Background: Likert-scale questionnaire data is widely used to evaluate satisfaction; however, in practical applications, both high classification accuracy and model interpretability are essential requirements. Rule-based machine learning methods provide the opportunity to satisfy both criteria simultaneously. Despite the rapid growth of research using machine learning for classification and prediction in recent years, there is a scarcity of studies employing the C5.0 classification algorithm for Likert-scale satisfaction data, which serves as the rationale for this study. Aim: To implement the C5.0 classification algorithm using a 10-fold cross-validation method to predict two levels of satisfaction (High/Medium) and to evaluate the model’s performance and interpretability. Materials and Methods: he study was conducted at the Department of Physics and Informatics, School of Bio-Medicine, MNUMS, utilizing satisfaction survey data from graduates majoring in Health Information Technology. Data consisting of four Likert-scale variables (V1–V4) were used. The C5.0 model was trained using a parametric grid search and evaluated within a 10-fold cross-validation framework using accuracy and a confusion matrix. Furthermore, IF–THEN rules were extracted from the final rule-based model, and the decision logic was visualized in the form of a flowchart. Results: The results indicated that the rule-based C5.0 model was selected as the optimal model, demonstrating stable performance throughout the cross-validation process. The confusion matrix results showed high precision in identifying the “High” satisfaction class. Among the generated rules, it became evident that variables V4 and V2 have the most significant influence on determining satisfaction levels. Conclusion Utilizing the C5.0 algorithm within a cross-validation framework enables effective and intelligible classification of satisfaction based on Likert data. It was confirmed that the rule-based structure offers distinct advantages for model interpretation and decision-support applications.

Background: Population health literacy constitutes a comprehensive competency to access, understand, appraise, and apply health information, serving as a foundational prerequisite for disease prevention frameworks. Within primary healthcare settings, nursing counseling plays a pivotal role in fostering healthy behaviors among citizens; however, there remains a critical need to quantitatively evaluate the correlation between these behavioral modifications and health literacy, thereby establishing an evidence-based analysis. Aim: To assess the level of health literacy and healthy lifestyle habits among citizens, and to evaluate their correlation with nursing counseling and support. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted between August and September 2026, enrolling 145 citizens aged 18 and older who received care at the Tsetsekhairkhan Family Health Center of Songinokhairkhan district, Ulaanbaatar city and Telmen Soum Health Center in Zavkhan Province. HL was evaluated using the Mongolian version of the HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire, and total scores were calculated. Nursing involvement was evaluated via a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0, utilizing logistic regression analysis to determine Odds Ratios (OR) and p-values. Results: The mean HLS-EU-Q16 score of the participants (n=145) was 10.4±3.2. Regarding HL level distribution, 42.1% (n=61) were inadequate, 34.5% (n=50) were problematic/limited, and 23.4% (n=34) possessed sufficient health literacy. Participants perceived nursing support as highly influential (58.8%) and moderately influential (29.8%) in adopting healthy habits. Regular recipients of health counseling from nurses demonstrated a 3.79-fold higher likelihood of actively pursuing a healthy lifestyle (OR=3.79, 95% CI: 1.84–7.81, p=0.001) and a 3.05-fold higher likelihood of implementing the counseling into practice (OR=3.05, 95% CI: 1.35–6.88, p=0.0076). Conclusion Although citizens exhibit a limited capacity to independently search for and appraise health information—reflecting an overall inadequate level of HL—nurse-led counseling and support exert a direct, statistically significant positive impact on enhancing healthy behaviors among citizens.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing global prevalence. Early detection and risk assessment are essential for preventing disease-related complications. In recent years, machine learning methods have been increasingly investigated for predicting disease status using medical data and supporting clinical decision-making. Aim: This study aimed to develop a predictive model for diabetes status using the Random Forest classification algorithm based on the PIMA Indians Diabetes Database and to evaluate its classification performance. Materials and Methods: The study used the PIMA dataset, comprising 768 observations, eight predictor variables, and one target variable. Zero values in selected measurements that were physiologically implausible were treated as missing values and imputed using the median. The dataset was split into training and test sets at an 80:20 ratio. Hyperparameters of the Random Forest model were optimized using 10-fold cross-validation on the training data. Model performance was evaluated using Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, Balanced Accuracy, Cohen’s Kappa, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC). Variable importance was also assessed. All statistical analyses and machine learning procedures were performed in the R programming environment. Results: Cross-validation identified mtry=4 as the optimal configuration, achieving an Accuracy of 78.05% and a Cohen’s Kappa of 0.5062. On the test set, the model achieved an Accuracy of 72.55%, Sensitivity of 58.49%, Specificity of 80.00%, Balanced Accuracy of 69.25%, and Cohen’s Kappa of 0.3883. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.7802, indicating that the model could distinguish between individuals with and without diabetes better than random classification. Variable importance analysis identified blood glucose level as the most influential predictor, followed by body mass index (BMI), age, and number of pregnancies. Conclusion The Random Forest algorithm demonstrated the potential to predict diabetes status using the PIMA dataset; however, its sensitivity on the test set was relatively low. Therefore, the model should be considered a potential tool for preliminary risk assessment and supporting early detection rather than a replacement for clinical diagnosis. Further research is needed to improve sensitivity, compare the model with other machine learning algorithms, and validate its performance using larger and more diverse datasets.

