Background: Malaria is caused by parasite of the genus Plasmodium and considered one of the biggest public health issues because almost half of the world’s population is at risk of contracting malaria. It causes 2% of the world’s total deaths and millions of clinical infections. In 2022, 94% of cases and 95% of deaths occurred in the WHO African Region. Cerebral malaria the most severe neurological complication of infection with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by coma and asexual forms of the parasite on peripheral blood smears. The neurological complication, induced by cerebral malaria is irreversible and lethal, therefore it is of great significance to unravel its exact etiology, which may be beneficial for the effective management of this severe disease. In Mongolia, malaria normally not present unless the disease was contracted abroad. Considerable attention in malaria control and elimination is needed, yet, increasingly, domestic hospitals are unfamiliar with it, and so there is a risk of being overlooked. The following is the second case, to our knowledge, of cerebral malaria in Mongolia. Conclusion Although Mongolia is not a malaria-endemic region and routine malaria testing is not commonly performed, the number of imported cases is increasing due to the growing mobility of the population—travel, study, tourism, and peacekeeping missions to Africa and Southeast Asia. Therefore, neurologists should be aware of the possibility of cerebral malaria when evaluating patients with neurological deficits who have a history of travel to malaria-endemic areas. This case highlights important clinical, imaging, and laboratory considerations for suspecting and diagnosing malaria in such patients.

Introduction: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020, brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancers account for 2% of all newly diagnosed cancers in the world and 1.5% in Mongolia. Approximately 85-90% of all brain and other CNS tumors were diagnosed primary brain tumor. In 2019, the average 5 year survival probability was 50% for other cancers and 11% for the primary brain tumors. There were 28 patients with primary brain tumor and 33 relatively healthy individuals in our study. Goal: To study the diagnostic value of serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein in the diagnosis of primary brain cancer Material and Methods: The Department of Neurosurgery at Third central hospital included 28 patients with primary brain cancer and 33 relatively healthy people. The study was conducted under the permission of the Medical Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health on June 19, 2019 №119. Serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acidic protein content was determined by the ELISA kits method using the human aquaporin-4 and glial fibrous acid protein test kit of the Chinese company “Sanlong”. The level is assumed to be true if the p value is less than 0.05. Results Mean age of the all participants was 42.9±16.5, 64% female and 36% male. Serum aquaporin-4 protein levels were 175.71±13.3 pg/ml and serum glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were 2.682±0.218 ng/ml in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein levels were statistically significant high (p<0.001) in patient with primary brain tumor. Serum aquaporin-4 protein and glial fibrilliary acidic protein level differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) in benign and malignant tumor. There was no statistically significant correlation between serum aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein level and primary brain tumor grade.