erdenet cities, 99.2% in province centers and 99.1% in rural soums. According to the results of 11 provinces and, coverage rate in provinces was 98.3%-100% where Umnugovi and Khentii provinces had highest rate (100%) and Selenge and Zavkhan provinces had lower rates (98.7%). Around 95% of the children were received the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine, of whom 3413 (76.5%) received within 24 hours while 1274 (27.8%) had received later than the schedule. Among study population 13.1% were vaccinated with penta vaccine that was introduced in 1995 in Mongolia. Conclusion: 1. Vaccination cards were available for 4944 (83.9%) children that was significantly higher in rural areas compared to cities. 2. Vaccination coverage rate of those who received at least one dose of hepatitis B or penta vaccine was 98.6% [(95% confidence interval: 98.36-98.98) and 81.9% of them were fully vaccinated whereas 16.7% were partially vaccinated. 3. Around 95% of the children were received the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine, of whom 3413 (72.8%) received within 24 hours while 1274 (27.8%) had received later than the schedule.