Background: Regularly participate international High-level in sports athletes national and competitions and engage in intense training, developing endurance and resilience. Measuring blood lactate levels is crucial for improving an athlete’s performance, assessing sports performance, and enhancing the effectiveness of future training. Aim: To study the relationship between lactate levels in the blood plasma and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity in Mongolian National Team athletes. Materials and Methods: The study involved 51 athletes from the Mongolian National Team. Anaerobic capacity was assessed using a Monark 894E Ergomedic Peak Bike, designed to apply exercise load. Blood serum lactate level and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity were determined using a Biobase BK-280 fully automated biochemical analyzer. Heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen levels, and oxygen saturation were measured using a pulse oximeter. Results: The average age of the participants was 24.04 ± 4.15 years, with an average height of 168 ± 8.78 cm and an average weight of 71.01 ± 7.69 kg. The average BMI was 24.82 ± 4.12 kg/m². Pre exercise lactate levels averaged 3.84 ± 0.75 mmol/L, while post-exercise lactate levels averaged 9.67±3.52 mmol/L. The average heart rate before exercise was 66.04±8.9 bpm, while post-exercise heart rate was 123.6±16.06 bpm. The average VO₂ max was 95.18±2.48. Conclusion The lactate levels before and after exercise among the athletes participating in the study showed significant differences in the age groups 20-29 (p<0.0001). When comparing lactate levels before and after exercise by sport, statistically significant increases were observed in freestyle wrestling and judo athletes (p<0.0001)

Background: The aging of the world’s population will determine global health trends. According to the 2021 report of the Capital City Health Department, the average life expectancy of the Mongolian population is 71.3 years (male 67.3, female 76.7), the difference between male and female life expectancy is 9.4 years, and elderly people aged 60 and over account for 8.1% of the total population. The report also shows that 6.5% of all outpatient visits are for people aged 60-64, and 9% are for people aged 65 and over, which means that they do not receive adequate health care services. Therefore, it is important to increase the access to and quality of health care services provided to the elderly in order to improve their health and quality of life. Comorbidities that are common among the elderly are one of the pressing issues in the health sector. Aim: We aimed to study the prevalence and risk factors of multi-morbidities among older adults (aged sixty years and over) in urban and rural areas. Materials and Methods: To accomplish our aim, we conducted 156 lifestyle related questionnaires and 18 health related questionnaires among 720 older people in Ulaanbaatar city and rural areas, and created the database. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the quantitative influence of factors using single and multi-factor linear (β-coefficient) and binary logistic regression (odds ratio, CI 95%) methods, and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The Apriori algorithm in SPSS was used to determine the relationship between multiple chronic diseases in the elderly people. Results: The prevalence of comorbidity was higher in urban areas (48.1%) and rural areas (51.9%), and ageing (urban areas OR: 2.45, 95% CI: 0.9-6.2; rural areas OR: 6.35, 95% CI: 1.47-27.4, P<0.01) was a risk factor of multi-morbidities. Multimorbidity is defined as the presence of 2 or more chronic conditions, and 3, 4, and 5 chronic conditions were co-occurred to older adults with chronic conditions, 28.7% (165). 11 common patterns of relationships in urban areas and 18 common patterns of relationships in rural areas (support (A→B)>3%, confidence (A→B)>30%, lift (A→B)>1) were determined. Conclusion Multimorbidity was different in urban and rural areas, 11 common patterns in urban areas and 18 common patterns in rural areas were determined. It has shown that the prevalence of multimorbidity was different in urban and rural areas.

