Background: Type I hypersensitivity, commonly known as an allergic reaction, is characterised by an IgE-mediated immune response triggered when foreign proteins enter the body. During allergic reactions, cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, secreted by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, play a crucial role in activating immune effector cells like eosinophils and mast cells, which contribute significantly to airway inflammation and obstruction. Conversely, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), produced by Th1 cells, suppresses Th2-mediated responses and plays an essential role in regulating allergic inflammation. Therefore, determining the balance of cytokines produced by Th1 and Th2 cells is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying allergic responses. Aim: We aimed to induce an allergic response in experimental animals using ovalbumin and to determine the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Materials and Methods: A total of 20 female C57BL/6 mice aged 6–8 weeks were selected for the experiment and randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental groups. The concentrations of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in mouse serum were determined using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Result: Compared to the control group, the levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines in the serum of allergic model-induced C57BL/6 mice were determined to be 513.7 pg/mL and 193.2 pg/mL, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in IL-4 cytokine levels between the two groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion In the allergic model group, serum levels of IL-4 cytokine were elevated, while IFN-γ cytokine levels were decreased, suggesting a predominant Th2-type immune response.

Background: According to a study by US scientists, 1/3 percent of the world’s population uses tobacco, and the use of tobacco has steadily decreased over the years, while the use of tobacco-like products, including electronic cigarettes, has increased rapidly. In order to combat this problem, it is necessary to assess the knowledge about e-cigarettes among young people, who are considered to be the main users of e-cigarettes. The lack of research on e-cigarettes is the basis for this study. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge of electronic cigarettes among Nursing students of the School of Nursing. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by randomly selecting 128 first-year Bachelor of Nursing students from the School of Nursing and taking a questionnaire. The results of the research were statistically processed using the IBM statistics SPSS-25.0 program. Results: Considering the age of the students in the study, 18 years old (41.4%), 19 years old (46.9%), and 20 years old (11.7%) were included. Regarding gender, 113 (88.3%) were female and 15 (11.7%) were male. 65 (50.8%) of the students are enrolled from Ulaanbaatar city, 63 (49.2%) from the local area. When assessing knowledge about electronic cigarettes, 100 (78.1%) had knowledge and 28 (21.9%) had no knowledge. Among students who smoke, 34 (87.2%) smoke e-cigarettes and 5 (12.8%) smoke cigarettes. Sex, where you started, and who you live with are irrelevant to e-cigarette use. But the smoking status is that 32 (36.0%) smoke by themselves with someone in the family who smokes, 7 (17.9%) smoke by themselves without a smoker in the family, friends smoke e-cigarettes 37 (34.3%) smoke by themselves, friends 2 (10%) are related to self-attractors who do not attract friends. (p=0.022) who the participants live with is the motivation for smoking. 36% of students who live with their parents smoke, while 64% of students who live apart from their parents smoke. 84.4% of respondents do not know that e-cigarettes contain propylene glycol, 15.6% do, 63.3% do not know that electronic cigarettes contain benzene, and 36.7% do. Conclusion The level of knowledge about electronic cigarettes among nursing students was insufficient. In addition, having family members or friends who smoke was found to influence students smoking behavior.

Background: Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key indicator reflecting bone strength and resistance to fracture. It is influenced by multiple factors, including age, sex, genetic background, body composition, nutrition, and physical activity. During young adulthood, peak bone mass is actively formed; therefore, identifying early variations in this period is essential for predicting future skeletal health risks. Accordingly, assessing BMD and evaluating its relationship with physical characteristics among first-year nursing students provides a scientific rationale for this study. Aim: To examine the relationship between bone mineral density and selected physical parameters among students. Materials and Methods: A total of 297 first-year students aged 17-35 years from the School of Nursing, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences were included. Bone mineral density was assessed by measuring the speed of sound through the radius using an ultrasound bone densitometry device. Handgrip strength was measured using an electronic dynamometer. Physical parameters including age, sex, height, and body weight were measured using standardized procedures, and statistical analysis was performed. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of MNUMS on November 21, 2025 (No. 26/1) and March 28, 2026 (No. 26/03-B02), with no ethical violations identified. Results: According to T-scores, 37.1% (n=110) of participants had normal bone status and 62.9% (n=187) showed reduced bone density. Based on Z-scores, 52.5% (n=159) were normal, while 45.6% (n=138) had decreased values. T-score values were 1.87±0.69 (<20 years), 1.44±0.55 (20–30 years), and 1.10±0.31 (>30 years), while Z-score values were −0.73±1.38, −0.43±1.23, and −0.02±1.27, respectively. ANOVA analysis revealed statistically significant differences among age groups (p<0.01). A positive correlation was observed between T-score and age, whereas no significant correlations were found with other physical parameters. Z-score showed a positive correlation with handgrip strength. Conclusions 1. A high prevalence of reduced bone mineral density was observed among the students, which may be associated with incomplete attainment of peak bone mass in adolescents and young adults. 2. A significant difference in bone mineral density was found between age groups (p<0.01), indicating that age is an important factor influencing bone mineral density.

