Breastfeeding Under Siege: A Scoping Review of Flood Impacts on Lactating Mothers Introduction Floods, as one of the most frequent and devastating natural disasters, create unique challenges for breastfeeding mothers. However, there is limited understanding of the multifaceted impacts of floods on breastfeeding practices. This review aims to examine the impact of floods on breastfeeding mothers and aims to guide disaster response strategies to support maternal and infant health. Methods A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework and the PRISMA-ScR methodology. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases identified eight studies that met predefined inclusion criteria. Eligibility criteria encompassed peer-reviewed articles with quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods designs. Studies were included if they focused on breastfeeding mothers affected by floods. Results Eight studies from diverse geographic regions reported significant impacts on breastfeeding practices, including environmental hazard, sociocultural, malnutrition and psychosocial impacts dimensions. Displacement and lack of privacy (e.g., overcrowded shelters, absence of breastfeeding-friendly spaces) disrupted feeding routines. Additionally, maternal malnutrition, stress, and unregulated distribution of formula milk further undermined breastfeeding efforts. Conclusions Flood disasters pose significant challenges in terms of environmental hazard, sociocultural, malnutrition and psychosocial impacts on breastfeeding mothers, jeopardizing maternal and infant well-being. Addressing these issues requires integrated disaster response strategies, including breastfeeding-friendly facilities, nutritional aid, and mental health support. These findings underscore the importance of prioritizing breastfeeding in disaster preparedness and response plans to enhance resilience and reduceinfant mortality during crises.

Introduction: The term "urban heat island" refers to a phenomenon that occurs when temperatures in urban areas are higher than those in the areas that surround them (suburban area). Methods: The urban heat island phenomenon can result in increase of energy consumption, increase of air pollution, decrease of water quality, and increase of greenhouse gas emissions, all of which have the potential to negatively impact people in a variety of ways. Results: In this review we identified certain groups such as elderly, children, woman, pregnant woman, single person, and minority communities, who are living in dense area or in high rise building, low education level, low income, work in outdoor environment and had pre-existing illnesses may face health issues or insufficient resources to cope with the heat in urban area. There were more susceptible to heat-related illnesses and mortality, particularly during extreme heat events. Conclusions Recognising these vulnerable populations is crucial to develop effective strategies to mitigate the effects of urban heat islands and protect them. This can aid policy makers and urban planners to implement targeted interventions to address these issues. Keywords Urban heat island – UHI – Vulnerable population – Heat exposure