Introduction: 16% of the world's 8 billion people, or more than 1.3 billion, are people with special needs or people with disabilities. Of these, there are unofficial studies that show that there are about 650 million people with disabilities in Asian countries. [1] One of the most common problems faced by people with special needs is that disability service organizations, especially pharmacies, do not have access to complete information on their necessary medications.
According to the 2019 data of the National Statistics Committee [4] in our country, 3.4 percent of the total population or 107.6 thousand are citizens with special needs. Article 1.1 of the Law "On the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" [5] provides for the equal rights of persons with disabilities to participate in social relations, to ensure and implement them, to provide an accessible environment, to create conditions, housing, public buildings, roads, public transport, and information., communication technology is included as being accessible to people with disabilities. However, health and pharmacy services for people with special needs are very challenging.
The main basis of this research work is to make pharmacy services easier for people with special needs, especially people with speech, hearing, visual, mental, and motor disabilities, and to identify and solve problems. Methods: The research was carried out in a one-moment model. Based on the General Department of Development of People with Disabilities, data was collected by questionnaire using the minimum sample size calculation, which was calculated as 478 people per 1000 population. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS-23 software.
Our survey was conducted between November to December 1, 2022 using a snapshot model. Processing of results was carried out using survey data processing. Conclusion
1. According to the 2019 data of the National Statistics Committee, 3.4 percent or 107.6 thousand of the total population of our country are citizens with special needs. This information has not been updated for 2021-2022.
Out of a total of 478 people in the survey, 54% were male, while 42.8% of the respondents were 20-30 years old. 48.8% of citizens use pharmacies independently, 42.4% with the help of a guardian, and 8.8% of other citizens use pharmacies. The lack of understanding of drug information on prescription forms affects the physician's prescription, drug information, visual and hearing impairments, and misunderstandings.
2. People with speech, hearing, visual, mental, and motor disabilities face the biggest problem in using the pharmacy. Therefore, it is a priority to make certain innovative changes in order to make pharmacy operation* equal to citizens. These include: Prescription forms can be read using technology such as Qr and AR on the phone, delivering medication instructions and information in audio form to people with visual and mental disabilities, providing more clear and understandable information to people with speech and hearing disabilities identifying medications for people with visual impairments, and using drugs correctly. We believe that suggestions and solutions are needed, such as placing names and instructions in braille on product labeling and packaging, implementing stairs and doors for people in wheelchairs or with mobility impairments in accordance with standards in all buildings, and providing seats for stairwells between floors. In most cases, it takes 10-20 minutes for people with disabilities to visit a pharmacy. Some citizens are experiencing delays in services for up to an hour. It can be seen that spending a lot of time to visit a pharmacy is difficult for citizens.
In order to solve this problem, under the supervision of a manager and a pharmacist, a post-graduate student of "Pharmacy" of the "University of Pharmaceutical Sciences" should be created to provide advice and information to citizens and reduce the burden.

Introduction: Sarcopenia is a prevalent condition characterized by decrease in muscle strength and loss of body function which result from the decrease of muscle mass in older age. In 2014, the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia developed the diagnosis criterion for sarcopenia. The measurements were changed to accommodate for the physical characteristics of asians. The loss of muscle mass increases after age 40 and decreases by 8 percent every 10 years. After age 70 this number is increased to 15 percent every 10 years. Goal: Assess the prevalence of sarcopenia among men by comparing body height and mass Materials and Methods: The study included 196 older men aged 40 and above chosen by random sampling from the geriatric and rehabilitation cabinets of the Mongolian National Gerontology Center.
Sarcopenia diagnosis was made based on the criteria from the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia using methods by Janssen I and others to compare body mass and height. Results: Comparing body muscle mass and height 11.7 percent of participant aged 40-86 had sarcopenia. When comparing body muscle mass and weigth 33.2 percent had sarcopenia. Conclusion Determining sarcopenia among Mongolian men by comparing muscle mass and body mass resulted in 33.2 percent sarcopenia. When compared with height, 11.7 percent had sarcopenia.

Ilioinguinal (II) and iliohypogastric (IH) nerve blocks are often performed to provide intra- andpostoperative analgesia for hernia repair in children and adults. Several techniques are describedin the literature. Recently an ultrasound guided technique for II and IH nerve blocks were describedin the international journals. The block success rates are variable specially for using anatomicallandmark blind techniques. In the present study, the anatomical variations in course of the II andIH nerves are described. Knowledge of the course of these nerves in the inguinal region, and anunderstanding of variations seen in their topography, can decrease the incidence of postoperativecomplications and adverse effects. Ultrasound guidance of block performance will shorten the time,reduce the number of needle passes and shorten the block onset time. Blocks may be performedusing lower local anesthetic doses.