Flail arm syndrome (FAS), an atypical variant of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), is characterized by progresses slowly, predominantly proximal, weakness of upper limbs, with no involvement of the lower limb, bulbar, or respiratory muscles. In the world, 1-3 cases per 100,000 people per year are registered. Incidence is higher among whites. The peak age is 55-75 years, although it can occur at a younger age. The male gender is dominant. Signs of upper motor neuron (UMN) lesions of the cervical region in flail arm syndrome patients are rare. The lack of information regarding FAS may make differential diagnosis between flail arm syndrome, upper limb onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other lower motor neuron syndromes difficult in clinical settings. The prognosis of FAS is better than that of upper limb ALS and most cases of FAS are sporadic. Therefore, a reliable differential diagnosis is essential to determine the prognosis. Compared with the other varient of ALS, clinical symptoms progress over a relatively long period of time in flail hand syndrome, with a median survival of 4 years and a 10-year survival of 17%. We report a 79 year old patient admitted to the hospital with a 1 year history of proximal weakness and 2 arm shoulder girdle muscle stiffness, wasting and 2 arm m.deltoideus fasciculations with Flail arm syndrome. It was one of the few cases of arm drooping syndrome, which begins only with weakness, stiffness, and symmetry in the proximal part of the upper limbs. Definite ALS was diagnosed based on clinical examination /neurological abnormalities/ and electromyography results.

Today, in technologically updated world medicine, laparoscopy is more preferable than the common, open surgery procedures. There is a lack of scientific studies on laparoscopic surgery in gynecology, especially its present state and further tendencies. Therefore it served us as the background of the study.Retrospective study was conducted on 2016 laparoscopic surgery histories, which were performed in 2010-2014, at Mongolian state and private obstetric-gynecological hospitals and clinics. The study was developed by the program SPSS21.In 2010-2014 totally 2016 laparoscopic surgeries was performed: 713 – in First Maternity Hospital, 653 – in Bayangol hospital, 429 - inASE hospital, 221 – in National Cancer Center of Mongolia. The patients were classified by their age, education state, and citizenship. Mean age of these patients was 33.03 ±7.6(min 12, max 70). By educations: the 72.4% (1460) of them were high educated, 18.2%(367) has the secondary education, 4.7%(95) – college education, 4.5%(91) – 8th grade education, and 0.2%(3) – elementary school education or non-educated. The 81.8 %( 1649) patients were citizens, the 18.15 %( 366) – from rural areas. And only 0.05% (1) was the foreigner. We noted 7 %( 14) cases that shifted from laparoscopic surgery to open procedure. The post surgery average bed day was 2.7 ±1.3 (min 1, max 12), duration of the laparoscopic surgery 58.46 ±31.6 minutes (min 10, max 260). The average amount of blood loses during the surgery was 76.17 ±69.3( min 5, max 700),The relevance of the surgery duration and preoperative bleeding was(r-0.445). Various diagnoses were involved in the study: the 25.9% (524) of them had second infertility, ovarian endometriosis cyst- 10.5% (212), ectopic pregnancy- 9.4% (189), hydrosalpinx- 7.5% (152), endometrioma ≥ 4.5 cm - 6.3% (128), ovarian follicularcyst- 6.3% (128), ovarian cancer- 5.7% (115), primary infertility- 5% (101), ovarian dermoids cyst-4.3% (86), endometrioma ≤ 4.5cm- 3.4% (68), others-15.7%. Surgical procedures are classified by their purposes: 29% (584) of surgery for examine the fallopian tube using contrast for medium and divide adhesion, 17.6% (354) – to remove ovarian cyst, 12.8% (259) – to examine fallopiantube using contrast and remove ovarian cyst, 9.4% (189) – to remove fallopian tube, 7% (142)- to remove endometrioma, 6.3% (128) – to examine uterine tube using contrast dye, 6% (121)-ot do hysterectomy, 11.9%- for other reasons. The 76.7% of all surgeries were done within one hour and there was moderate correlation between duration of surgery and bleeding (r-0.445). The secondary infertility was the most common diagnosis. And the laparoscopic manage of adhesion and hystersalpingography were performed more. According to the study, non-cancerous growth of uterus was 9.7 and the 6% of it surgeries was laparoscopic myomectomy.

BackgroundHuman-induced climate change will affect the lives of most populations in the next decade and beyond. The impact of meteorological conditions on human health has been reported globally. There is a need to conduct surveys for correlation between climate change and human health.GoalTo study the impact of air temperature on human health in selected aimags and city districts.Materials and MethodsIn order to study how climate change and air quality parameters affect human health we selected Zavhan, Selenge, Dornod, and Umnugobi aimags which represent different climate zones and 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city during 2009-2011. All data for respiratory system disease J00-J99, circulatory system disease I00-I99, were collected from soum, district’s hospital, and aimag and soum’s Department of health.ResultsDuring the study period, a total number of 8649 incidences of respiratory disease are registered. From them 74.2 percent are influenza and pneumonia (J09-J18), 17.6 percent are other acute lower respiratory infections (J20- J22), and 8.2 percent are asthma (J45-J45.9). For cardiovascular disease 15288 incidences are registered. From them 65.6 percent are hypertensive disease (I10-I15), 23.6 percent are ischemic heart disease, and 10.8 percent are cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69). The lower the air temperature, higher the incidence of influenza and pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infections, hypertensive, and ischemic heart disease.ConclusionsCold weather is correlated with a higher incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.