BackgroundIn Mongolia scientists have been doing research about skin disease and process of aging. Howeverthere has not enough study material about skin aging process which is the key indicator of aging andhow that affect to Mongolian people.GoalMain purpose is to study correlations between main index of skin type of the body, cardiovascularsystem, biological age, epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin, within the people of Uvsprovincial center as they are relatively healthy people.Material and MethodsResearch works were done using cross sectional study model in years 2015-2016, within randomlychosen 400 citizens of Ulaangom city, counted to be relatively healthy people. Research model includes41 questionnaires, examination and blood plasma samples.Basic indexes of the body, cardiovascular system and respiratory functions were chosen by biomarkers,biological age is determined by V.P.Voytenko’s 4th version method and adaptive capacity assessment isdetermined by R.M.Baevskii’s multi-repeating regression method.Main skin type parameters such as porosity, wrinkles, pigmentation, elastics and aging is determined bythe “BOOMTECH skin diagnosis” digital equipment made in the Republic of Korea.The blood plasma MLT and EGF were measured by the method of ELISA analysis ELISA made in thelaboratory of the “AVITSENNA Science and Technology center”.The study material analysis carried out an analysis using logistic regression analysis and Pearson’scorrelation coefficient with SPSS 23.0 software.ResultThere’s an inverse weak correlation between blood plasma MLT and EGF with body wealth characteristicsof Uvs province citizens. It shows that when the blood plasma MLT and EGF decreases the body weight,body height and body weight index increase tendency.In women the decrease of blood plasma MLT and EGF also decreases the body height and body weightindex.Research on correlation between cardiovascular system and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecrease of blood plasma MLT causes in increased arterial pressures in both sexual groups, decreasedEGF in women causes decreased arterial pressure.Correlation study between skin main characteristics and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecreased blood plasma EGF in men resulted in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticity and skin aging index, in women decreased skin pigmentation and elasticity, and increased skin wrinkles, porosity and aging index in women.Research study of correlation between biological age and adaptive capacity assessment with the blood plasma MLT and EGF shows that decreased MLT and EGF in men results in increased biological age characteristics. In other words, the early aging is caused.The logistical regression analyses made using blood plasma melatonin, skin porosity, biological age,body height and sex as the risk parameters of Pearson coefficient and chi-squared parameter. Above model resulted in skin porosity and blood plasma MLT’s are becoming independent variable assessing the skin aging.Conclusions:1. The decreased MLT and EGF’s are resulted in increased body weight, body height and body weight index in men and decreased body height, body weight index in women.2. Decreased blood plasma MLT resulted in increased arterial pressure in both sexual groups and decreased EGF resulted in decreased arterial pressure in women.3. The decreased blood plasma MLT and EGF results in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticityand skin aging parameter with the increased skin pigmentation in men, as it results in decreasedskin pigmentation, elasticity and skin porosity parameters with the increased skin aging degree in women.4. When epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin is decreased in men it results in increased biological age, but depends directly to the adaptive capacity assessment.5. Skin porosity and blood plasma melatonin were becoming independent variable to assess skin aging.

The aim of this study was to evaluate of analgesic effect of ultrasound guided transversus abdomines plane block in children undergoing open appendectomy surgery and compare to children were used GA alone.Twenty children aged 5-15 years with ASA I-II classification were randomly enrolled in this study.Each group had 10 children and all children were received GA with same techniques. Study group(transversus abdomines plane block group) were assigned to receive ultrasound guided block using 0.3 ml/kg of Bupivacaine 0.25%. Intraoperative hemodynamic changes, postoperative maximum pain score, the time the first analgesic requirement, correllation between inflammatory process, surgical disease complication and pain intensity were studied. Statistic analysis was made in Excel usingdescriptive analysis, correlation and regressive analysis. A p-value<0.05 was considered significant.There was no differencies between the two studied groups regarding demographic and clinicalcharacteristics. Intraoperative systolic blood pressure changes was higher in control group than studygroup (17%), and HR and BP were more stable in the study group. Level of WBC had direct positive relationship with appendix inflammation (r=0.71 (p-утга <0.001) and weak positive correlation (r=0.44 p-утга <0.05) with pain intensity. Postoperative pain score was higher in control group and the first analgesic requirement time was 2h. In the study group had mild to moderate pain and the the firstanalgesic requirement time was 4h.Transversus abdomines plane block under ultrasound guidance was easy, safe, reliable and effective analgesic in children undergoing open appendectomy surgery.